Border Protection Research Articles

New Zakamskaya line: organization and maintenance of the defense system

The article studies the totality of military, fortification and other features of the New Zakamskaya Line as a defensive line of the South-East of European Russia. The author continued a more in-depth study of the problems of Russian field defensive architecture, which he had previously touched upon in his monograph, as well as in publications of recent years. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of aspects that were previously considered superficially or practically untouched. The fortifications and garrisons of the Novaya Zakamskaya line were chosen as the object of study. In particular, the problem of the sufficiency of the landmilitia forces for the effective protection of such extended borders was highlighted. The ways of using the space of the internal ranges of fortresses and feldshans and the fortifications that defended them to place guns and soldiers during enemy attacks are considered. Particular attention was paid to the presence of auxiliary buildings in the bastion trenches and redoubts: powder magazines, shops, guardrooms, wells, etc. For a comparative analysis of the defensive systems of the European South and South-East, conclusions and specific data obtained from the study of the lines under construction or reconstructed at the same time as the Novaya Zakamskaya, Ukrainian and Tsaritsynskaya lines were used. The historiographic basis for the study of this problem was, first of all, fundamental research on the history of fortification undertaken by F.F. Laskovsky, A.Z. Telyakovsky and a number of other military historians, including those, which were published recently. The source base for studying the proposed issues are, first of all, unpublished sources from the funds of the central archives. It is also necessary to point on materials from field surveys and archaeological excavations. The obtained results confirmed the earlier conclusion that the basic principles in the construction of a defensive line in the Trans-Volga region for the military leadership of the country in the first half of the 1730-ies were following the patterns of Western European fortification and using the land militia as the main military force to protect the border lines, as in Ukraine

Moral Universalism and the Structure of Ideology

Abstract Throughout the Western world, people’s policy views are correlated across domains in a strikingly similar fashion. This article proposes that what partly explains the structure of ideology is moral universalism: the extent to which people exhibit the same level of altruism and trust towards strangers as towards in-group members. In new large-scale multinational surveys, heterogeneity in universalism descriptively explains why some people support redistribution, health care, environmental protection, affirmative action, and foreign aid, while others advocate for spending on the military, law enforcement, and border protection. Universalism is a substantially stronger predictor of policy views and ideological constraints than variables such as income, wealth, education, religiosity, or beliefs about government efficiency. Consistent with the idea that universalism shapes policy views, we further document that the left–right divide on redistribution, environmental protection, or foreign aid strongly attenuates or even reverses when people evaluate less universalist implementations of these policies.

The impact of the Mexico-San Diego border wall extension on spine injuries: a retrospective cohort review.

The recent San Diego-Mexico border wall height extension has resulted in an increased injury risk for unauthorized immigrants falling from greater heights. However, the effects of the border wall extension on frequency and morbidity of spinal injuries and related economic costs have yet to be highlighted. We retrospectively compared two cohorts who presented to the UC San Diego Health Trauma Center for border wall falls: pre-height extension (12 patients; January 2016-May 2018), and post-height extension (102 patients; January 2020-December 2021). Patients presented during border wall construction (June 2018-December 2019) were excluded. Demographics, clinical data and hospital costs were collected. Spinal injuries were normalized using Customs and Border Protection apprehensions. Costs were adjusted for inflation using the 2021 medical care price index. The increase in spine injuries per month (0.8-4.25) and operative spine injuries per month (0.3- 1.7) was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Increase in median length of stay from 6 [interquartile range (IQR) 2-7] to 9days (IQR 6-13) was statistically significant (P = 0.006). Median total hospital charges increased from $174 660 to $294 421 and was also significant (P < 0.001). The data support that the recent San Diego-Mexico border wall extension is correlated with more frequent, severe and costly spinal injuries. This current infrastructure should be re-evaluated as border-related injuries represent a humanitarian and public health crisis.

Border securocracy: Global expansion of the U.S. Department of homeland security bureaucratic apparatus before, during and beyond covid-19

The U.S. border security apparatus is moving around the globe as climate change, the coronavirus pandemic and corporatization create political and economic chaos. Global north governments seek to keep out migrants and refugees from the global south while corporations in the global north want protection to maintain their wealth. U.S. government bureaucratic agencies such as Custom and Border Protection’s Border Patrol Tactical Unit are sent abroad to expand U.S. influence in an empire of borders to train receptive government security and border forces and to regulate, detain and prevent migrants and refugees well beyond the U.S. border. Governments are waging war against the people, creating a “securocracy” comprised of profit seeking military arms corporations and allied government agents to quell resistance and border crossers. Examined are the effects and impacts of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security on global border securocracy beginning with an analysis of the Mexico-U.S. border, moving to international borders in Latin America and beyond. The theoretical concept of border securocracy is expanded from the securocracy literature in the context of the north versus south globalization conflict.

ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ СПОСОБІВ ПОШУКУ ДИВЕРСІЙНО-РОЗВІДУВАЛЬНИХ ГРУП ПРОТИВНИКА ТА НЕЗАКОННИХ ЗБРОЙНИХ ФОРМУВАНЬ

The implementation of the measures of the joint forces operation to contain and repulse Russian armed aggression in the territory of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, the national security of Ukraine provides a set of multifaceted political, diplomatic, economic, technological, ideological and military measures. Of decisive importance among them are political measures aimed at creating favorable conditions for the state, eliminating existing and potential threats, and localizing them. The experience of conducting combat operations in the Joint Forces operation, namely, the performance of tasks by units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other components of the defense forces in stabilization operations while strengthening the protection of the state border, isolating the armed conflict, combating enemy sabotage and reconnaissance groups and illegal armed formations, indicates that that the classical ways of performing tasks are not rational. In preparation for and during active combat operations in order to destabilize the situation, sabotage mobilization measures and the operational deployment of troops, isolate the battlefield, complicate maneuver, disrupt command and control of troops and weapons, rear services, etc. the enemy will carry out large-scale sabotage, reconnaissance and other subversive actions in the zone of responsibility of operational formations (formations). At the same time, illegal armed formations will be organized and operate, which will be involved in carrying out destabilization actions. The article considers a calculation method for searching for enemy sabotage and reconnaissance groups and illegal armed formations in a given area, taking into account the peculiarities of modern armed conflicts and the forces and means involved (used) in this process. Keywords: search, sabotage and reconnaissance group, illegal armed formation of mathematical expectation, probability of an event.

일본의 중요토지조사규제법 제정과 쟁점

On the basis of national security and territorial integrity, can the state regulate the use of land and buildings around important defense facilities or on border islands? In response, on June 16, 2021, Japan promulgated ‘Important Land Survey Regulation Act.’ In enacting the Important Land Survey Regulation Act, the Japanese government suggested land acquisition in a specific area by foreign capital as a basis for legislation. Due to the cases of land acquisition in a water source, defense facilities, or border islands, anxiety among Japanese residents and the people is growing. As a background of legislation, the Important Land Survey Regulation Act refers to ‘concerned’ foreign capital and state. It is primarily considering Korea and China as regulatory targets. The Important Land Survey Regulation Act is a regulation law based on the maintenance of the base of national life, maritime sovereignty, and national security. In the future, I think the Important Land Survey Regulation Act will have a direct or indirect effect on Korea. From a national security perspective, laws that regulate direct investment in corporate purchases also exist in the United States and Japan. However, regulations on real estate transactions have recently been introduced from the perspective of national security. In the United States, the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act (FIRRMA) enacted in August 2018 is a representative law. Real estate transactions are being conducted as a subject of review by the US Foreign Investment Committee (CFIUS). From a national security perspective, Japan is reviewing the case of the United States, which regulates the sale of real estate. However, problems with the bill were pointed out in the process of enacting the Important Land Survey Regulation Act. The issue of unconstitutionality of the Important Land Survey Regulation Act was also raised. In this study, I reviewed the issues and the contents of the law in the legislative process of the Japanese National Assembly : the purpose of legislation and the existence of legislative facts, the subject of regulation and delegation of legislation, forest and water sources, enforcement decree and delegation legislation, resident movement regulation, designation of special zones, and pre-reporting system, etc. The following matters were reviewed on the issue of unconstitutionality inherent in the Important Land Survey Regulation Act : legislative purposes and the absence of legislative facts, violation of the principles of parliamentary legislation, principle of criminal justice, recommendations and orders and criminal penalties, land use investigation and personal information, privacy rights, freedom of thought and conscience, self-denial rights, property rights and compensation systems, etc. The Important Land Survey Regulation Act, like FIRRMA in the United States, is based on national security, Japan primarily aims to protect Japan’s Self-Defense Forces facilities and U.S. military facilities. To this end, ownership and use, and transactions of land and buildings in a specific area are regulated. Second, however, it is a law to prepare for border disputes or maritime disputes between Japan and China, Japan and Russia, Korea and Japan. From the perspective of borders, territories, and maritime sovereignty, the Republic of Korea needs to establish new border protection measures for uninhabited islands and islands.

