Border Management System Research Articles

Bordering the COVID-19 Pandemic Through Schengen Visa: Contested Policies and Persistent Effects for Mobility Rights

Visa regimes were key global mechanisms of the COVID-19 pandemic governance. Many nationals, both from the Global South and North, were subject to the several visa regulations during the pandemic. Whilst nationals of the Global North could regain their visa-free travel rights in the further phases, the others are still entrapped in the visa regimes, just like the pre-pandemic period. Considering visa’s global importance for border regulations in the (post-) pandemic period, what has changed for mobility rights of the visa applicants? This study examines changes in mobility rights for visa applicants during and after the pandemic, focusing on Schengen visa regime from March 2020 to June 2023. Our argument is twofold: first, the EU temporarily but substantially changed visa policies in the name securing the public health and free movement in(to) the Schengen area. However, these policies for securing mobility also created administrative gray zones that include new travel restrictions, confusions as well as strategic spaces for accessing to the mobility rights. Second, ongoing visa issuance practices and application process problems since the pandemic reveal a regression in the mobility rights lasting in the (post-)pandemic period. Hence, this article offers a more nuanced account of mobility rights by shedding light on the Schengen visa regime which will continue to play substantial roles in the EU’s border management system in the post-pandemic period.

Global Power Shift and Nepal's Geopolitical Complexity

The process of globalization, with the flow of people, merchandise, and capital, has invited different challenges, threats, and insecurities. Thus, the idea of border governance has emerged among the states, calling for a collaborative approach to border management systems between the neighboring states. As a qualitative study adhering to the "practice turn" in International Relations (IR) and considering human actions responsible for constructing social realities, the study has focused on the Nepal-India open border. As a unique border, the study has pointed out different threats and challenges faced by Nepal and India because of their openness. The article has briefly elucidated the emerging concept of border governance. Likewise, it has introduced the idea of border governance for Nepal-India open borders, outlining its principles and strategies. Overall, the study emphasized the importance of border governance for Nepal-India borders, recognizing border disputes and enormous challenges.

The Role of INTERPOL in the European Integrated Border Management

Aim: The study focuses on how the cooperation between the EU and INTERPOL fits into the European integrated border management system, how it contributes to the effectiveness of external border management, and what challenges it faces.Methodology: The paper examines cooperation from the perspective of European integrated border management, drawing on relevant international and national literature on the topic.Findings: By examining this cooperation, the author demonstrates that the relationship between INTERPOL and the EU border administration is vital to enhancing the EU’s ability to effectively manage its borders. INTERPOL provides valuable intelligence, training and operational support to EU Member States in the fight against terrorism, organised crime and other transnational threats. Cooperation contributes significantly to improving border management practices, strengthening cross-border cooperation and ensuring the safety and security of EU citizens.Value: The study presents the relationship between INTERPOL and the EU border management agencies through the European integrated border management model and highlights the challenges involved.

Nepal’s Quest for Secured Boundaries and International Border Regime

Nepal’s quest for secure and tranquil border assumes boundary diplomacy operating boundaries on the existing geostrategic settings conditioned by neighboring states India and China. It has yet to resolve several boundary problems with its neighboring states in its entirety though it has addressed many. So, it has to incorporate all the legal precisions and norms of border management system as practiced globally. This study revisits the essence of boundary diplomacy of Nepal in reference to international border regimes. The study primarily focuses on boundary delineation diplomacy along the Nepal-India and Nepal-China frontiers. It discusses Nepal’s border issues and boundary diplomacy with India and China with reference to the international border regime.

Design, Simulation and Performance Evaluation of a Risk-Based Border Management System

Border control systems at Europe’s Schengen (and worldwide) borders are necessary to mitigate cross-border threats, but are perceived as free-traveling bottlenecks. Today’s applicable European regulations demand rule-based control schemes and do not allow risk-based elements. A policy shift towards risk-based border control has been considered in several studies and research (including HEU projects). However, there is a lack of scientific evidence on how they compare with existing rule-based schemes. This paper aims to fill that gap. The simulation allows design of a realistic border control system. The passenger flow is modeled via travelers with good and bad intents. The border control system includes decision-making elements to classify travelers into risk groups. System elements including operators and their interaction were modeled in terms of statistical distributions based on the subject matter experts’ input. The performance is estimated across security effectiveness, resource usage, passenger flow, and traveler experience. Assessment of a set of simulations reveals better scalability of risk-based systems in terms of resource usage and passenger flow. The potential factors to improve the detection rate of the border control process are also studied. Despite having several benefits, the model demonstrates that social acceptance of the risk-based system is the limiting factor for increased scalability.

