Countries Bordering Research Articles

Okul Öncesi Eğitimde COVID-19 Pandemisi Sürecinde Teknoloji Kullanımının İncelenmesi

The aim of this study is to investigate the use of technology in preschool education during the COVID-19 pandemic. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the whole world has experienced similar effects and reactions. In this process, measures and restrictions have been introduced not only medical, but also social, spiritual, physical, educational, economic and other areas that cause people to be affected. Closure of country borders worldwide, travel restriction, social distance and isolation at home, ventilation of enclosed areas, attention to personal hygiene, wearing of medical masks among the community, suspension of formal education in all educational institutions; transition to distance education, closure of all areas where humanitarian and social activities are carried out, working from home (online), tried to prevent the spread of the epidemic. Dec. while people over the age of 65 and under the age of 20 are prohibited from going out, it has been suggested that people at the middle age level should respect social isolation and the slogans there is life at home and life fits at home, unless they are forced to. However, various vaccines have been developed and applied by some countries in order to prevent the COVID-19 virus.The COVID-19 pandemic has also made it mandatory for children to stay at home in accordance with the restriction and precautionary measures taken. Schools have been closed after the World Health Organization's pandemic announcement. Then, considering that it is the only remedy, distance education was decided. During this period, families have observed some changes in their children. In addition to the daily life routines of the children, stagnation prevailed in the spiritual field and other areas of development. At the very beginning, the sedentary lifestyle came to the fore. During the process, children who have been away from the movement have been exposed to various problems due to the fact that formal education is also online. In particular, children in preschool who have poor self-care and daily life skills and are physically and psychologically greatly affected by the pandemic process received distance education for a while and then face-to-face education in accordance with the main measures. Preschool teachers, who have never experienced this process and have never encountered unexpected results, have experienced great problems in distance education because children's attention span is short, just like classroom teachers. Key Words: Coronavirus, Pandemic, Preschool Education, Technology

Genetic characterization of measles virus circulating in Iran, 2021–2023

BackgroundMeasles, an ongoing public health concern, demands continuous molecular surveillance and virus characterization for elimination. Despite Iran achieving measles elimination status in 2019 through robust molecular testing and vaccination, the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted global vaccination efforts, leading to increased measles-related morbidity and mortality. This study aims to overview measles virus serological and molecular traits in Iran from 1st January 2021 to 30th April 2023.MethodsFollowing World Health Organization and Center for Diseases and Control protocols, serological tests were performed on suspected cases and the nucleoprotein (N) gene of confirmed cases were subsequently amplified using molecular methods and were sequenced afterwards for measles genotyping. Phylogenetic analysis was performed with the obtained sequences.ResultsAnalyzing 17,343 suspected cases from 1st January 2021 to 30th April 2023, 936, 177, and 164 samples were positive using ELISA, quantitative Reverse transcription PCR, and Reverse transcription PCR, respectively. The B3 genotype predominated, notably in Iran’s South East (41%), Central (28%), and South (13%) regions. Provinces bordering countries with measles outbreaks exhibited higher risk of virus importation. Genetic comparisons with measles sequences submitted to NCBI and MeaNS databases revealed direct importation and contact transmission.ConclusionRegular surveillance and genetic analysis are critical for understanding measles transmission and reacting to outbreaks. The COVID-19 pandemic yielded mixed effects on measles cases, enhancing hygiene measures while causing underreporting and vaccination gaps. Vigilance against measles resurgence is crucial, requiring cross-border transmission studies, improving cross-border surveillance and adaptable vaccination strategies.

The satire of the meritocracy: foreclosed futures in Michael Young, Raymond Williams, and Muriel Spark

ABSTRACT The high summer of the post-war British consensus is often seen as a period of social promise, in which the opportunity for social mobility was made available to all through the technocratic basis of the new welfare state: empirical measurement of work and ability promised a perpetual dynamism of just social organisation. The demand for all relationships to pass through algorithmic validation is by now familiar; but roots of a more recent acceptance of arithmetic belonging date back to this reconstruction. By the late ‘40s the push for a new organicism had been adapted to the new productivity of the welfare state, to be subjected to critique, largely but not solely, by a post-Soviet, post-Suez, ‘New’ left. Here we look at a range of three stories of meritocracy from this critical period: Michael Young’s The Rise of the Meritocracy (1957), Muriel Spark’s The Ballad of Peckham Rye (1960), and Raymond Williams’s Border Country (1960). The evaluative logics picked apart by these fictions, whether comically or more darkly, are powerfully suggestive of ‘post-class’ ideologies familiar from the twenty-first century.

