Border Strip Research Articles

The Warsaw Governorship General as a Transit Destination for Emigration from the Russian Empire in the Late 19th – Early 20th Centuries

The Warsaw Governorship General played a significant role in the illegal emigration from the Russian Empire, which became a significant state problem at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries. Based on pre-revolutionary legislation and a wide range clerical work documents from the archives of Russia and Poland, the peculiarities of crossing the state border within the Warsaw Governorship General up to the outbreak of the First World War are considered. The proximity to German ports on the Baltic Sea, the existence of extensive networks of emigration offices, the difficulty of legal emigration, the absence of natural barriers and the unsatisfactory state of border protection led most emigrants to choose an illegal crossing of the border. The authorities of the Russian Empire have developed an extensive system of norms regulating the border regime in the Warsaw Governorship General. The rules established to simplify cross-border contacts served to those who, pretended to be residents of the border strip, illegally crossed abroad. The connivance of officials contributed to this. The local population was also involved in the organization of illegal emigration and helped to supply emigrants with legal documents for the right to leave the empire.

HIV in pregnant woman and children: Mother-to-child transmission of HIV in the Brazilian land border from 2010 to 2021.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the profile and trends of HIV mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) in the Brazilian land border strip (LBS). This was a quantitative, ecological, and cross-sectional study using secondary data available in the information systems of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. All cases reported in the Notifiable Diseases Information System between 2010 and 2021 were studied. Between 2010 and 2021, 275 children were born infected through MTCT, and 6076 pregnant women were living with HIV in the Brazilian LBS. HIV detection rates in pregnant women increased in all border arcs. The northern arc experienced the highest increase (19.6%), followed by the central arc (11.4%), and the southern arc (6.1%). Despite historically high detection rates, the southern arc exhibited the smallest increase. While MTCT rate decreased by 37.7% in the border area, the central arc showed no statistically significant reduction. In 2021, the average age of pregnant women was 26.2 years, 25.7% had up to 8 years of schooling, and 55.8% identified as non-white. The majority (92.8%) received antenatal care, and 59.7% were diagnosed with HIV before prenatal care. The use of prophylactic antiretroviral therapy during prenatal care occurred in 69.6% of pregnant women, and infant prophylaxis was provided within first 24 h to 43.6% of live births. The results indicate progress in reducing MTCT cases in Brazilian LBS. Disparities in HIV detection rates may be influenced by differences in testing uptake, despite mandatory testing for all babies. It is crucial to continue implementing strategies to reach these women and ensure equitable access to healthcare services for MTCT prevention.

TERRITORIAL DYNAMICS IN THE BORDER STRIP OF THE AMAZONAS STATE | BRAZIL

As a way of expanding the understanding of the theme and patterns of border interaction, both for the inhabitants of the border strip and for the state government. The State Development and Integration Center for the Amazonas Border Strip [NIFFAM] | Brazil, aims to show the importance, relevance and responsibility of having approximately 2,500 km of border strip, predominantly occupied by indigenous peoples and traditional communities.

Resettlement Policy of the Soviet Government in the UkrSSR in the 1920s

The purpose of the article is to give an objective assessment of both the resettlement policy of the Soviet state and the practice of its implementation in Ukraine, to establish the stages of this policy, the causes of resettlement, their scale, the state and peculiarities of the organisation of resettlement affairs in the 1920s, and to show it as a period and a prerequisite for forced mass resettlement in the following years.
 The scientific novelty of the research results lies in a new assessment of the resettlement policy of the Soviet authorities in the 1920s, the determination of the stages and principles of resettlement, the clarification of the factors that prompted the Ukrainian peasantry to change their place of residence, and the proof of the inability of the state authorities to establish an appropriate social – economic policy and solving the issue of agrarian overpopulation. The article shows the use of the resettlement organised by the Soviet authorities to clear the border strip of “socially dangerous” elements. It is proved that the general line of the resettlement policy of the Soviet authorities in the 1920s was to replace spontaneous migrations with purposeful, planned and regulated measures, with a gradual transition to mass deportations.
 Conclusions. The article is devoted to one of the important socio-economic problems of the history of the Soviet period – the resettlement policy of the Bolshevik government in the 1920s, which has not lost its relevance even today. Various aspects of resettlement from Ukraine in the 1920s remain understudied to this day. In this article, the problems of the resettlement of peasants in the period of the 1920s from the largest agrarian region of the USSR – Ukraine, are investigated on the basis of specific historical material, using the achievements of historiography and documents of the central archival institutions of the higher authorities and administration of Ukraine and the Russian Federation. Features of state policy, material and organisational capabilities of the resettlement case, causes, scales and difficulties of resettlement are shown.