Optimized Border System for Land-Based Transport

Land-based transport corridors serving landlocked developing countries experience cargo delays that are much longer than global benchmarks, reducing the competitiveness of the affected countries within an increasingly globalized economy. Improving the efficiency of such corridors is complicated by the inefficient management of border crossings. Factors contributing to long border delays include the variability of vehicle processing times and lack of sufficient capacity at service desks during peak traffic periods. We use a simulation approach to investigate improvements to current border management systems by modeling each important aspect of the cross-border process. The simulator was calibrated against data collected during cross-border surveys. This article is the first to quantify the potential for reduction in border delays through the reduced variability of process times. A dynamic adjustment model was developed to enable an optimal compromise between the number of service desks for each process; utilization levels of the available capacity; and average delay time. The novelty of our approach lies in the fact that service capacity adjustments are based on data that are collected inside the border area, rather than data that are collected from traffic in transit to the border, which is much easier to implement in practice.

Introducing the Idea of Border Governance for Nepal-India Open Border

The process of globalization, with the flow of people, merchandise, and capital, has invited different challenges, threats, and insecurities. Thus, the idea of border governance has emerged among the states, calling for a collaborative approach to border management systems between the neighboring states. As a qualitative study adhering to the "practice turn" in International Relations (IR) and considering human actions responsible for constructing social realities, the study has focused on the Nepal-India open border. As a unique border, the study has pointed out different threats and challenges faced by Nepal and India because of their openness. The article has briefly elucidated the emerging concept of border governance. Likewise, it has introduced the idea of border governance for Nepal-India open borders, outlining its principles and strategies. Overall, the study emphasized the importance of border governance for Nepal-India borders, recognizing border disputes and enormous challenges.

Bridgeheads of EU border externalisation? NGOs/CSOs and migration in Libya

This paper analyses the work carried out by non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and civil society organisations (CSOs) in Libya from 2009 to 2020 to shed light on its ambivalent relationship to the EU externalisation of migration and border management. While also looking at Libyan organisations, and at initiatives such as EU-funded professionalisation projects, which aim to co-opt the nascent local civil society into the EU border externalisation mechanism, the paper largely focuses on international NGOs, with specific attention being paid to the Italian NGO CIR. The paper shows that even in the difficult Libyan context there is some potential for NGOs/CSOs to radically and effectively oppose EU externalisation, or at least try to do so through activities such as public information and advocacy. However, in a context in which migrants are systematically exposed to a wide range of abuses, and foreign or foreign-funded actors are seen with suspicion, NGOs/CSOs have limited room for manoeuvre. In fact, they mostly end up filling the gaps of the local migration and border management system on behalf of their (European) donors, thus supporting the smooth operation of externalised border management. This is also visible in the way NGOs/CSOs address human rights, interact with donors and local authorities, and perpetuate dichotomies and categorisations that support migration containment policies.

UPDATING THE INTEGRATED BORDER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IN UKRAINE UNDER MARTIAL LAW

The paper analyzes the steps taken by Ukraine in the process of updating its Strategy of Integrated Border Management in the context of European integration. The legal and institutional mechanisms for improving the border management system are investigate

Making an Integrated Border: Challenges for Immigration Institutions in North Sulawesi

Border areas are the country's frontline in the face of outside security threats. Thus, strengthening capacity in managing borders must be taken seriously. This research uses a qualitative method, which is a study that aims to explain the challenges faced by immigration institutions in the Province of North Sulawesi related to the integration of border management and what strategies can be offered to overcome various obstacles or challenges that arise in efforts to integrate border management in North Sulawesi. The analysis of the problems in this study will be based on eight parameters of an integrated border management system, namely: (1) Legal and Regulatory Framework, (2) Organization and Management, (3) Procedures, (4) Human resources and training, (5) Communication, (6) Information Technology (7) Infrastructure and (8) Budget. This study took a locus in the Province of North Sulawesi, which has a maritime border with the Philippines, using qualitative methods to explain the integration of border management involving immigration institutions in North Sulawesi.