Biomedical Waste Management at Sokponta Healthcare Facility in Benin

Biomedical Waste emanating from healthcare activities remains a major public health and environmental issue. The boom in world population saw a sharp rise in healthcare requirements and subsequent accumulation of Biomedical Waste in and around hospitals. The problem is much more pronounced in Africa, where proper disposal seems abstruse in many circles. This treatise highlights the management of biomedical waste at the Sokponta health center. Sokponta is a far-flung area located among the highlands of "Collines", one of the twelve (12) regions of Benin, a small West-African country bordering Nigeria. The outcome was affected through a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from March 11 to May 11, 2024 in the Sokponta health facility. Incineration is the adopted method for biomedical waste treatment at Sopkonta. Our study hones in on the collection, handling, segregation, transportation and disposal of Biomedical Waste. Proper biomedical waste management at Sopkonta is elusive. There is a lot of room for improvement. More staff training on the subject wouldn't definitely go amiss. Respondents' smattering of knowledge was conspicuous. There was an urgent need to drill into staff new, more organized and well-structured strategies for sustainable and efficient biomedical waste management.

Exploiting cellular automata and linear regression to predict disease spread

The Covid-19 epidemic has significantly impacted the world, highlighting the urgent need to understand and anticipate its mechanisms of spread. This essential knowledge is necessary to plan and conduct an immediate and adequate public health response. This study presents an approach to modeling the spread of Covid-19 using non-uniform cellular automata. The paper extends the application of a previously developed model that uses cellular automata and the SIRD epidemiological model for predicting the evolution of Covid-19. Originally developed for a different context, the model is now adapted to assess the progression of the pandemic in Germany and Italy, considering the potential impact of neighboring countries on the spread of the epidemic. Additionally, this approach expands the prediction model to countries lacking infection data (Switzerland) by using estimated parameters from neighboring countries and randomly initialized parameters for the target country. The study demonstrates the model’s precision in tracking infection rates over time by employing reliable public data sources such as the World Health Organization and existing information from national health websites. The study not only furnishes valuable insights into the regional distribution of the epidemic’s impact but also makes a significant contribution by extending the model’s application beyond the borders of a single country. It introduces a strategy for extrapolating patterns of infection spread across borders, marking it as the first study of its kind with substantial importance in the field.

Selected determinants of anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescents aged 11-15 in relation to the pandemic COVID-19 and the war in Ukraine.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which began in early 2020, and the outbreak of war in Ukraine in 2022 (a country bordering Poland on the east) have significantly impacted the mental health of young people in Poland, leading to increased rates of depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues. The rising number of individuals struggling to cope with daily stressors, as well as non-normative stressors, may indicate a decrease in the individual's potential, specifically in skills, attitudes, and competencies required to overcome difficulties that they encounter. It can be assumed that for young people, maintaining mental health under the influence of social stressors, such as the pandemic and the ongoing war in Ukraine, depends on the ability to adapt positively, which is the ability of young individuals to adjust to situational demands in a way that allows them to effectively manage those situations. The aim of the conducted study was to determine whether social stressors, namely the pandemic and the war in Ukraine, and intrapsychic factors such as beliefs about oneself, others, life, and the world, influence the occurrence of anxiety and depression symptoms in Polish youth. An attempt was made to assess the significance of external stressors and internal potential resources for maintaining psychological balance among young people. The study was conducted using the Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS), the Questionnaire of Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and World Attitudes (QIIWA), as well as a survey created by the researchers containing questions about well-being in relation to the pandemic, remote learning, and the ongoing war in Poland's neighboring country. Ethical approval for the planned research was obtained from the Bioethics Committee. The study included 945 adolescents aged 11-15 years (M = 13.10; SD = 1.11), representing a sample of youth from 14 regions of Poland. The results and analyses are presented from three perspectives: (A) the occurrence of anxiety and depression symptoms in relation to the gender and age of the respondents, (B) the significance of situational experiences, such as the COVID-19 pandemic (Q1), remote learning (Q2), and the outbreak of the war in Ukraine (Q3) for the occurrence of anxiety and depression symptoms in Polish youth, and (C) other determinants of anxiety and depression symptoms in Polish youth, such as intrapsychic variables including self-esteem, satisfaction with relationships with others, and views on the world and life. It can be concluded that in the case of young people, maintaining mental health under the influence of social stressors such as the pandemic and the ongoing war in Ukraine depends mainly on intrapsychic variables, including the beliefs and attitudes of young people towards themselves, toward other people, the world and life.