An Australian Politics of Indistinction: Making Refugees Visible

In this article I examine how the competing positions and claims of Australian citizens, First Nations people and refugees are negotiated visually in the global public sphere. Australian perspectives on struggles over citizenship and semi-porous borders must be understood within a history of nation-building, regional relations and the ideology of Whiteness. How does visual culture constitute categories of inclusion and exclusion? Visual strategies that define and contest the place of Indigenous Australians, as well as refugees seeking to come to Australia have been criticised for depicting their subjects as abject victims who lack agency or history, or simply rendering them invisible. Some have been critical of the visual discourse of spectacular violence that has been created and promoted by the Australian government in its pursuit of policies of 'deterrence'. Seeking to challenge this regime of erasure and de-humanisation, activists have adopted a range of innovative visual tactics, including self-representation by refugees themselves. Tactics of humanisation, such as depicting the love of a mother for her child, draw figures such as asylum seekers into the civil sphere. The extraordinary story of Iranian-Kurdish refugee and journalist Behrouz Boochani traces the emergence of a new humanitarian icon, rising from the invisibility shield of Australia's official border protection regime. I examine the extent to which these strategies shape debates around migration and refugees, and mediate between the historically powerful principles of Australian exclusion and the legitimate claims of refugees.

Kualitas Air Sungai

This study aims to analyze the water quality of the Barumun river in Pinang City based on water quality criteria and formulate a pollution control strategy that needs to be implemented. The method used is descriptive and quantitative by analyzing river water quality status based on the pollution index. The results showed that the PI value of Barumun river water ranged from 0.82 to 1.71. The recommended pollution control strategies are: 1) maintaining river border protection zones involving environmental cadres and green communities in monitoring; 2) supervision and control of water pollution along the river; 3) improving monitoring of river water quality and supervision of wastewater discharge into rivers; 4) the granting of a wastewater disposal permit (IPLC) to the river must pay attention to the condition of the capacity of the river's pollution load capacity and enforce environmental laws against business actors who violate the established environmental quality standards. In conclusion, the Barumun River in Kota Pinang has decreased in quality, with the status of water quality being lightly polluted. The recommendations for water pollution control strategies that need to be implemented are progressive strategies.&#x0D; Keywords: Water Quality, Water Pollution Control, Water Quality Status

The Empirical Study of Graduates’ Leadership and Career: The Case of Mongolia

This study aims to examine the correlation between knowledge management, professional skills, professional capacity, quality of curriculum and how graduates’ issues are assessed with their leadership and career. We attempt to evaluate the graduates’ leadership and career of the Border Office School at the University of Internal Affairs, Mongolia (UIAM). This study was conducted via online channel from 326 respondents, who work at the Border Protection Organization, which made it possible to compare some of the results. We used SMART PLS-3.0 and SPSS-25.0 a qualitative research program, Cronbach's alpha (α coefficient), (T statistic) and (P values) were used to measure the data in this study. We analyzed metrological, correlational, multifactorial and path analysis to agree with the study of other scholars’ attention onto how factor variables affect graduates' leadership and career impacts. Four independent variables with various factors were identified and measured using a five-point scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) on each two dependent variables. The results of our study indicated positive impact of knowledge management, professional capacity, professional skills and quality of curriculum on graduates' leadership. Besides, our paper provides evidence to suggest that knowledge management, professional capacity and professional skills focus on enhancing skills of the graduates' career.

Witnessing violence: Stories from a migration support worker

In August 2019, academics, practitioners and advocates as well as individuals with lived experiences of confinement, came together at the University of Melbourne to reflect on the parallels between the spaces and practices of care and control in diverse sites of confinement. This research workshop sought to generate insights into places of confinement from varying perspectives. In the following dialogue between former migration support worker, Judge, and one of the editors of this Special Themed Collection of papers, Loughnan, the daily violence of Australia's immigration detention system is brought to light. Judge shares her stories of working in regional offshore processing centres. This provides important insights into the Australian government's border protection policies, described as one of the harshest in the world. Judge witnessed this first-hand when she was employed by the Australian Government to implement these policies and laws as a migration support worker. During this time, she was consistently faced with a tension between her role responsibility and her ethical obligations to others. The decisions she made to document these practices, to resist and then speak out have had a lasting impact on her: she says she is compelled to continue to document these stories, despite the severity of potential criminal repercussions for doing so under ‘gag orders’ on imposed on detention staff through laws enacted by the Australian Government.

