Addition Of Borax Research Articles

Investigating the solid particle erosion behavior of H3BO3 / B2O3 / SiO2 / Al2O3 reinforced glass fibre/epoxy composites and parametric evaluation using artificial intelligence

In this experimental study, the erosion wear behavior of glass fibre-reinforced (GF) composite materials was examined according to ASTM G76–95. Pure/GF reinforced epoxy composite (EP) materials were chosen as the main test sample. Boric Acid (H3BO3), Borax (B2O3), Silicon Dioxide (SiO2), and Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) were added to the resin as reinforcement at a rate of 15% by weight. The erosion wear rate was investigated with various impingement angles (30°, 60°, and 90°), impact velocities (≈23, 34, and 53 m/s), alumina abrasive particle sizes (≈200 and 400 μm), and fibre directions (0° and 45°). Neural network models were employed effectively to predict the influence of the reinforcements on erosive wear rate. The erosive wear rate indicated that Al2O3 added GF/EP exhibited the most anti-erosive characteristics followed by silicon dioxide GF/EP and pure GF/EP however, the anti-erosive nature of GF/EP deteriorated with the addition of Borax and Boric Acid.

Derivation of Glaze from Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) for Ceramic Wares

Introduction of digital display makes cathode ray tube to be largely obsolete. The tube with its screen becomes waste at the end of the products lifecycle. This study, which combined laboratory experimentation and studio practices, aimed at production of glass glaze with cathode ray tube screen. Cathode ray tubes of four different colours were used for the study. The tubes were washed, pulverized and sieved according to their colour, elementally analysed using Particle Induce X-ray Emission, and milled into two batches per colour with first batch mixed with ball clay and second batch mixed with ball clay and additive chemical material of borax. The glaze batches were applied on eight bisque-fired tiles and fired at 1100 0C. The glazes yielded greenish grey, greyish purple, transparent grey and dark grey. This is significance towards the diversification of Nigeria’s economy for solving solid waste disposal challenges for a better and safe environment. The study has proven that cathode ray tubes with addition of borax and ball clay are suitable for glaze production and provided elemental information to guide the glaze formulation.

Determination of the properties of medium-density fiberboards produced using urea-formaldehyde resins modified with boron compounds

Effects of adding different boron compounds to the urea-formaldehyde resin were evaluated relative to the physical, mechanical, and other properties of medium-density fiberboard (MDF). While the chemical addition of boric acid to the urea-formaldehyde resin increased the modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity values of MDF boards, the physical and chemical additions of other boron compounds decreased those values. While there were no significant decreases in internal bond values, the chemical addition of boric acid and borax decahydrate to urea-formaldehyde resin increased the internal bond values of MDF boards. It was observed that in both types of addition, borax pentahydrate reduced the formaldehyde emission values of MDF boards the most and also reduced the burnt area by up to 30%. When the type of addition of boron compounds to urea-formaldehyde was compared, the addition of boron compounds at the resin formation stage showed better results in the properties of MDF boards than physical addition.

Early properties of magnesium phosphate cement repairing material used in slab track

Magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) is a high-performance repairing material suitable for the interfacial disease of slab track. In this study, the early properties of MPC were optimized using central composite design (CCD) approach based on response surface methodology (RSM). Three factors with five levels and three responses were considered. The significance of the factors and their interactions were verified by using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The result show that the mass ratio of water-to-binder (W/b) affects fluidity, while the mass ratio of magnesia-to-phosphate (M/P) and borax-to-magnesia (B/M) impact the setting time of MPC. Higher W/b results in higher fluidity, while an increase in M/P reduces the setting time by increasing the neutralization reaction. Borax addition retards the reaction, prolonging the setting time. The three factors significantly affect the early compressive strength of MPC. At M/P = 3.5, the interweaving of MgO and K-struvite (MKP) forms a dense network structure, enhancing the strength. Borax and W/b interact to affect compressive strength, with borax retarding MKP crystal growth and higher W/b reducing compactness. Combined with microscopic property test, the strength generation mechanism of MPC with optimized mixing ratio was revealed, And the feasibility of field application of MPC was verified by strength test.