Pretext of the Adoption of the 2024 Common European Asylum System Reform and an Early Take on the Potential Effect

This article examines the reception and potential impact of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) reform, adopted in April 2024, with a particular focus on Germany's response and broader implications for bordering countries such as Italy, Hungary, and Greece. The CEAS reform aims to harmonize asylum procedures, enhance solidarity among the EU member states, and expedite the processing times. However, it has faced significant criticism, especially from civil society organizations like the ECRE and Pro Asyl, which argue that the reform could disenfranchise asylum seekers and undermine fair procedures, particularly for families with children. Despite these concerns, the German federal government, led by Chancellor Olaf Scholz, defends the reform as a necessary compromise to address the dysfunctionality of the current system. The analysis also explores the challenges in implementing the CEAS reforms in countries with restrictive asylum practices, such as Italy. Persistent human rights concerns, political resistance, and structural issues in these countries raise doubts about the reform's effectiveness. The hypothesis presented is that the CEAS reform will not significantly improve the situation in these bordering countries and might exacerbate the existing challenges due to ongoing disparities in asylum procedures, human rights violations, and political resistance fuelled by populist movements. The study concludes that while the CEAS reform represents a step towards a more unified asylum system, it may fall short of addressing the deep-rooted issues in bordering countries, leading to continued scepticism and criticism from human rights organizations and civil society groups. This underscores the need for rigorous enforcement and further reforms to ensure equitable and humane treatment of asylum seekers across all EU member states.

A Diagnostic Clinical Prediction Rule for Predicting Hip Subluxation/Dislocation in Patients with Cerebral Palsy

OBJECTIVE Hip subluxation/dislocation, a common problem in patients with cerebral palsy (CP), needs to be diagnosed with hip radiography. However, patients with cerebral palsy in a rural or country border areas may not have access to a radiographic screening program due to transportation difficulties and cost. This study aims to develop a clinical prediction rule (CPR) for diagnostic prediction of hip subluxation/dislocation in patients with CP for use as a risk-screening tool. METHODS This is a cross-sectional diagnostic CPR development study. Data were obtained from medical and radiologic records of patients with CP who had undergone outpatient follow-up at a 750-bed general hospital between January 2017 and December 2023. Clinical predictive factors were medical records plus hip subluxation/dislocation diagnoses using the migration percentage (MP), with ≥ 33% indicating hip subluxation and ≥ 90% indicating hip dislocation. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used for choosing predictive variables and rating their coefficient. Both discriminative and calibration aspects of the performance of the CPR were evaluated using both a development and an internal validity model. RESULTS Among the 69 patients with CP in the study, the mean (SD) age was 113 (242) months. Of the 69 patients, 30 were diagnosed with hip subluxation/dislocation, a prevalence of 43%. Using multivariable logistic regression analysis, a simple CPR performance calibration system was developed which included three factors: age ≥ three years (1 point), female sex (1 point), non-ambulatory status (Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels IV and V) (2 points). The discriminative ability of the CPR, evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AuROC), was 0.776 (95%CI: 0.668-0.884) and the calibration curve showed acceptable performance in both the development and the internal validation models. CONCLUSIONS Our diagnostic CPR for predicting hip subluxation/dislocation in patients with CP provides acceptable discriminative and calibration performance. This CPR may be used to evaluate the risk of hip subluxation/dislocation in settings where hip radiography is not available. Further external validation studies are needed to confirm the robustness of the performance before applying this CPR in other clinical settings. KEYWORDS cerebral palsy, hip subluxation, hip dislocation, clinical prediction rule