Maintenance Cost Growth in Aging Aircraft: Analysis of a New DHS Dataset

This article finds that maintenance cost per flight hour increases by 8.0% as the average age of a fleet of aircraft increases by 1 year. Cost growth appears to decrease slightly as aircraft age, with an older group of aircraft showing maintenance cost per flight hour increasing by 7.6%. This is based on analysis of a new database from U.S. Customs and Border Protection Air and Marine Operations (CBP AMO). The article employs a Fixed Effect (FE) Least-Squares Dummy Variable (LSDV) regression model based on panel data from Fiscal Year 2015 (FY2015) to FY2020. The conclusion describes possible areas of additional research. This project’s findings may be interesting to the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and the Department of Defense (DoD). USCG aircraft conduct many similar missions to AMO’s aircraft (both organizations are part of the Department of Homeland Security [DHS]). DoD may find the analysis interesting for three reasons. First, while many of AMO’s approximately 200 aircraft are based on commercial designs, it includes military aircraft such as the UH-60, P-3, and MQ-9. Second, many of DHS’s acquisition and maintenance processes mirror DoD’s. Third, AMO’s data are a new dataset for examining aircraft maintenance costs already analyzed using DoD databases such as the Air Force Total Ownership Cost (AFTOC) and Naval Visibility and Management of Operating and Support Costs (VAMOSC) databases.

Basic models of protection and functioning of the Ukrainian border in modern geopolitical realities: a view from Ukraine

In the article, the authors summarised the concept of state border security. They have suggested a wider interpretation of the border security model. They discussed modern models of border security in a theoretical context. They presented progressive models of security and functioning of Ukraine’s borders and described their features. They emphasised that the modern Ukrainian-Polish boundary represents a partially liberal model of security and functioning and it can be characterised by the operational security model. Different models of the functioning of the Ukrainian-Polish boundary (asymmetrical, selectively simplified, and symmetrical) were identified and connected with the transformational processes of the Ukrainian-Polish relations.

Zygmunt Hübner – minister spraw wewnętrznych Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (21 marca – 17 listopada 1924 r.)

Zygmunt Hübner was the minister of internal affairs in a very important period in the history of Poland (March 21 – November 17, 1924). It was during his term in office that a great economic and currency reform began in Poland; the currency was changed from the Polish mark to the Polish zloty. At that time, there were major organizational changes in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, improving the activities of the State Police. Well, in April 1924, a specialized service called Political Police, which significantly contributed to the effective fight against the so-called subversive groups (KPRP) directly threatening public order and peace in the state. The services subordinate to Minister Z. Hübner also fought against anti-state attacks by national minorities, especially Slavic (Ukrainian, Belarusian) minorities. However, the forms of fighting these protests so far, especially their partisans supported by the communist partisans, have not been successful. Consequently, a decision was made that a special formation organized in the form of a military model, i.e. the Border Protection Corps, would be created within the Ministry of Internal Affairs. As a result of his actions, at the end of 1924 order and peace began to return to the Eastern Borderlands. Minister Z. Hübner also paid a lot of attention to the Jewish minority, which fought for national and cultural autonomy, the German minority, and to the issues of Polish citizenship.

PENGARUH KELENGKAPAN ADMINISTRASI DAN KATEGORI IMPORTIR TERHADAP DWELLING TIME PADA PT. ANUGERAH INDO MARITIM SEJAHTERA MEDAN BELAWAN

To ensure imports, or organizations must comply with regulations by the Department of Immigration and External Border Protection of the State and customs. This study aims to determine the effect of administrative completeness and importer category on Dwelling Time at PT. The Indo Maritime Prosperity Award in Medan Belawan. The results showed that the t-test on administrative completeness had a negative effect on residence time. In this regard, the exporter is not careful in issuing commercial invoices and packing lists as filling in the PIB by PT AIMS. The import category based on the t-test has an effect or is in the direction of residence time. In this regard, the OSS application made by the government as a registration requirement in the issuance of API, NIK, NPWP related to the importer category has not been well integrated. The general importer category can only have one API-U for each imported item. The requirements for tax rates for the import category are limited, high tariffs make companies (customers) delay payment of import taxes to the state treasury. In the single agent importer category, quota restrictions for imports of factory-produced goods abroad are an obstacle because goods that are almost at the port due to the new enactment of this regulation make imported goods enter the customs inspection lane because they exceed the quota for imported goods. In the determination test, administrative completeness and importer category only affected 20.2% of residence time and the remaining 79.8% of other factors not examined.