Innovative solutions to border management challenges for trade facilitation in the east African community

Integrated Border Management (IBM) constitute an innovative solution to trade facilitation challenges in the East African Community (EAC). Through a content analysis, this paper presents and investigation into the state of the art for cross-border trade facilitation by means of integrated border management systems in the EAC. Procedures for clearing goods at border posts are addressed vis-à-vis the introduction of automated systems for document checking and clearing. Evidence suggests that trade facilitation can be understood within the narrow context of integrated border management and IBM systems and trade facilitation can be better understood from an IBM’s perspective. The use of ICT systems such as the Electronic Single Window (E-SW) software, X-ray, gamma imaging, infrared sensors, heat sensing cameras, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), biometric data such as facial recognition, fingerprints and iris scanning, Electronic Cargo System and the use of Truck Scanning Machines are eloquent examples of innovative solutions that resulted in trade facilitation impact. Thus, integrated border management systems have the potential to greatly improve border and customs processes thus contributing to trade facilitation in the region. However, the presence of different agencies with multiple lines of accountability and different organizational cultures calls for enhanced coordination and cooperation at different levels in the cross-border supply chain.

The Political-Humanitarian Borderwork of Ngos in Sicily: Between Migration Management and Repoliticisation

ABSTRACT The literature highlighted the depoliticising role of humanitarianism and its contribution to the perpetuation of migration control. Recent studies questioned the interpretation of humanitarianism as merely legitimising migration control, and reported on the capacity of grassroots actors to challenge the current European border regime. This paper focuses on the mainstream NGOs’ role in the making and unmaking of the southern European border. It further explores the relationship between NGOs’ humanitarian and political borderwork and investigates if and how NGOs’ humanitarianism opens up or closes down opportunity for their political interventions. This article analyses the interventions of Terre des Hommes, Medu and Oxfam within the southern Italian border management system during two recent re-bordering phases: the introduction of the hotspot approach in 2015 and the adoption of the restrictive migration policies of 2018. The fieldwork in Sicily covers a ten-months period between 2017 and 2018. The research methodology includes multi-sited ethnography, semi-structured interviews and document analysis. The paper concludes by arguing that the line between NGOs’ humanitarian and political borderwork is blurred. The borderwork of these actors can be considered as a political-humanitarian borderwork: NGOs’ humanitarian interventions were intertwined with political interventions and the former also contributed to accomplishing the latter.

TURKEY’S EXTERNAL DIFFERENTIATED INTEGRATION WITH THE EU IN THE CONTEXT OF INTEGRATED BORDER MANAGEMENT AND ITS RELATIONS WITH FRONTEX

Amaç: Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin sınır yönetimi konusunda AB ile harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyonunun sınırlarını ve belirleyici faktörlerini Entegre Sınır Yönetimi (ESY) sisteminin uygulanması ve AB Sınır ve Sahil Güvenlik Ajansı (FRONTEX) ile işlevsel işbirliğinin durumu kapsamında analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yöntem: Makalenin kuramsal bölümünde, harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyon ve belirleyici faktörleri, farklı politika aktarımı modelleri ve literatür haritalandırılması üzerinden kavramsallaştırılmaktadır. Ampirik bölümdeyse, ESY’nin uygulanması ve FRONTEX ile işbirliği konularında gerçekleşen farklılaştırılmış entegrasyonun kapsamı Avrupa Komisyonu Türkiye ilerleme/ülke raporları temel alınarak incelenmektedir. Entegrasyonun kapsamını ve sınırlarını etkileyen faktörler, makalenin kuramsal bölümünde gerçekleştirilen haritalandırmadan yararlanılarak ele alınmaktadır.Bulgular: Makalenin ana bulgusu, cazip ve güvenilir teşviklerin Türkiye’nin sınır yönetimi konusunda AB ile entegrasyonunu kolaylaştırırken, sektörel siyasallaşmanın ve öngörülen yüksek uyum maliyetlerinin harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyonu olumsuz etkilediğidir.Özgünlük: AB-Türkiye ilişkilerinin ele alındığı yazında, harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyon konusundaki kuramsal çalışmalar az sayıda olmakla birlikte, oldukça da yeni bir alandır. Bunun ötesinde, kuramsal tartışmaları farklı politika alanları bağlamında inceleyen sınırlı sayıda ampirik çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu makale, AB-Türkiye ilişkilerini, göç ve sınır yönetimi gibi oldukça önemli ve güncel bir politika alanında, harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyon tartışmaları bağlamında inceleyerek özellikle Türkçe yazına önemli ve özgün bir katkı sağlamaktadır.

코로나19의 경험을 활용한 국경관리의 기능적 정보통합모형

The pandemic of infectious diseases including COVID 19 are clearly a major threat to country border line management. As stricter border management has become an effective way to block the inflow of infectious diseases, the Korean government has also implemented an integrated borderline management system. However, the newly implemented border risk management is inefficiently operated through the cooperation of quarantine, immigration management and customs. Thus, we propose an improved cooperative border management plan by integrating not only on-site procedures but also the information sharing of border management strategies. We review a systematic border information management system by utilizing information that is used only by the information producers, and we suggest specific implementation measures to collect and share the information set. Our functional integration by utilizing information sets establishes a unified border management system that can be distributed among individual border agencies (thus overcoming information monopoly), efficiently preventing most of the possible border risks.