IMPLEMENTATION OF EXPORT STRATEGIES OF AGRICULTURAL BORDER REGIONS OF KAZAKHSTAN

The purpose of the study is to study the export strategy of Kazakhstan in the development of cross-border trade. 14 regions of Kazakhstan border the territories of Russia, China, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan. The economy of all border areas of the country is characterized by insufficient use of natural resource and tourism potential, single-profile structure, weak activity of small and medium-sized businesses in the use of cross-border factors, generally weak integration with the international economic system. One of the main sectors of the economy of border areas is agriculture, the share of which in the structure of the economy is 31.6%. The paper looks at factors affecting a country's place in the global food market. The research methodology is based on generalization, analysis and synthesis, statistical methods, SWOT analysis characterizing the current economic situation, the geopolitical position of Kazakhstan as a border country and the problems of developing the export strategy of the agro-industrial complex. The practical significance of the research results is determined by the possibilities of using the results obtained to develop important decisions aimed at forming an agricultural export strategy for the development of border regions

Tito kémei vagy Sztálin ügynökei?

Josip Broz Tito started as a notorious Stalinist and ended up becoming an opponent of Joseph Stalin. In this respect, the ideological confusion in Yugoslavia during 1948–1949 is significant. The thorough investigations conducted by Security services and Prosecution over the so called 'anti-Tito refugees`' also included Romania, as well as the communist countries bordering Yugoslavia: Albania, Bulgaria and Hungary. The refugees were sent to special colonies, made far from the common border in places where they were offered a job, the chance to resume their education, as well as civic and cultural integration etc. Of course, their supervision in the field went on uninterruptedly. A special concern during the Securitate questioning of Serbian deserters in Romania was to collect detailed information about Yugoslavia. The image created was necessary both in order to identify their country’s weaknesses, the degree to which the Yugoslav population adhered Tito’s politics and to know the defence capacities of the `ideological enemy`. Furthermore, the fact that opponents were asked to write and to tell without interruptions suggests that Securitate wanted fi rst-hand knowledge of what it was like ‘on the other side’. Information stating that `Titoist Yugoslavia` sanctioned listening to Radio Moscow, Radio Bucharest, Radio Budapest but allowed listening to Radio Free Europe, Voice of America and BBC, that cinemas run especially Hollywood movies followed by Italian and French ones, that bookshops removed the works of Stalin and his acolytes certainly stirred – besides serious migraines – the increasing curiosity of the Romanian Securitate staff.

Governing Transnational Commons: How International Treaties and Multi‐Stakeholder Organizations Shape Cooperation and Conflict

AbstractWhen common‐pool resources such as freshwater, clean air, and fisheries span national borders, the collective action problems encountered are particularly severe. This study explores the role of polycentric governance systems in overcoming these pressing problems, which frequently underlie global grand challenges. Integrating political economy and management research, we hypothesize about how two governance mechanisms – international treaties and multi‐stakeholder organizations – shape the likelihood of cooperation and conflict between countries. Leveraging unique, longitudinal data capturing interactions of countries bordering international river basins, our empirical analysis reveals two main findings. First, we find that the specification of multi‐stakeholder organizations enhances water‐related cooperation and reduces water conflict among countries, while the specification of international treaties enhances cooperation but does not affect conflict. Second, we find that leaving one of these governance mechanisms less specified than the other actually improves, rather than harms, relationships between countries. Our findings point to a superior governance configuration that simultaneously enhances cooperation and constrains conflict. This configuration combines: (1) treaties that establish property rights but leave procedural rules and uncertainty management provisions less established with (2) multi‐stakeholder organizations that define processes for making decisions, sharing information, engaging the public, and resolving disputes.

“Security, first of all, begins at home”: How Finland, Latvia, and Germany prepare “ordinary people” for crises

AbstractIn Europe, and specifically in countries bordering the Baltic Sea, preparedness issues have moved up the policy agenda since Russia's 2014 and 2022 invasions of Ukraine. “Ordinary people” are encouraged to prepare for crises—be it through stockpiling food at home, fact‐checking information, or signing up for military training. This article unpacks the process through which individual subjects are “responsibilized.” More specifically, it analyses how the risk of war is communicated to make targets act responsibly, drawing on empirical evidence from Finland, Latvia, and Germany. A main tenet is that policy actors appeal to nationally distinct sets of moral codes to responsibilize publics. The Finnish war experience attests to the value of being united, willing and capable of fighting back. Latvia's defence is framed as an integrative force—with the ultimate aim to deter aggressors and ensure national survival. In Germany, inconsistent messaging prevails, simultaneously reassuring and alerting the public.