KARAKTERISTIK MORTAR GEOPOLIMER BERBASIS FLY ASH KELAS C DENGAN PENAMBAHAN BORAKS

Cement has been widely utilized as a primary material in the construction of structural and architectural elements. The cement factory industry can contribute to 30% of global carbon dioxide emissions. Geopolymers were first introduced by Davidovits in 1979 to represent inorganic polymers produced from geochemistry. Geopolymer materials make use of waste materials such as fly ash as a substitute for concrete binders. In this study, Class C (high calcium) fly ash from the Paiton Power Plant was used. The mix design for geopolymer mortar in this study employed the absolute volume calculation method. Absolute volume calculations are based on the absolute volume proportions of each constituent material within 1 m3. The compressive strength of geopolymer mortar with the addition of 5% borax to the molarity value, the alkali/cementitious ratio showed good performance in the mechanical properties of geopolymer mortar. Alkali/cementitious ratios of 0.3, 0.35, and 0.4 in Class C-based geopolymer mortar with 5% borax addition exhibited good workability, making it suitable for use as a base material in architectural material production.

Determination of Boron Concentration at Sausage Samples with Distillation of Ester Borane Method using Fluorescence Spectrophotometry

The study of borax contamination in food samples was successfully analyzed. This study used sausage samples using the Fluorescence Spectrophotometry method. Sausage samples were from Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY). This study used 4 sausage samples. The samples were given labels A, B, C, and D. The steps of the research were optimation of distillation time, optimation of catalyst, optimation of solvent, and then followed by analyzing the borax concentration on sausage samples. Based on this study, the optimum distillation time was 24 hours. On the other hand, the best catalysts and solvents were sulphuric acid and ethanol. The A and B samples contained borax contamination and the concentration was under 5 ppm. The C and D samples contained borax contamination and the concentration was above 5 ppm. The conclusions were that A and B samples were not given borax addition and C and D samples were given borax addition.

Sensitive detection of borax in real food samples by red emissive carbon nanoparticle displaying multiformat compatibility including faraway smartphone based sensing

Predictable chemical outcome is foremost important to obtain optical output in sensing mechanism that offer excellent leverage to the detection formats. This is demonstrated herein through the ultra-sensitive detection of Borax in real food samples using Carbon Nanoparticle (CNP). An instrument-free, inexpensive, sensitive, on-site, and visual detection is achieved by engaging the surface functional groups of CNP to trap the boronate ion of borax as a crosslinker to enforce an optical outcome in the form of Aggregation Induced Emission (AIE). Drastic amplification of the red fluorescence of CNP after borax addition is achieved within a minute with scope to extend the strategy to multiple formats including 96-well and microfluidic device irrespective of chemical interferences with LOD in micromolar range. The digital images of red emissive aggregated CNP served as input for colour recognition application of smartphones whereby Red-Green-Blue (RGB) channel values were extracted making the detection possible from faraway location.

The Effect of Borax Addition as Buffering Agent on Storage Stability of Melamine-Formaldehyde Resin in the Production of High-Pressure Laminates

High-pressure laminates (HPL) is one of the applications of thermosetting resins for wood-based materials as protective and decorative panels covering building furniture. Melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resin is one of the resins that play a role in the production of high-pressure laminates. This resin has low storage stability due to cross-linking between free melamine methylols accompanied by a decrease in pH during the storage process. This study aims to improve the storage stability of melamine-formaldehyde resin by adding borax as a buffering agent. Synthesis of MF resin was conducted by polymerization and condensation steps followed by the addition of borax at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% when the endpoint was reached. The characterization of the resin includes the analysis of the physical and chemical parameters of the resin and the analysis of the functional groups of the resin by FT-IR. Storage stability study of MF resin was carried out by daily visual observation and determination of daily changes in pH and viscosity. MF resin was further used in the production of high-pressure laminates. High-pressure laminates characterization includes quality analysis based on SNIISO4586-7:2017 and analysis gloss level. In this study, 1.5% MF borax resin had the highest storage stability, namely 11 days. HPL quality analysis complies with SNIISO4586-7:2017 standards. High-pressure laminates of 1.5% borax MF resin has the highest gloss level, which is 115.