Dehydration Rate and a Novel Model to Aid Search and Relief for Undocumented Border Crossers in the Sonoran Desert

There has been a proliferation of geographic literature exploring the fatal effects of immigration policy since the early 2000s. Studies have used geographic information systems (GIS) and predictive modeling to explore potential relationships between border protection infrastructure, environment, and migrant death. Although some studies have used GIS to determine the probable effects of heat stress, none have included the potential perspiration as a limiting factor to pedestrian travel in an arid environment during daylight hours. Heat exposure is the leading cause of mortality for migrants in the desert regions of the U.S.–Mexico border, and humans rely on water to regulate temperature. For a more systematic methodology and higher precision, we calculated the maximum distances a person could walk in Arizona’s Sonoran Desert accounting for sweat rate. The locations of recovered human remains (RHR) correlate with water usage and increased difficulty of pedestrian travel. Further, our results showed at higher precision a significant correlation of mortality and spatial rates of dehydration and demonstrate that sweat rate is a better predictor of RHR location than heat or slope alone and will be more informative for search and relief operations in the region.

In Favor Of An Immigration Data Protection Law In Indonesia And Its Utilization For Contact Tracing

Immigration data form a substantial part of the border protection between countries. However, the quality and integrity of each country’s immigration data varies greatly in terms of technology and regulation. A country that has a weak a legal framework on data protection has proven to be easily abused by irresponsible parties. Including when Indonesia tries to carry out tracing by synchronizing the data in the Peduli Lindungi application with immigration data, there will be a potential violation of the privacy rights of individuals. Hence, this study applies a normative and empirical (mix) legal research methodology to analyze two keys issues: what are the advantages of synchronizing the domestic tracing application called Peduli Lindungi to the immigration data? and what kind of legal framework to prevent the misuse of personal data in Indonesia? With regulatory and comparative approaches, this study concludes without powerful legal framework, there will be no legal assurance to the promotion of privacy rights in the synchronization and the use of immigration data for health tracing purposes. From the empirical side, Indonesian’s current policy does not enable monitoring or evaluating authority to scrutinize ministerial activities in collecting and utilizing personal data. Moreover, by considering several problems of data breach in Indonesia, a single and unified data protection law is needed to integrate and provide uniformity of implementation for data protection.

Исследование процессов распространения наркомании и его последствий на территории города Ош с помощью современных геоинформационных систем

Countering the spread of drug addiction has become a difficult task for all countries of the world. Everyone understands how much harm this phenomenon will bring, especially crippling a healthy nation of any state. This study is devoted to the study of the processes and consequences of the spread of drug addiction. The following processes were considered: the dynamics of the growth of drug addiction, the visualization of quantitative indicators of the number of drug addicts with HIV infection and their location, the visualization of mortality among drug addicts and the number of registered crimes related to drug trafficking. The study area is the city of Osh, located in the south of Kyrgyzstan. It is through this city that the “northern route” of drug trafficking passes. The result of the study is useful in that it is possible to take certain measures to reduce the growth of drug addiction in the city of Osh, including in Kyrgyzstan, by strengthening the protection of the external borders of Kyrgyzstan, creating special departmental structures for the control of narcotic substances, and conducting medical and preventive measures among the population by holding guest meetings.

Border Fencing, Migrant Flows, and Crossing Deaths

Using data from the US Customs and Border Protection and novel data on border fencing, we examine how the construction of border fencing under the Secure Fence Act influenced crossing decisions and the likelihood of migrant deaths. Apprehension data suggest that fence construction induced migrants to cross in unfenced sectors. Meanwhile, the average death rate rose nearly threefold in the sectors where the fence was not built. These results support our hypotheses that fence construction induced some migrants to cross in unfenced sectors, while others were diverted to cross in more dangerous locations within fenced sectors.