Sedimentary Circumstances and Physiographic Sites Impact on the Morphological Properties of Feldspar Minerals of Iraqi Soils

The current research aimed to investigate the effect of sedimentary conditions, physiographic locations, proximity, and distance from the source on the morphological characteristics of feldspar minerals diagnosed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for some selected soils from northern and southern Iraq. The results of SEM present the emergence of a series of surface changes, corrosion, and the absence of healthy surfaces on the surfaces of orthoclase metal. It is dominated by roundness or sphericity, with the polishing of the metal surfaces coinciding with the phenomenon of roundness and sphericity. The edges of the orthoclase mineral were less affected due to being transported over long distances with transported river deposits. The presence of long lines indicates that the metal is subject to weathering and change. One of the most critical manifestations of change occurring on the surfaces of feldspars is the emergence of long parallel lines, which are called linear parallels, which reflect the severity of weathering to which the feldspar minerals were subjected. The morphological characteristics of the surfaces of the mineral microcline appeared under the SEM similar to those shown by the surfaces of the mineral orthoclase with clarity of the phenomenon of linear parallelism and a decrease in the phenomena of sphericity and polishing compared to the surfaces of the mineral orthoclase, which is less stable and resistant to weathering than the microcline. There was a phenomenon of accumulated plates on the surface of the metal, with the edges of the metal being subjected to weathering processes with greater intensity than the surface areas, despite the expansion of the surface area of the metal particles. The appearance of plagioclase of albite type and the edges of its particles were less affected by the weathering processes compared to its surfaces. The reason is attributed to the fact that the edges area is more susceptible to erosion and grinding during transport. This discrepancy in the morphological characteristics of feldspar minerals is attributed to their influence on the processes of weathering, transport, and sedimentation in the soils of the study areas and to the variation in their physiographic locations and their distance and proximity to the Iraqi-Iranian border strip in southern Iraq within the sedimentary plain affected by sediments coming from the heights of Iran in addition to being affected by the sediments of the Tigris River.

Comparative Geographic and Cartographic Analysis of Post-war Changes in the Border Strip of the Psou River Section of the Georgian-Russian State Border

Comparative Geographic and Cartographic Analysis of Post-war Changes in the Border Strip of the Psou River Section of the Georgian-Russian State Border

Social perception of migrants from “Belarus” from the perspective of voits and mayors from the area of the border strip under the state of emergency (case study)

The crisis on the border between Belarus and three EU countries, i.e. Poland, Lithuania and Latvia, which has been ongoing since the spring of 2021, was an unprecedented attempt in Europe to destabilize the situation inside the Community. Poland faced a challenge it had not faced before. The challenge was faced not only by state authorities and services dedicated to the protection of the Union’s external border, but above all by the residents of the border areas. The influx of illegal migrants inspired by the Belarusian authorities and, as a result, the introduction of the state of emergency affected their lives to the greatest extent, disrupting its rhythm, while the migrants appearing in the farms introduced a hitherto unknown fear of strangers. In this context, the issue of perception and evaluation of the migration crisis and the actions taken by the government from the point of view of local authorities: mayors and village heads of border areas bordering Belarus seems to be extremely interesting cognitively. An empirical survey carried out on a purposive, exhaustive sample of village heads and mayors of municipalities in the border area was devoted to this problem. It should be noted here that the project had the character of a case study. It was diagnostic (exploratory) in nature at this stage and needs to be deepened in the course of further research. The results obtained allow to positively confirm the formulated research hypotheses. The problem of illegal migrants was perceived by the respondents as an issue requiring decisive and immediate action by state institutions. Cooperation with Mateusz Morawiecki’s government and its field bodies was positively assessed. The mayors mostly approved of the emergency measures treating them as necessary to resolve the crisis.

ORNITHOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE MID REACHES OF THE ARAKS RIVER IN ARMENIA

The Araks River is the main water artery in Armenia sharing a nearly 150 km border with Turkey. Its mid reaches historically served important passage grounds for migratory waterbirds. However, the left banks of the Araks River within its border strip have not been surveyed since the late 1960s due to restricted access. The research aimed to survey the species diversity of waterbirds and their habitats preferences along the river shoreline. In 2020 and 2021, a total of 55 waterbird species from 13 families have been observed. Their abundance peaked in summer and declined in midwinter which was due to reduced habitat availability during these seasons in the Ararat valley. The current research revealed that despite nesting grounds for waterbirds are limited along the length of the shoreline, the river continues to provide important stopover and foraging grounds for diverse groups of waterbirds before and during the periods of migration.

DEVELOPMENT AND INTEGRATION PLAN OF MATO GROSSO DO SUL’S BORDER STRIP: A VIEW FROM THE ECONOMIC INDICATORS

The Development and Integration Plan of the Border Strip of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul - PDIF/MS (2012) was developed. This Plan presented seven strategic axes and the purpose of this paper is to specifically analyze the axis "economic development" to verify the monitoring of the results concerning the established goals. For this, data and socioeconomic and development indicators will be collected. The method will be based on the analysis of descriptive statistics as well as stylized facts. After analyzing the data and indicators, it was pointed out that important improvements occurred in the agricultural sector and storage. But on the other hand, few advances were observed in industrial diversification. Regarding tourism, trade, and services, there have been advances concerning the goals, however, it is important to emphasize that the goals established in the PDIF/MS are not specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and temporal (SMART), consequently, performance evaluation is difficult. However, it is essential to develop a new Development and Integration Plan for the State of Mato Grosso do Sul’s Border Area that in fact will be able to provide SMART goals, for effective monitoring and of the Plan, and for its results to be robust and significant.

Epidemiological profile, spatial patterns and priority areas for surveillance and control of leishmaniasis in Brazilian border strip, 2009–2017

Leishmaniasis represents a major neglected public health problem and the control measures have not been successful in Brazil. Recent studies have shown leishmaniasis importance to Brazilian border zones which reinforces the need to investigate its spread in those regions. This study aimed to analyze epidemiologic profile and its spatial distribution or aggregation process in both tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis in the Brazilian border strip from 2009 to 2017. This is an ecological study of the epidemiological profile and spatial patterns encompassing municipalities in the Brazilian border strip. The presence of spatial autocorrelation and determination of priority areas for disease control were performed using global (Moran I) and local (LISA) Moran spatial techniques. The annual mean coefficients of tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis were 29.8 and 0.6 by 100,000 inhabitants in the border strip, respectively. The indigenous population rates of leishmaniasis in the border zone appears to be higher than in the rest of the country (cutaneous changed from 33.2% to 6.6% and visceral rising from 1.0% to 17.5%) in the period. The most affected municipalities were located in the North and Central arches of the border zone. The results can subsidize the development of more targeted and effective strategies that can contribute to the surveillance and control of leishmaniasis in border zones, as the provision of epidemiological and spatial data on the disease. For better control of the disease, we recommend and emphasize the need to integrate public health policies of neighboring countries.

Влияние фактора приграничного положения на экономические системы российских регионов.

Border territories were considered both as front lines and as a resource for economic development in different historical periods. The studied regions of the Northwestern Federal District adopt these roles too. The purpose of the research is to consider the transformations of the border strip, to assess the normative sources that contribute to or limit the development of border regional economic systems, to analyze economic parameters and identify the patterns of this development. The scientific novelty is associated with the development of a comprehensive methodology, including the economic and legal assessment of the influence of the border location factor on the development indicators of the territory. The application of this technique allows substantiating the assumption that the nature of functioning and economic parameters may be related to the legal aspects of regulating the border position of Russian regions to a greater or lesser extent. The authors come to the conclusion that in the current geopolitical environment it becomes obvious that the legal and economic conditions will be significantly transformed. The degree of involvement in cross-border interactions for some sections of the borders will decrease, and vice versa new areas of international economic activity will appear, with corresponding structural shifts, which will become a vector for continuing the research. The study substantiates that the processes of economic interactions must be assessed both in economic and legal dimensions. It is shown that the border location factor has an ambiguous and multidirectional influence. At the same time, the impact of the factor is transformed along with the geopolitical, economic and legal environment. Legal prerequisites for different territories are formed individually, manually and are associated with specific situations and the nature of international interactions. A significant part of the restrictions on doing business in the border areas, which were considered in the article, is related to the peculiarities of their legal regime. Consequently, the factor of the border position from the point of view of economic and legal regulation can intensify both risks and opportunities for development.