EFFECT OF BORAX ON SETTING TIME OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE BASED ON FLY ASH TYPE C

Geopolymer concrete is a new type of concrete that does not use cement as a binder at all. In addition to replacing cement, the use of fly ash in concrete can reduce coal emissions from many coal-fired power plants. However, geopolymer concrete has drawbacks, one of which is that it has a setting time that tends to be too fast. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of adding borax on the hardening time and compressive strength of geopolymer concrete. With the addition of 1%, 3%, 5%, and 10% borax. The ratio of activator Na2SiO3 and NaOH is used 2.5:1 with a molarity of 10M NaOH. Variations in the addition of borax during mixing include 1%, 3%, 5% and 10% by weight of fly ash. The test results showed that the higher the borax content added, the longer the setting time. The longest final setting time was achieved in geopolymer concrete with the addition of 10% borax for 480 minutes.

The efficiency of borax as an additive on properties of one-part fly ash/slag-based alkali-activated materials

This paper characterizes the efficacy of borax on different properties of alkali-activated materials (AAMs). Fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast slag (GGBS) were used as base substances at different ratios. The effects of borax on workability, compressive strength, efflorescence formation and crack resistance are the main ideas of the study. The results indicated the positive effects of borax on the properties of one-part fly ash/slag-based alkali-activated materials such as increasing workability and decreasing efflorescence. The microscopic images and scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the addition of borax reduced the cracks and a higher amount of slag made the samples denser with less unreacted raw materials, respectively. The compressive strength test results showed that borax had a detrimental impact at early ages with a positive effect at later ages. Binders with borax and 20-25% replacement of FA with GGBS were found to have the best performance when workability, compressive strength, efflorescence formation, and cracks on the samples were taken into account.

Analysis of Borax and Formalin in Wet Noodles From Sidoarjo Traditional Market

Wet noodles are a type of noodle with a fairly high water content (35-52%), so it is easy to spoil if stored for more than 12 hours at room temperature. Misuse of the addition of borax and formalin by irresponsible food manufacturers, aims to make wet noodles last longer. This study aims to determine whether the wet noodles sold in several traditional markets in Sidoarjo contain harmful ingredients borax and formaldehyde. The research design in this study began with organoleptic observations on several wet noodles found in several traditional markets in Sidoarjo Regency, followed by a borax test using a borax rapid test kit and a formalin test with UV Vis spectrophotometry and Nash reagent. Based on the test results, it can be concluded that organoleptic observations showed that there were 3 samples of wet noodles with a floury smell and 5 samples with a sour smell, in terms of texture all samples showed a soft and easily broken texture while in terms of color there were 5 samples that were pale yellow and 3 samples were bone white. Based on the results of the qualitative test of borax, all samples of wet noodles were negative for borax and based on the results of the quantitative test of formalin with UV Vis spectrophotometry, showed a negative result of formalin.

Pembinaan Peningkatan Kualitas Jajanan Anak Sekolah Dasar di SDN Tenggilis Mejoyo 1 Kota Surabaya

The consumption of children's snack foods is expected to be able to contribute energy and other nutrients that are useful for children's growth. Snacks for schoolchildren with poorly guaranteed food safety have the potential to cause poisoning and indigestion. The design used is descriptive obtained from data on the results of testing food additives in an effort to improve food safety supervision, interviews using questionnaires with food vendors. The results obtained that the knowledge of school food vendors has excellent knowledge as many as 5 people and 1 person with sufficient knowledge of food additives. Sanitary hygiene for the manufacture of tofu contents is good enough but when waiting for the frying process the ingredients are not closed. No addition of borax or dyes was found that was prohibited in snack foods at SDN Tenggilis Mejoyo 1 Surabaya City. Education about healthy snack food needs to be carried out frequently by the school in collaboration with the health office. Food and hazardous materials security monitoring activities must be carried out periodically to reduce the amount of misuse of harmful food additives

High-strength calcium silicate-incorporated magnesium phosphate bone cement with osteogenic potential for orthopedic application

Bone cement with high mechanical strength is ideal for bone repair, especially in load-bearing sites. The present study aims at developing a composite bone cement with high compressive strength and desirable bioactivity by incorporating calcium silicate (CS) bioceramic into magnesium phosphate (MPC) bone cement. The results show that the compressive strength of the MPC/CS composite bone cement with 25 wt% CS addition could reach 112 MPa, which is significantly higher than MPC bone cements. The setting time of the composite bone cements ranged from 2 to 12 min depending on the liquid to powder ratio, the content of CS, and the addition of borax. The MPC/CS composite bone cements demonstrated apatite mineralization ability and moderate degradation behavior. Furthermore, the MPC/CS composite cements could stimulate the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells. In general, the high-strength MPC/CS composite cements possess desirable biodegradability and bioactivity, which make it worth to be further investigated for bone repair in load-bearing sites.

