Border Protection Research Articles

The latest ‘southern protection system’ and the revived ‘fortress of Europe’ topos in Hungary

Abstract As a response to the processes of international migration in the Balkans, the Hungarian government in 2015 constructed a technical border defence system on the southern border of Hungary, also assigning manpower to guard the border. As a response to migration, this is not unique in Europe if we also consider previous and subsequent events. Although this topic has already been addressed by several authors from different perspectives, this paper is the first to analyse in detail the construction and characteristics of the technical border defence system, and the structure and operation of the assigned police and military forces. The paper also examines how government policy related to the protection of the southern border and the fence revived the ‘Hungary, the fortress/bastion of (Christian) Europe’ concept, and also how the Hungarian government communicated this in order to achieve its political objectives.

The person of the criminal that committed a criminal offence in the field of inviolability of State Border of Ukraine

The purpose of our study is to form a typical criminological profile of a person who has committed a criminal offense in the field of protection of the State Border of Ukraine. Based on the detailed study of the sentences issued by the national courts of Ukraine during 2015-2020 concerning such persons, a typical criminological profile of the person was formulated. Thus, the typical criminological profile is a male (95.7%), a citizen of Ukraine (89%), Ukrainian by nationality (82.6%), married or living in common-law marriage (69.6%), with low income (67.4%). Not previously convicted (87%), committed the crime to obtain additional funds (86.9%), admits guilt in full, repents, contributes to the disclosure of the crime (84.8%). Specialized research methods are applied. The comparative method is used to compare the characteristics of the offender, who violated the order of entry into and exit from the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine and other crimes that encroached on border security. The logical-legal method is used to form logical, systematic, and consistent conclusions. The study is based on research of 38 sentences imposed on 46 people. The data obtained allowed us to interpret them as a characteristic of the offender.

Measurement and Analysis of the Parameters of Modern Long-Range Thermal Imaging Cameras.

Today’s long-range infrared cameras (LRIRC) are used in many systems for the protection of critical infrastructure or national borders. The basic technical parameters of such systems are noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD); minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD); and the range of detection, recognition and identification of selected objects (DRI). This paper presents a methodology of the theoretical determination of these parameters on the basis of technical data of LRIRCs. The first part of the paper presents the methods used for the determination of the detection, recognition and identification ranges based on the well-known Johnson criteria. The theoretical backgrounds for both approaches are given, and the laboratory test stand is described together with a brief description of the methodology adopted for the measurements of the selected necessary characteristics of a tested observation system. The measurements were performed in the Accredited Testing Laboratory of the Institute of Optoelectronics of the Military University of Technology (AL IOE MUT), whose activity is based on the ISO/IEC 17025 standard. The measurement results are presented, and the calculated ranges for a selected set of IR cameras are given, obtained on the basis of the Johnson criteria. In the final part of the article, the obtained measurement results are presented together with an analysis of the measurement uncertainty for 10 LRIRCs. The obtained measurement results were compared to the technical parameters presented by the manufacturers.

Training of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Operators for Border Surveillance in Ukraine based on the European Union Standards

The study reveals the theoretical and practical approaches to building of an all-European training strategy for remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) operators to increase their interoperability in the European Union countries and Ukraine. Nowadays, the border guard agencies both in EU and Ukraine have developed their national courses and training programs related to training of RPAS operators, however, the proposed in this study common approach is based on the Sectoral Qualification Framework in the field of border protection and Common Core Curriculum for border guards in EU and is aimed at expanding the use of small RPAS for a specific task of protecting the border sectors of various types (land, sea, air) in accordance with the Concept of European Integrated Border Management. The research was carried out in the frames of the Grant Program of the European Agency for Border and Coast Protection Frontex "The use of RPAS for border protection - tactics, guidelines, best practices". The study covers the analysis of the theory, market solutions, takes into account practical border protection experience, which resulted in creation of a common curricula for operators of RPAS in the specific sphere – surveillance of the state borders. The developed training course for RPAS operators provides an opportunity to train external crews of unmanned aerial vehicles, which will best meet the objectives and peculiar needs of the state border protection agencies of the European Union and Ukraine. The readiness of future RPAS operators to perform professional duties on border surveillance was diagnosed according to cognitive (knowledge formation) and operational (skills and abilities formation) criteria. Comparison of the values of these criteria before and after the formative stage of the experiment shows that the experimental measures for the application of best European practices in the training of RPAS operators have positively affected the quality of their training. The results of the study will help strengthen the state border security within the European context of border guarding by means of increasing the level of interoperability of RPAS operators in the EU countries and Ukraine.