Naruse Hook Formula for Linear Extensions of Mobile Posets


 
 
 Linear extensions of posets are important objects in enumerative and algebraic combinatorics that are difficult to count in general. Families of posets like Young diagrams of straight shapes and d-complete posets have hook length product formulas to count linear extensions, whereas families like Young diagrams of skew shapes have determinant or positive sum formulas like the Naruse hook-length formula from 2014. In 2020, Garver et. al. gave determinant formulas to count linear extensions of a family of posets called mobile posets that refine d-complete posets and border strip skew shapes. We give a Naruse type hook-length formula to count linear extensions of such posets by proving a major index q-analogue. We also a inversion index q-analogue of the Naruse formula for mobile tree posets.
 
 

Connectivity analysis of 2D underwater optical wireless sensor networks using a geometric approach

This paper analyzes the connectivity of two-dimensional (2D) underwater optical wireless sensor networks in which similar nodes with a certain range and coverage angle, and a homogeneous Poisson point surface distribution are used. In the analyses of this paper, nodes are first classified into two categories: nodes located in the inner area and nodes located in the border strip, and then the analysis of their connectivity is presented separately. By combining the mentioned analyses, we achieve closed-form formulas with high accuracy to calculate the probability of connectivity (from orders 1 and 2). Our analysis provides the possibility of predicting the average probability of network connectivity as a function of the number, communication range, and coverage angle of the optical nodes. By comparing the numerical evaluations of our connectivity analyses (for different coverage angles, numbers of nodes, and communication ranges) with the results obtained by computer simulations as benchmarks, we show that our analyses formulate the connectivity much better than the previous studies.

A refinement of the Murnaghan-Nakayama rule by descents for border strip tableaux

Lusztig's fake degree is the generating polynomial for the major index of standard Young tableaux of a given shape. Results of Springer (1974) and James & Kerber (1984) imply that, mysteriously, its evaluation at a \(k\)-th primitive root of unity yields the number of border strip tableaux with all strips of size \(k\), up to sign. This is essentially the special case of the Murnaghan-Nakayama rule for evaluating an irreducible character of the symmetric group at a rectangular partition. We refine this result to standard Young tableaux and border strip tableaux with a given number of descents. To do so, we introduce a new statistic for border strip tableaux, extending the classical definition of descents in standard Young tableaux. Curiously, it turns out that our new statistic is very closely related to a descent set for tuples of standard Young tableaux appearing in the quasisymmetric expansion of LLT polynomials given by Haglund, Haiman and Loehr (2005).Mathematics Subject Classifications: 05A19, 05E10Keywords: Border strip tableaux, descents, Murnaghan-Nakayama rule, fake degree

SCHEDULING OF DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM FOR GARLIC CROP IN MALWA REGION OF MADHYA PRADESH, INDIA

The field experiments were conducted during the two consecutive rabi seasons 2017-18 and 2018-19 at farmer’s field to study the influence of drip irrigation on plant growth and yield parameters of garlic (cv. G-282) in Gogarpura village of Mandsaur district of Madhya Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design with nine treatment combinations consisting of three irrigation levels and three fertilizer levels having three replications and one control plot treatment of flood irrigation in border strip. Three irrigation levels were 60% CPE, 80% CPE and 100% CPE. The maximum percentage of water saving over control treatment was observed in treatment 60% CPE (63.93%) followed by 80% CPE (51.90%) and 100% CPE (39.88%). The irrigation levels significantly affected (P<0.05) the plant height, marketable bulb yield and gross bulb yield of garlic. However, the neck thickness was not affected by irrigation levels. Highest plant height (73.01 cm), neck thickness (0.84 cm), marketable bulb yield (115.23 q/ha) and gross bulb yield (126.75 q/ha) was recorded in treatment 100% CPE.