Crosslinking effect of borax additive on the thermal properties of polymer-based 1D and 2D nanocomposites used as thermal interface materials.

Recently, polymer-based materials have been used in various filed of applications, but their low thermal conductivity restricts their uses due to the high interfacial thermal resistance. Therefore, in this study, one-dimensional thin-walled carbon nanotube (1D-TWCNT) and two-dimensional boron nitride nanosheet (2D-BNNS) fillers were used to enhance the thermal properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). An important factor to be considered in enhancing the thermal properties of PVA is the interfacial configuration strategy, which provides sufficient pathways for phonon transport and the controlled loss of the intrinsic thermal properties of the filler nanomaterial. In this study, the effect of sodium tetraborate (borax) additive on the thermal properties of 1D-TWCNT/PVA and 2D-BNNS/PVA nanocomposites was explored. Borax is a well-known crosslinking additive that can be used with PVA. The crosslink density of the PVA-borax nanocomposite was controlled by changing its borate ion concentration. The addition of borax into nanocomposites improves the conductivity of 1D-TWCNT/PVA nanocomposites up to 14.5% (4 wt.% borax) and of 2D-BNNS/PVA nanocomposite up to 30.6% for BNNS (2 wt.% borax). Thus, when borax was added, the 2D-BNNS/PVA nanocomposite showed better results than the 1D-TWCNT/PVA nanocomposite.

Bakteriyel selüloz ve boraks katkılı atık gazete kağıtlarının termal ve optik özelliklerinin incelenmesi

Bu çalışmada geri dönüştürülmüş atık gazete kağıtlarından üretilmiş kağıtlara katkı maddesi olarak bakteriyel selüloz (BS) ilavesinin ve kağıdın yanma özelliğini geciktirmek amacıyla boraks pentahidrat (Na2B4O7.5H2O) uygulamasının, üretilen kağıtların termal ve optik özellikleri üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Boraks uygulaması için daldırma yöntemi seçilmiş olup karşılaştırma yapabilmek için üretim esnasında boraks ilavesi de çalışılmıştır. Kağıtların yanma karakteristikleri ve kinetiğini belirlemek için termal özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Optik özellikleri için parlaklık, sarılık ve renk değerleri (L*,a*,b*) belirlenmiştir. TGA verileri değerlendirildiğinde daldırma yöntemi ile boraks uygulaması sonucu dönüm noktası sıcaklığının 377,53 °C’den 335,55 °C’ye düştüğü, sadece BS katkısı ile 379,53 °C’ye bir miktar artış gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. BS katkılı kağıtların daldırma yöntemi ile boraks uygulaması sonucunda dönüm noktası sıcaklığının 334,24 °C’ye düştüğü ve %44,03 oranı ile diğer örneklere göre en yüksek 590 °C deki kalıntı miktarı verdiği belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak daldırma yöntemi ile boraks uygulaması yapılan BS katkılı kağıtların termal dayanımlarının diğerlerine göre daha iyi olduğu, BS ve boraksın kağıdın yanması sırasında kalori oluşumunu azalttığı dolayısı ile yanmayı hızlı bir şekilde sonlandırdığı, optik özellikler açısından BS katkısının ve boraks uygulamasının kağıdın parlaklık değerini azalttığı, sarılık değerini arttırdığı belirlenmiştir.

ANALISIS BORAKS DENGAN EKSTRAK BUNGA TELANG PADA KERUPUK PULI

Borax is a chemical that is prohibited from being used in food but is often misused by producers. One of the foods that is often added to borax is Puli crackers with the aim of increasing the crispness and longevity. However, the addition of borax in these Puli crackers can have a toxic effect on consumers. Therefore, consumers must be smart in distinguishing between foods that contain borax or not. To be able to distinguish them, an easy method is needed using natural ingredients, so this study aims to detect borax in Puli crackers using telang flower extract. The method used in this research is the experimental extraction of the telang flower extract with the maceration method, and the sample testing using the extract. The results showed that of the 8 samples of Puli crackers tested, 3 samples were positive for borax which was indicated by a blue to green color change.

Improvements of Flexural Properties and Thermal Performance in Thin Geopolymer Based on Fly Ash and Ladle Furnace Slag Using Borax Decahydrates.