EU migration policy: modern paradigms

The issue of migration policy of the European Union in the modern world is a researched and discussed phenomenon in scientific circles, as the European Union positions itself as a democratic entity with a liberal orientation, which enshrines and protects the right of every person to freedom of movement, so management aims to ensure this value.
 The originality of the article is seen in identifying the key stages of formation and development of migration policy of the European Union, the main risks of today, highlighting the need to reform the existing mechanism, proposals for key vectors of development. The article suggests possible ways to minimize existing risks and threats.
 To investigate this issue analyzed Directive 2011/98 / EC on a single application procedure for a single permit for third-country nationals to reside and work in a Member State and on a common set of rights for third-country workers legally residing in a Member State, Directive 2004/38 / EC of 29 April 2004, Council Directive 2003/109 / EC of 25 November 2003 on the status of third-country nationals who are long-term residents, other international legal instruments on this subject, scientific development, as well as online information resources.
 The authors of the article made the following conclusions: 1. The migration policy of the European Union needs special attention; 2. Despite the long history of normative and institutional support of migration policy, today there are gaps that provoke negative consequences, which requires immediate reform of migration policy; 3. Formed ways of development: 1) creation of a single asylum system at the EU level; 2) strengthening assistance to those Member States that suffer the most from the effects of migration processes; 3) ensuring the strengthening of the protection of the EU's external border and the fight against criminal organizations that smuggle migrants to EU Member States.

Spinning at the Border: Employee Activism in ‘Big PR’

This article extends Coombs and Holladay’s (2018) social issues management model to provide new perspectives on activism and public relations. It also fills a gap in the literature on internal activism by analyzing the case of The Ogilvy Group and their employees, many of whom pushed for the agency to resign its work for U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Through a textual analysis of a leaked transcript documenting a meeting between Ogilvy management and internal activist employees, the communicative tasks of definition, legitimation, and awareness (Coombs & Holladay, 2018) are explored in a way that complicates identity and power. As public relations practitioners are increasingly called upon to either advocate for or against social issues, this study provides an interesting contrast, showing one interpretation of what happens when there is dissension in the ranks.

The Border Protection and Sea Defense in the South Viet Nam of the Nguyen Dynasty in the First Half of the 19th Century

From distant past to present day, the Southern region has been playing an important role in national defense and foreign affairs, with great potential to create a breakthrough for the socioeconomic development of Vietnam. However, due to historical conditions and geographical location, political instabilities were frequently seen in the Southern region under the rule of the Nguyen lords and the early Nguyen Dynasty (early 19th century), especially the instability of the relationship between three feudal countries: Dai Viet (Vietnam), Chenla (Cambodia) and Siam (Thailand) from the 17th century to the first half of the 19th century. In its Southern defense strategy to prevent Siamese invasions and maintain its position as the "protector" of Chenla as well as to develop the new land, the Nguyen Dynasty focused on building border defense formation on land and sea in the South, with the defense system on the border area of Chau Doc, Ha Tien and the Southwestern sea in the Gulf of Thailand as the focus. The Nguyen Dynasty's proper implementation of policies in the border and sea areas had brought great effects and contributed to the strong protection of Dai Viet's sovereignty over the Southern land.

FORMATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR SANITARY AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SECURITY IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX - THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY

The article is devoted to the historical and legal review of the problems of the genesis of the international legal framework for ensuring sanitary and epidemiological safety in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. Attention is drawn to the fact that initially the states independently, separately from each other established for themselves a system of anti-epidemic measures. Subsequently, an important step towards ensuring collective epidemiological security was the establishment of dialogue between neighboring countries, primarily to prevent the possibility of transmission of the virus across borders, as well as to coordinate the efforts of governments to stop and eradicate the disease. Relevant provisions were enshrined in many bilateral agreements of the XIX – early XX centuries. It was noted that over time, the governments of the then leading countries realized that bilateral agreements between border countries alone were not sufficient to establish a legal basis for international epidemiological security and that effective results could only be achieved through the joint efforts of at least all leading European countries. In view of this, from the middle of the XIX century. Envoys from different countries began to gather at international conferences, which invited not only politicians and diplomats, but also medical professionals – hygienists and epidemiologists, who analyzed the situation and made proposals for a common strategy to combat disease. A review of monuments of international law, first of all, authentic texts of conventions, as well as literature on the formation of international legal bases for sanitary and epidemiological safety, allowed the authors to conclude that during the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries a broad foundation was laid for the international response to the epidemics of plague, cholera, yellow fever and other dangerous diseases, which at that time posed a significant threat to a huge number of people. The measures enshrined in bilateral and multilateral treaties have played a leading role in saving the lives and health of people around the world. By preventing the export and import of dangerous diseases in the conditions of the minimum possible interference in international transport and trade relations, they were to ensure anti-epidemic protection of national borders. In addition, the adopted convention norms of international law after their ratification were implemented into national legislation, relied on the basis of domestic legal acts.

Security Management for Apps of Intelligent Substation Based on Blockchain Technology

There are many kinds of professional apps in station control system of intelligent substation. In this open and shared ecosystem, there are great security risks in app authorized installation, resource control, access control, and border protection. In this paper, a new approach of app security management based on blockchain technology has been proposed. By using the mechanism of tamper free and traceable "ledger" based on cryptography, the objective and traceable supervision of app's life cycle can be implemented through customization of blockchain's ledger. This paper provides a new solution for app security management of station control system in intelligent substation.

The main peculiarities of legal adjusting for the use of evidence by the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine in administrative proceedings

The current state of legislative support of administrative proceedings, which is carried out by bodies and officials of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine (hereinafter – SBGSU) covers almost all aspects without exception, the effectiveness of implementation of the goal of administrative responsibility – irreproducible bringing the guilty person to it. However, there are also certain objective shortcomings associated with the peculiarities of implementation by the SBGSU of its powers in the field of state border protection, as well as the evolution of social relations and technological development, the rate of which is much higher than the development of legislative support. It is about the organizational and legal support of the process of use of evidence and implementation of the very process of proving in cases of administrative proceedings of the State Tax Service of Ukraine. It is noted that more extensive use will be made of electronic means of obtaining information in the case, fixing offenses, databases with information on the legal basis for a person's stay in Ukraine, as well as electronic evidence and means of proof. This is due to the high level of responsibility of the State Tax Service of Ukraine as a body protecting the state border of Ukraine. At the same time, when completing the protocol on an administrative offence, it is necessary to fully and comprehensively determine what means of evidence have been obtained, what kind of evidence and what it proves. Also, such type of evidence as personal explanations and testimonies of officials of the State Tax Service of Ukraine are widely used, especially if the detention of a person takes place outside of control points and checkpoints. Therefore, such testimonies and evidence require detailing in the protocol on administrative proceedings with an indication of the potential or availability of evidence in support of the facts stated. Accordingly, organizational and legal provision of evidence in the considered type of administrative cases requires systematization, which can be achieved by including norms and provisions that regulate relevant aspects in the activities of the State Border Service of Ukraine in the Instruction on registration by officials of the State Border Service of Ukraine of materials on administrative offences, approved by the Order of the MIA of Ukraine from 18/09/2013 № 898. There were disclosed the essence and special nature of evidence in cases of administrative misconduct. It was investigated the peculiarity of the use of certain types of evidence by the bodies of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine in administrative proceedings. There were determined the peculiarities of organizational and legal regulation of certain types of evidence and methods of proof. It was made a conclusion on increasing the efficiency of proving and using evidence by the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine in administrative proceedings.