Imitation of the Lotus Flower in Architecture: its Use in the Decoration of Walls and Ceilings of Palaces, Houses, and Tombs in Ancient Egypt

Plant motifs were of great importance in the arts of ancient Egypt. It was very interested in decorative units and its aesthetic forms. The lotus flower is one of the most well-known plants in ancient Egyptian civilization due to its association with the religious and daily life of the ancient Egyptians. This fragrant flower in its colors white, blue, red, and as a sacred symbol in the life of the ancient Egyptian was not only an aesthetic decorative component that was depicted by the ancient Egyptians on walls of temples, or used in the manufacture of perfumes and cosmetics, but also used it in the decoration of palaces, houses and tombs in a specific decorative form. This study investigates on how the ancient Egyptians imitated the lotus flower in architecture and used it in decorative decoration of walls and ceilings in naturalistic scenes on walls or ceiling decoration with floral composition, and also in the form of pattern border strip (frieze), both in civil and religious architecture.

THE FRONTER AND IT’S COMPONENTS IN HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF UKRAINE

The purpose of the article is to define the concept of the frontier and its components in the historical geography of Ukraine. The concept of FJ Turner's frontier was substantiated in the researches of Ukrainian historians M. Hrushevskyі, S. Rudnytsky, and J. Dashkevych. The source base of the study consists of scientific and cartographic works of historians and geographers. Several aspects of the spatial representation of the frontier are considered – directly in the name "Ukraine", which was identified with the peripheral land and as an integral part of the Ukrainian lands – the Black Sea, the Wild Field, Sloboda Ukraine. It is established that the concept of the frontier as a border or border strip can be considered in the context of the problems of historical geography, and the Ukrainian lands are at the intersection of different border contact zones. The frontier plays a significant role in shaping the ethnic composition of the population, as the contact zone of different ethnic groups is usually formed in such frontline or border areas. A peculiar phenomenon in the context of this concept is part of the Southern Ukrainian territory – Budjak. The opinion is substantiated that the majority of the Ukrainian territory is considered to be a zone of continuous historicalgeographical and chronological frontier.

“Incurable Megalomania” and “Fantasies of Expansion”: The German Army Reimagines Empire in Occupied Poland, 1915–1918

AbstractPlans for a Polish “border strip” are frequently cited to argue that the German army entered the First World War committed to pacifying conquered space through Germanization. This article contends that, in 1914, the German officer corps did not understand national homogeneity as essential for imperial security. Many influential officers insisted that Polish identity was compatible with German imperial loyalty. They supported a multinational imperial model, proposing to trade Poland its cultural and political autonomy for the acceptance of German suzerainty in foreign policy and military command. The army's preference for Germanizing space developed during the occupation of Russian Poland, as officers learned to conflate diversity with imperial fragility. Only a series of political crises after 1916 shifted military opinion against multinational imperialism. Increasingly convinced that Poland would betray the German Empire, some officers abandoned multinationalism. Others revised their plans to contain Poland and fortify Germany by annexing and Germanizing Polish space.

Spatial Representation of the Frontier as one of the Components of Historical Geography

The article considers the spatial representation of the frontier as one of the components of historical geography. The purpose of the study is to determine the affiliation of the concept of ‘frontier’ to the problem field of historical geography on the basis of scientific and cartographic studies of historians in the context of the formation of Ukrainian territories. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematicity, and scientificity. The following general historical methods are used: historiographical analysis, terminological analysis, typological, comparative, and cartographic. The study found that the concept of the frontier as a border or border strip can be considered in the context of the problems of historical geography, and the Ukrainian lands are at the intersection of different border contact zones.

Recursos minerais do Brasil

Esta revisão objetiva elaborar diretrizes para aumentar a atratividade de investimentos no setor mineral brasileiro. Fundamenta-se em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, consultas a diversas órgãos de governo e instituições privadas, visando diagnosticar a situação atual, diante das potencialidades e deficiências. Aborda-se o potencial de depósitos minerais econômicos do país em áreas indígenas e faixas de fronteira, plataforma continental e adjacências e Antártica, focalizando os agrominerais, minerais estratégicos, energéticos e aqueles essenciais à saúde, bem como os usados na construção civil e rochas ornamentais. Mapas indicam áreas mais favoráveis à ocorrência de minerais econômicos, mostrando o grande potencial mineral para ferrosos, não ferrosos, metais preciosos, metais-base, estratégicos e outros. Conclui-se ser necessário, visando ao uso e à exploração sustentáveis: (1) desburocratizar os instrumentos jurídicos para outorga de exploração; (2) agregar valor aos bens minerais; (3) combater a invasão garimpeira; (4) investir na segurança de barragens; (5) redefinir as formas de destinação dos rejeitos.