Higher frequency of interstate over international transmission chains of SARS-CoV-2 virus at the Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil state borders.

Brazil's COVID-19 response has faced challenges due to the continuous emergence of variants of concern (VOCs), emphasizing the need for ongoing genomic surveillance and retrospective analyses of past epidemic waves to reassess and fine tune containment protocols. Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil's southernmost state, has international borders and trades with Argentina and Uruguay, along with significant domestic connections within Brazil. The identification of source and sink transmission chains at national and international scales can identify main hubs and pathways to target future interventions. In this study we investigated the RS state role in the national and international SARS-CoV-2 transmission chains, which has not been fully explored. Nasopharyngeal samples from various municipalities in RS were collected between June 2020 and July 2022. SARS-CoV-2 whole genome amplification and sequencing were performed using high-throughput Illumina sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis encompassed the development of scripts and tools to perform subsampling taking into account epidemiological information to reduce sequencing disparities bias among the regions/countries, genome assembly, and large-scale alignment and phylogenetic reconstruction. We sequenced a total of 1,480 SARS-CoV-2 genomes from RS, covering all major regions. Sequences predominantly represented Gamma (April-June 2021) and Omicron (January-July 2022) lineages. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a regional pattern for transmission dynamics, particularly with Southeast Brazil for Gamma, and a range of inter-regional connections for Delta and Omicron within the country. On the other hand, international and cross-border transmission with Argentina and Uruguay was rather limited. We evaluated the three VOCs circulation over two years in RS using a new subsampling strategy based on the number of cases in each state during the circulation of each VOC. In summary, the retrospective analysis of genomic surveillance data demonstrated that virus transmission was less intense between country borders than within the country. These findings suggest that while non-pharmacological interventions were effective to mitigate transmission across international RS land borders, while they were insufficient to contain transmission at the domestic level.

International survey on diagnostic reference levels based on clinical indications in plain radiography.

To collect and analyze radiation dose-related data as part of international cooperation; to define diagnostic reference levels (DRL) for 24 X-ray projections in plain radiography (DX) considering anatomical region, clinical task, and procedural technique; and to harmonize the exposure practice across country borders. A multicenter study was performed in Austria, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland in 2022-23 to provide dose-related data. Healthcare facilities were asked to provide processed data from their dose management systems. A 5%-level was used for assessing the statistical significance of dose differences between various groups. Dose-related data from 85 radiographic systems in academic and non-academic, public, and private healthcare facilities were analyzed. Dose-related parameters differed significantly for many projections with different clinical tasks and techniques. Dose-related data of the procedures varied by a maximum factor of 16 for the same system, and median dose values also differed between hospitals by a maximum factor of 31. A fifth of the surveyed systems exhibit doses above more than half of the new DRLs defined in this study. Apart from the three reference procedures, no significant dose differences were observed between X-ray systems of different ages, from different manufacturers, or from different countries. This is the first survey in which exposure practices were investigated in institutions in different central European countries by establishing clinical DRLs for radiography. The observed dose variations could be explained by different reasons, such as non-optimized dose protocols. The new DRLs help to harmonize the exposure practice across country borders. Question What is the exposure practice for plain radiography procedures for which no clinical diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) have been defined? Are there differences between countries? Findings The dose for the same clinical task and technique can vary considerably among institutions but, on average, do not significantly differ between neighboring countries in Europe. Clinical relevance In this international multicenter study, clinical DRLs were defined for 24 plain radiography projections to promote the optimization of the exposure practice, to reduce dose variations among institutions even across national borders, and to strengthen international cooperation among users.

Beyond radiation anxiety and country borders: applying health literacy in the field after the Fukushima nuclear disaster

The 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster placed health professionals and the public in the centre of an ‘infodemic’. We introduced health literacy training for health professionals to improve communication skills when facing a health crisis. By 2019, one in four public health nurses – our gatekeepers of community health – had been trained in Fukushima. Follow-up evaluations showed that the trained nurses applied their newly learned skills in practice, with more positive attitudes toward – and increased confidence in – their interactions with community residents. We also found that older residents and those unfamiliar with health services were more likely to notice improvements in written health information from the trained health workers. Health literacy training enhances communication between professionals and the public and makes health information more equitably accessible. This training has been incorporated into medical and nursing education, and also into primary school education, with participatory health-related activities for children in Fukushima and beyond. Our health literacy initiative covers the two arcs of health literacy: health professionals' ability to communicate health information and people's (including children's) ability to use the information.