Special tactical training of future border guard officers in higher education institutions

The purpose of the article is to reveal the particularities of special tactical training of future officers of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine in the departmental institutions of higher education. The Special Tactical Training is understood as training of the officers of the State Border Service of Ukraine to act with weapons in various situations of operational and service activity. The discipline allows to perform comprehensive assessment of cadets’ readiness to carry out service duties for the protection of the state border, including the specifics of mobile units’ missions. To create real-life conditions, airsoft equipment and interactive shooting complexes of the "Laser Tag" type, multimedia shooting complexes, etc. are widely used. The results of the study confirm that the conditions for conducting such training in the border guard higher education institutions should be brought closer to the real situations, taking into account the specifics of operational and service activity at the border.

Characteristics and scope of humanitarian relief forensic medical evaluations for immigrant children in the US

According to US Customs and Border Protection, over 473,000 family units and 76,000 unaccompanied children were apprehended in 2019, a multi-fold increase from previous years. Thus, the number of children who may be eligible for humanitarian relief has increased significantly. For those claiming humanitarian relief, forensic medical evaluations performed by health professionals can provide critical evidence to bolster claims. In this cross-sectional, nationwide survey—in which we sought to characterize specialties, forensic training, capacity, and scope of humanitarian relief evaluations for immigrant children under eighteen-years-old—only 28 providers, half of whom were Child Abuse Pediatricians, reported performing humanitarian relief evaluations. The most common reported type of humanitarian relief evaluation conducted was for asylum. We found that the current training for forensic medical evaluations for humanitarian relief in pediatrics is likely varied not well-defined, and not pediatric-specific. In order to protect the rights of children who are eligible for humanitarian relief, pediatric and family medicine forensic medical evaluation training standards and curricula need to be developed; validated humanitarian relief screening tools need to be tested and utilized; and residents and attending physicians, including specialists with expertise in forensic evaluations, need to be actively recruited to perform these evaluations in collaboration with legal aid organizations.

Externalization of migration governance, Turkey’s migration regime, and the protection of the European Union’s external borders

ABSTRACT In recent years, the externalization of migration governance and external protection of European borders stimulated the redesign of the Turkish migration regime. This externalization faced its major litmus test with the Syrian refugee crisis. This article proposes that Turkey’s accession process to the European Union (EU) and its ongoing collaboration with the EU to control migratory movements altered Turkey’s migration regime significantly. Accordingly, the article aims to tackle the following questions: whether the externalization of European migration governance played a significant role in the redesign of Turkish migration governance, and whether this externalization uncovered new collaboration strategies for Turkey and the EU. To do so, this paper analyses Turkish harmonization to the EU rules on migration governance, and the possible role played by the Syrian refugee crisis on facilitating further adaptation. The paper deduces how the Syrian crisis created new challenges for both Turkey and the EU in migration governance.

‏COVID-19 Quarantine Monitoring Based on Geofencing Technique

‏Smartphone and satellite network coverage contributes to a number of useful applications that increase the comfort of everyday people's lives. Using the Global Positioning System (GPS) provided by the satellite, people can be tracked in real time at a specific location. When it comes to infectious diseases such as COVID-19, the most important measure to reduce its spread is to contain it. Quarantine is usually a solution and any tracking system can be employed to specify the location of the infected people. However, as quarantined areas are scattered around the world, it is difficult to accurately trace the boundaries within accommodation. A geo-fenced GPS system, which has adopted an efficient border protection system, is proposed for quarantine and monitoring purposes of COVID-19 carriers. The system is introduced as an application to implement a home/local quarantine policy using bracelets that fit the boundaries of smartphones. From the experimental results obtained, it is observed that the proposed system achieves an effective and high accuracy performance in various location conditions.

Trade Liberalization in APEC and Global Value Chain Participation: What Can Value Added Indicators Tell?