The Problem of Borders and Georgia’s Security Challenges in the Information Age

In the new information age, the security of modern Georgia, as well as other countries, is generally conditioned by many new challenges and threats. Moreover, the provision of its national security is to some extent also in the border security of Georgia. The global challenges of the information age have revealed the modern trends, containing the serious threats, which are reflected in national security: gradually reducing the influence of states, facilitate the penetration of state borders etc. In the information age, the concept of border management is changing significantly; it is quite difficult to solve the problem completely at the level of a state, and even in certain circumstances it becomes unimaginable. Appeared an objective need to intensify international cooperation in this direction. This can be practically reflected in the organization of an integrated border management system, which has been widely introduced in recent years.

Augmented reality-based border management

A proficient border management has typically been tied to its capability to support information structuring and to make exchanges from the distributed sources. The lack of a proper access interface to information at the right time and the right place to conduct various activities. Augmented reality (AR) has been proposed as an efficient interface in order to improve the efficiency and the effectiveness of activities in the real world. There has only been a limited amount of research that has evaluated the effectiveness and usability of AR in the border management domain. This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of border management and AR system integration to enhance the activities’ efficiency through improving the information retrieval process. The system development steps were adopted to design, develop, and evaluate the border management AR (BM AR) system. The system contains three AR services that include pointing to border objects, showing the borderline, and locating border objects. The system also integrates the information from different resources in an interoperable way using GIS web services. The results revealed the effectiveness of using AR for border activities, which can reduce the operating costs and effectively, access the required information for doing different activities in the border field.

(2021) Volume 2, Issue 4 Cultural Implications of China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC Authors: Dr. Unsa Jamshed Amar Jahangir Anbrin Khawaja Abstract: This study is an attempt to highlight the cultural implication of CPEC on Pak-China relations, how it will align two nations culturally, and what steps were taken by the governments of two states to bring the people closer.

(2021) Volume 2, Issue 4 Cultural Implications of China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC Authors: Dr. Unsa Jamshed Amar Jahangir Anbrin Khawaja Abstract: This study is an attempt to highlight the cultural implication of CPEC on Pak-China relations, how it will align two nations culturally, and what steps were taken by the governments of two states to bring the people closer.

MODEL DAN STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN BERBASIS KOMODITI UNGGULAN MASYARAKAT ENTIKONG KALIMANTAN BARAT PERBATASAN INDONESIA-MALAYSIA

The vast area of border between Indonesia and Malaysia in West Kalimantan would require the support of border management systems are organized and professional, both at the central and regional levels. However, the lack of infrastructure in the border area has shown that the government does not have a good border management system. During this time, the responsibility for the management of border areas is merely coordinative between ministerial and non-ministerial government agencies, without a government agency directly responsible for border management from the central to regional levels. The approach used in this research is qualitative phenomenology with Existing Models. The form of Phenomeology Research used in this study has 4 steps, namely analyzing the phenomena that occur, determining the context, collecting data and field notes. The results of this study are the formation of the development and development of smallholder plantations in the form of Model for developing smallholder plantations in Entikong District can be divided into four types based on commodities, namely: 1) Pure Plantation Areas, Mixed Plantation Areas , Multipurpose Plantation Areas, Integrated Plantation Areas

Scientific support of border activity

The object of this research is the border activity, while the subject is the science of border activity – borderology. The article consists of five sections. The first section views border activity as a system of preventive (border prevention and deterrence), security and control (border patrol, border search), and defense-militant measures (special activity, combat activity, operational actions). The second and third sections give detail description to these measures, as well as the typical stages of the cycles of activity. The fourth section is dedicated to description of the structure of borderology – the system of knowledge on ensuring border security, state c of border organizations, preparation and conduct of border activity, and its all-round provision. The fifth section provides a systemic formulation of principles of border activity. Within the framework of development of the concept of “border management system”, the author considers the border activity as a system of measures aimed at ensuring national security in the borders. The science of border activity includes the following disciplines: border art (border policy, border operational art, border tactics), border history, border statistics, mathematical theory of managing border security, legal framework of border security and border activity, philosophy of border security, psychology and sociology of border activity, theory of border training and education, theories of all-round support of border activity, theory of development, application of technical and special means of border activity.   

미국의 국경관리제도와 인도주의: 쟁점과 과제

미국의 국경관리제도와 인도주의: 쟁점과 과제