Land cadastral surveying for real estate in Madona municipality in the Republic of Latvia

Land cadastral surveying is of fundamental importance in the land management of the State territory. This applies both to land properties within the country and to the external borders of countries – including the demarcation of the national border. When transitioning from the common ownership system of land use in the USSR to the earlier, independent system of ownership of land properties that existed in the country of Latvia, the state administration system faced the need to implement land reform, moving from ownerless (the entire nation) land ownership to individual and collective land ownership in the country. It was important to have a political stance, to restore the properties to their former owners or heirs as far as possible. More than 50 years had passed after the liquidation of private property rights to land, many land ownership documents had been lost. There were cases of loss or even intentional destruction of boundaries or boundary marks of former land properties. Therefore, correct and fast land property rights restoration procedures looked complicated, expensive and finally time-consuming. The purpose of research: Compare the activities of the oldest cadastral surveying processes with existing - instrumental and better technology-based methods. This is especially applicable to the processes and possibilities of surveying land property boundaries, recognizing that instrumental (geodetic) surveying of land properties in the area was and is the best way to do it, but it should have been implemented in unusually large quantities, and as quickly as possible, without blocking legal economic activity with land properties in the country. The abilities of available, prepared specialists (surveyors) and surveying entrepreneurs for survey work were also negligible. Therefore, a decision was made, within the framework of the land reform, to implement a simplified determination of the boundaries of land units with a marking methodology, which was developed and approved for use as a cadastral survey-marking methodology. On its basis, the documents provided for in the regulatory enactments were prepared, which served to make legally binding decisions on the ownership and use rights of land properties. At the same time, the simplified property registration provided a basis for territorial planning measures of local municipalities and the organization of economic activity. The variety of data registered in the cadastral survey system does not create a sense of security and reliability for clients and specialists who work with this information, therefore the cadastral survey process in Latvia must be improved both technologically, and we must not forget how to combine historical data with modern ones. Geodetic grounding plays a very important role in the process. For geodetic works and accuracy, in order to be able to legally justify discrepancies in cadastral boundaries. The changes did not create unacceptable consequences for property users and accounting systems. As an example, the study examines the comparison of the results of one land property, initially registered and later cadastral measured, which confirms the validity of the decision taken in the interests of the reform. In the beginning, it is intended to perform simplified property determination-marking works, leaving the labour-intensive surveying technologies for further clarification of the registered property over a longer period - according to the need for use.

Unleashing Nature’s Pesticide: A Systematic Review of Schinus molle Essential Oil’s Biopesticidal Potential

The past decade has witnessed an increase in scientific publications investigating the potential of essential oils as alternatives to synthetic pesticides for the control of plant and animal pests and disease vectors. The essential oil of Schinus molle has been the subject of various studies aimed at describing its insecticidal, acaricidal, and repellent properties. S. molle, although native to South America, is also widely distributed in countries bordering the Mediterranean. The objective of this systematic review was to analyze existing information on S. molle essential oil as a raw material for novel biopesticides and nanobiopesticides. We searched articles from PubMed, Scopus, and MDPI databases, and from 194 reports, we critically selected 33 articles produced between 2005 and 2024, representing all of the studies that aimed to evaluate the properties of the essential oil of this species as an insecticide, acaricide, and pesticide. The chemical composition varies significantly depending on origin, although two chemotypes associated with α-phellandrene and limonene appear to emerge. Data on adulticide activity and repellency are promising, and there are preliminary studies of microencapsulated forms of the essential oil that represent contemporary research trends currently under investigation. Furthermore, S. molle essential oil appears to demonstrate acetylcholinesterase inhibition effects that warrant further investigation. Finally, in this review, we have highlighted the potential of S. molle essential oil as a biopesticide, emphasizing the need to progress from a preliminary study phase to research conducted in application contexts. The conclusions of this review indicate future research trends aimed at the development of commercial products for organic and regenerative agriculture.