Global value chains (GVCs) a re an increasingly important driver of world t rade, and they are relevant in analyzing border policies and trade agreements. Combining methods of value added decomposition and a computable general equilibrium model, we show how tariff liberalization in APEC impacts on measures of integration. The trade agreement increases GVC integration worldwide irrespective of membership. The effects differ by type of integration, namely, forward or backward, depending on the source of intermediate inputs, the membership of countries up- and downstream the supply chain, and the border protection in the base. The analysis reveals some limitations of the presented integration measures in a dynamic context. First, value added incorporates income related to policy measures, and decreasing integration can reflect a lower tax burden and a more efficient network. Second, changes do not allow interpreting the size of effects of underlying variables, and similar changes can result from various underlying developments.

Detained Migrants Need MH Care, COVID-19 Protection

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article ProfessionalFull AccessDetained Migrants Need MH Care, COVID-19 ProtectionBalkozar Adam, M.D., Shawn Singh Sidhu, M.D.Balkozar AdamSearch for more papers by this author, M.D., Shawn Singh SidhuSearch for more papers by this author, M.D.Published Online:15 Jun 2021https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2021.6.4AbstractAPA urges federal agencies to provide detained migrants and unaccompanied minors at the U.S.-Mexico border with protection from unsafe COVID-19 conditions and adequate access to health care.In April, more than 178,000 people were detained at the U.S.-Mexico border, the highest number of apprehensions in at least two decades, according to The New York Times. Of those, nearly 14,000 were unaccompanied children and adolescents.Prior to their departure from their home countries, 67% of Central American migrants experienced a murder, disappearance, or kidnapping of a relative, while 77% of children fleeing the Northern Triangle of Central America reported violence as the main reason for fleeing. At the same time, U.S. Customs and Border Protection and Border Angels reported that anywhere from 7,200 to 10,000 people have likely died trying to cross the border since 1994. Many migrants arrive at the U.S. border having undergone incomprehensible pre-migration and migration trauma. To then place people who have gone through so much in a detention center during a pandemic seems especially inhumane and dangerous.These vulnerable children and families must be protected, and it was out of deep concern for their well-being that APA’s Council on Children, Adolescents, and Their Families crafted a position statement urging the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) to consider the supervised release of detainees or to identify alternative options for detainees charged with immigration violations. The statement further urges DHS and ICE to ensure detainees receive adequate screening, testing, and, when necessary, isolation for COVID-19. Without such actions, not only are children and adults in custody in danger, but so too are staff and the public at large.Detainees at the Southern border are photographed in March in a Customs and Border Protection temporary overflow facility in Donna, Texas.Photo courtesy of the Office of Rep. Henry Cuellar via APPre-migration, migration, and peri-migration trauma contribute to high levels of mental health issues in migrants. Yet, experts appointed by a federal judge reported that caregiver staffing at DHS’s detention facility for unaccompanied minors in Donna, Texas, was “profoundly inadequate,” according to CNN. Migrants and unaccompanied minors need to find support and acceptance. Without effective psychiatric support, these children are more likely to experience serious mental health issues in their futures.The court-appointed experts also reported that border-processing facilities for migrant children are “stretched beyond thin” and experiencing “profound overcrowding.” This conclusion is reinforced by the images taken at the facility in Donna, Texas. There, youth are crammed side by side in so-called “pods.” In such an environment, it is impossible to follow physical distancing guidelines to prevent the spread of COVID-19.Detainees should be allowed to follow the public health protocols meant to keep them safe from COVID-19. Migrants should know that they can be tested, receive treatment, and be isolated safely until they recover. Without such protocols in place, former detainees may not feel it is in their best interest to let government officials know they have tested positive for COVID-19. Ensuring these children and families receive high-quality, compassionate care is the first step to gaining their trust and helping them feel welcome in this country.These children and families present a low public safety risk. Ideally, they should be provided with supervised release, especially if they have family already in the country. There are also foster families willing to help unaccompanied children, and these families must be trained and prepared to welcome them into their homes.Steps must be taken to protect these individuals, who may be from underserved groups that have been disproportionately impacted by the pandemic. The children and families detained at the border deserve a humane solution to the harrowing situation they are experiencing. ■APA’s position statement is posted here.Balkozar Adam, M.D., is a member of APA’s Council on Children, Adolescents, and Their Families and a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of Missouri.Shawn Singh Sidhu, M.D., is a member of APA’s Council on Children, Adolescents, and Their Families and an associate professor at the University of California, San Diego. ISSUES NewArchived