_____ With Letters: A Conversation with Kameelah Janan Rasheed

_____ With Letters: A Conversation with Kameelah Janan Rasheed Paul Benzon (bio) and Kameelah Janan Rasheed (bio) Kameelah janan rasheed’s work grapples with the poetics, politics, and pleasures of the unfinished. Engaging primarily with text, rasheed works on the page, within digital interfaces, on walls, and in public spaces. Her work has been exhibited nationally at the Brooklyn Museum; the New Museum; MASS MoCA; the Queens Museum; the Bronx Museum; the Studio Museum in Harlem; Portland Institute for Contemporary Art; the Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia; Jack Shainman Gallery, New York; the Brooklyn Public Library; and the Brooklyn Historical Society, among others. Her work has been exhibited internationally at NOME; Transmission Gallery, Glasgow; Kunsthalle Wien; Bétonsalon Centre d’art et de recherche, Paris; Contemporary Art Gallery, Vancouver; Artspace Peterborough, ON; the 57th Venice Biennial; and the National Gallery of Zimbabwe, among others. Her public installations have appeared at Ballroom Marfa; the Brooklyn Museum; For Freedoms x Times Square Art, New York; Public Art Fund, New York; Moody Center for the Arts, Houston; the California Air Resources Board; and several others. When I reached out to her to arrange this conversation, I had studied her work online but never seen it live in person—pandemic conditions kept me in upstate New York, away from her 2020 and 2021 shows in Brooklyn. Scratch that. No need to explain, because in some sense, nobody has seen a work by Kameelah Janan Rasheed—not really seen it. This is true at every level [End Page 241] of scale. In macroscopic terms, each piece within Rasheed’s prolific œuvre is itself constantly changing, perpetually subject to what she describes as “the right to revision”—the right to reconceptualize a text, image, object, or idea over time; to rethink and rewrite; literally to see, and to know, again and again in ongoing cycles of reformulation. Her 2019 artist’s book, No New Theories, signals this from the outset, opening with an epigraph from Jorge Luis Borges’s The Book of Imaginary Beings: “A book of this nature is necessarily incomplete. . . . Our wish would be that the curious dip into it from time to time in much the way one visits the changing forms revealed by a kaleidoscope.”1 And indeed, as she discusses in our conversation below, this project is currently in its third iteration, continually incomplete, reshaped through error, annotation, and accumulation. As with No New Theories, much of Rasheed’s work continually turns the kaleidoscope, iterating words, phrases, and marks across a range of surfaces. At a microscopic level, these works are designed to frustrate legibility: their dense textual spaces simultaneously invite us to read and place a check on the impulse toward reading as an impulse toward stability, blocking it with opacity, iteration, and schematic fragmentation. Her 2020 installation, Are We Reading Closely?, adorned the façade of the Brooklyn Museum with black and white banners, each one covered with reproduced texts and images: annotated excerpts from book indexes, photographs, an x-ray of a hand touching words. The answer these architectural text-objects pose to the show’s titular question seems to be at once both yes and no. For Rasheed, this destabilization of legibility is deeply political, a resistance against the surveillance of Black bodies, texts, and communities across history; indeed, the conceptions of reading and revision she imagines in her work insist on constant mobility as a means of escape from legibility and transparency as colonialized states of being. Across Rasheed’s projects, words serve as moving sculptures. Deeply collagic and archival, her work invokes print objects ranging from the book (the Bible, the Qur’ān, the notepad, the catalog) to the telephone poll handbill to the chalkboard alongside scraps of digital and televisual culture. Over the pages of No New Theories, handwritten chapter-and-verse citations and low-res images of Rasheed taken by U.S. Customs and Border Protection resonate against cryptic textual collages (“drinking her milk: respective scriptures,” reads one snippet) and photos of Steve Urkel. One representative page holds black computer-set [End Page 242] text on a white background, clearly cut from a printed document (perhaps more than one) and ever so...

The COVID-19 Pandemic: Health Impact on Unaccompanied Migrant Children.

From the point of apprehension by U.S. Customs and Border Protection at the U.S.-Mexican border to their reunification with sponsors in U.S. communities, unaccompanied children (UC) face political, social, and economic conditions, heightening their risk for mental and physical health burdens that may be exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Such risk underscores the importance of social work practice and advocacy for the improved treatment and experiences of UC. This article uses a structural vulnerability conceptual lens to summarize the existing literature regarding UC and argues that UC's liminal immigration status, economic precarity, and lack of healthcare access place this group at high structural vulnerability during the pandemic. Further, this article identifies and describes three contexts of structural vulnerability of UC that are important points of social work intervention: (1) at the border, where migrant children are denied their legal right to seek protection; (2) in detention and shelter facilities; and (3) during reunification with sponsors. This article concludes with important practice and policy opportunities for social workers to pursue to obtain social justice for an important and highly vulnerable migrant child population.