Динаміка індексу людського розвитку: тренди і виклики

The Human Development Index (HDI) has had positive dynamics since 1990 as an overall indicator for evaluating achievements in three basic dimensions of human development: long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. The challenges of recent years with short- and long-term consequences have changed the HDI trend. The article, based on the research of modern scientists and experts, analyzes the reasons for the current trajectory of the human development index and identifies its potential trends. The hypothesis of hysteresis as a new feature that determines the dynamics of the Human Development Index became the starting point for analyzing the direct and indirect consequences of the components forming hysteresis. The COVID-19 pandemic creates the phenomenon of hysteresis about human development, the intensification of military conflicts, and climate change. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the loss of human lives, reduced life expectancy, interrupted access to education, and caused economic recession in the global economy. The COVID-19 pandemic caused an economic recession, because of which the global GDP decreased, incomes decreased, and the trend toward a decrease in poverty level stopped against the background of a growing debt burden. In addition to the direct effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an indirect impact on people’s health: deteriorating mental health due to isolation and domestic violence. The escalation of military conflicts led to the death of people and, an increase in the number of forcibly displaced persons, the destruction of housing, educational institutions, and infrastructure facilities. Climate change has increased the risks of food insecurity and outbreaks of epidemics, and the number of victims of natural disasters has increased. The article states that UNDP experts see the causes of hysteresis in mismanagement: an inadequate response to the COVID-19 pandemic, allowing military conflicts, the consequences of which go beyond the borders of war-torn countries, insufficient efforts to mitigate the consequences of climate change. The established HDI trend can be changed by a new outlook, improved policies, and institutions that will contribute to the production of global public goods. Keywords: human Development Index, hysteresis phenomenon, economic development, world economy, sustainable development goals.

Were COVID and the Great Recession well-being reducing?

Using micro-data on six surveys-the Gallup World Poll 2005-2023, the U.S. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1993-2022, Eurobarometer 1991-2022, the UK Covid Social Survey Panel, 2020-2022, the European Social Survey 2002-2020 and the IPSOS Happiness Survey 2018-2023 -we show individuals' reports of subjective wellbeing in Europe declined in the Great Recession of 2008/9 and during the Covid pandemic of 2020-2021 on most measures. They also declined in four countries bordering Ukraine after the Russian invasion in 2022. However, the movements are not large and are not apparent everywhere. We also used data from the European Commission's Business and Consumer Surveys on people's expectations of life in general, their financial situation and the economic and employment situation in the country. All of these dropped markedly in the Great Recession and during Covid, but bounced back quickly, as did firms' expectations of the economy and the labor market. Neither the annual data from the United Nation's Human Development Index (HDI) nor data used in the World Happiness Report from the Gallup World Poll shifted much in response to negative shocks. The HDI has been rising in the last decade reflecting overall improvements in economic and social wellbeing, captured in part by real earnings growth, although it fell slightly after 2020 as life expectancy dipped. This secular improvement is mirrored in life satisfaction which has been rising in the last decade. However, so too have negative affect in Europe and despair in the United States.

Analysis of wind resources in Senegal using 100-meter wind data from ERA5 reanalysis

This study conducts a climatological analysis of wind resources in Senegal, utilizing wind data at 100 m from the ERA5 reanalysis. The results reveal spatio-temporal variations in wind speeds and directions, while also identifying favorable areas for the establishment of wind farms. Wind speeds range from 3 to 9 m/s, with increasing gradients in the north-south and west-east directions. Maximum speeds are observed in winter and spring, especially from December to May. A distinct daily pattern is observed, with the highest speeds at night and lower speeds during the day. On average, nighttime wind speeds are 21 % higher than daytime speeds. Most of the time, the wind blows from optimal directions, ranging from northwest to northeast. The study successfully identifies three particularly suitable zones for wind farm installation: the northwest coast between Saint-Louis and Dakar, the smaller coast between Dakar and Mbour, and the extreme north of the country bordering Mauritania between Saint-Louis and Matam. Furthermore, a long-term analysis highlights evolving wind trends. Trends and anomalies indicate a 7 % increase in winds at 100 m. In conclusion, this study provides a precise assessment of wind resources in Senegal, emphasizing that the most favorable zones are along the coast and in regions near the desert. This information is crucial for the sustainable development of wind energy in the region.