Forms of prevention of illegal migration by the State Border Service of Ukraine

Purpose. The purpose of the work is to analyze the theoretical and regulatory provisions relating to the definition of forms of preventive action to combat illegal migration and used in the protection of the state border. Methodology. The method covers the application of general theoretical and special methods of scientific knowledge aimed at processing the conclusions of the study. The dialectical method, system analysis, classification and grouping methods, as well as the sociological method are used in the work. Results. The use of the most appropriate and lawful preventive measures is associated with the definition of a scientifically sound system of crime prevention, detailed structural characteristics of which in the activities of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine to combat illegal migration are covered by two main blocks: procedural and operational. The procedural block concentrates such forms as operative-search activity, proceedings in cases of administrative offenses, proceedings on the application of forced return, forced expulsion and readmission of foreigners or stateless persons. The operational-service block covers the following forms: border service, border control, operational-search and information-analytical activity, engineering-technical control, complex preventive measures (operations). Scientific novelty. According to the results of the research, the system of forms of crime prevention in the activity of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine on counteraction to illegal migration is substantiated, which envisages procedural and operational-service blocks. Forms of the procedural block of prevention of illegal migration are characterized by the impact on the offense, which has a preventive value, as well as the focus on the restoration of the disturbed state. Operational and official forms of prevention of illegal migration are designed to prevent offenses, as well as their detection to ensure an appropriate procedural response. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used in research work for further study of general and special issues of improving the fight against illegal migration, in the field of lawmaking - to improve the current administrative and migration legislation of Ukraine, in the educational process during the organization of educational activities and teaching administrative law. cycle, in law enforcement - to increase the efficiency of bodies and units of state border protection.

Presumptions upon Presumptions: Problems with the Threshold of Materiality

The ‘threshold of materiality’ introduced by the High Court of Australia in Hossain v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection, and confirmed in subsequent cases, is a new presumption of statutory interpretation which universally qualifies the existing implied limitations on executive decision-making power. This article contends that the High Court did not adequately justify the presumption’s creation. It surveys several prior decisions to demonstrate the presumption’s doctrinal precariousness; criticises its lack of justification by reference to principles of statutory interpretation; and compares the Court’s creation of the presumption to other cases which, it is argued, have more persuasively justified the evolution of interpretative presumptions. Finally, the article discusses issues of pragmatism, the presumption’s reversal of the onus of proof, and the problematic residual discretion to refuse relief.

Developing legal competence of security and defense sector officers in the master's program

Researchers consider the development of legal competence as a scientifically based system of organizing and stimulating the educational and intellectual activities of officers, purposeful, systematic pedagogical influence in order to expand their information and legal space. To develop the legal competence of security and defense sector officers the content of their professional training includes consideration of current problems of legal support for the activities of State Border Protection bodies and the latest threats and challenges to border security. It is proposed to model practical situations based on the professionally oriented problems for officers to learn the skills to make legally justified management decisions on the protection of the state border; to use online services, digital databases and online tools for officers to master the skills of obtaining up-to-date legal information; to provide pedagogical support for self-educational activities of officers to study the legal aspects of border protection.

Developing training program for remotely piloted aircraft operators in the sphere of border protection: european context

The study reveals the theoretical and practical approaches of developing training programs for Remotely Piloted Aircraft operators in the sphere of border surveillance of the state border protection agencies of the European Union and Ukraine using multicriteria optimization to find required rational parameters. The results of the study within the educational grant of Frontex Agency conducted by the team of experts from the Border Guard Services of Ukraine and EU countries were used to enhance the training program of air reconnaissance units of border protection bodies at the Main Training Centre of the Border Guard Service of Ukraine based on the best EU practices, in order to ensure obtaining of knowledge and practical skills by personnel of the border guard Remotely Piloted Aircraft external crews, which will increase the level of interoperability and professional competence of border guards while conducting border surveillance tasks.