This paper elucidates the influence of borax decahydrate addition on the flexural and thermal properties of 10 mm thin fly ash/ladle furnace slag (FAS) geopolymers. The borax decahydrate (2, 4, 6, and 8 wt.%) was incorporated to produce FAB geopolymers. Heat treatment was applied with temperature ranges of 300 °C, 600 °C, 900 °C, 1000 °C and 1100 °C. Unexposed FAB geopolymers experienced a drop in strength due to a looser matrix with higher porosity. However, borax decahydrate inclusion significantly enhanced the flexural performance of thin geopolymers after heating. FAB2 and FAB8 geopolymers reported higher flexural strength of 26.5 MPa and 47.8 MPa, respectively, at 1000 °C as compared to FAS geopolymers (24.1 MPa at 1100 °C). The molten B2O3 provided an adhesive medium to assemble the aluminosilicates, improving the interparticle connectivity which led to a drastic strength increment. Moreover, the borax addition reduced the glass transition temperature, forming more refractory crystalline phases at lower temperatures. This induced a significant strength increment in FAB geopolymers with a factor of 3.6 for FAB8 at 900 °C, and 4.0 factor for FAB2 at 1000 °C, respectively. Comparatively, FAS geopolymers only achieved 3.1 factor in strength increment at 1100 °C. This proved that borax decahydrate could be utilized in the high strength development of thin geopolymers.

Structural and physico-mechanical investigations of Na₂B₄O7 geopolymer for γ-radiation attenuating applications

The impact of borax additive on the gamma radiation attenuating property of Geopolymer (GP) systems is presented in this study. Comparative study of control GP and borax blended GP after gamma irradiation is carried out in a Sodium Iodide (NaI) gamma-ray spectrometer. The results indicate a significant increase in linear attenuation coefficient (μ) by 23.4%. The relationship of molecular structure of a material to its radiation attenuation property is crucial to understand for further improving radiation shielding abilities with negligible variation in density or mass of the material. Therefore, the microstructures of the two systems after irradiation were analysed using X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MAS-NMR) and Raman spectroscopy. Raman active modes confirms formation of higher order polymer networks in B1g internal mode of Si–O after addition of borax. Solid state 29Si MAS-NMR spectrum of borax blended GP system indicate an enhanced resonance in the Q3 and Q4 region implying the formation of Q3 sheets and Q4 framework, thus indicating the increase in reactivity and polymerisation process after addition of borax. Finally, correlations are drawn between the systems’ microstructural morphology and the corresponding radiation attenuating property.

Preparation and characterization of foamed glass-ceramics based on waste glass and slow-cooled high-titanium blast furnace slag using borax as a flux agent

Foamed glass-ceramics were prepared at 1000 °C through the one-step sintering process by applying waste glass and slow-cooled high-titanium blast furnace slag as raw materials. This study investigated the effects of borax as the flux agent on the crystalline phases, microstructure, and properties of foamed glass-ceramics, respectively. It was found that the borax would decrease the system's softening temperature and viscosity, thus enhancing the foaming and crystallizing process. Besides, the XRD results showed that the main crystal types of foamed glass-ceramics presented no difference with different contents of borax addition, but their crystallinity and crystal morphology differed. With the increasing borax content, the porosity and water absorption increased, while the volume density, thermal conductivity, and compressive strength all decreased. In particular, the sample added with 6 wt% borax exhibited the optimal comprehensive properties. This study provided a practical guideline for effectively reusing solid industrial wastes to produce foamed glass-ceramics.

Dual Cross-Linked Starch-Borax Double Network Hydrogels with Tough and Self-Healing Properties.

Herein, we have fabricated starch–borax double cross-linked network (DC) hydrogels with tough and self-healing properties using a one-pot method. The addition of borax significantly increased the storage modulus and loss modulus of these starch–borax DC hydrogels. The maximum compression stress (~288 kPa) of starch–borax DC hydrogels containing 5% borax was about ten times greater than that of a pure-starch hydrogel. The texture profile analysis values of the DC hydrogels—including hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, and adhesiveness—increased compared to pure-starch hydrogels. In addition, starch–borax DC hydrogels exhibited excellent self-healing and shape-recovery properties. These DC hydrogels, with a variety of excellent properties, have potential applications in agricultural, biomedical, and industrial fields.