Book Search Research Articles

The Influence of Frequency, Intensity, Volume and Mode of Strength Training on Whole Muscle Cross-Sectional Area in Humans

Strength training is an important component in sports training and rehabilitation. Quantification of the dose-response relationships between training variables and the outcome is fundamental for the proper prescription of resistance training. The purpose of this comprehensive review was to identify dose-response relationships for the development of muscle hypertrophy by calculating the magnitudes and rates of increases in muscle cross-sectional area induced by varying levels of frequency, intensity and volume, as well as by different modes of strength training. Computer searches in the databases MEDLINE, SportDiscus and CINAHL were performed as well as hand searches of relevant journals, books and reference lists. The analysis was limited to the quadriceps femoris and the elbow flexors, since these were the only muscle groups that allowed for evaluations of dose-response trends. The modes of strength training were classified as dynamic external resistance (including free weights and weight machines), accommodating resistance (e.g. isokinetic and semi-isokinetic devices) and isometric resistance. The subcategories related to the types of muscle actions used. The results demonstrate that given sufficient frequency, intensity and volume of work, all three types of muscle actions can induce significant hypertrophy at an impressive rate and that, at present, there is insufficient evidence for the superiority of any mode and/or type of muscle action over other modes and types of training. Tentative dose-response relationships for each variable are outlined, based on the available evidence, and interactions between variables are discussed. In addition, recommendations for training and suggestions for further research are given.

Human Memory Systems: A Framework for Understanding Dementia

Human Memory Systems: A Framework for Understanding Dementia

Fair Use or Exploitation? The Google Book Search Controversy

The Google Book Search Library Project, in which millions of books from libraries will be scanned and made searchable on the Web, has led to controversy and legal action. Publishers are suing Google for copyright infringement, while Google claims their use falls under the fair use privilege of the Copyright Act. An overview of the library project is followed by an examination of the controversy and a look at the beta program in practice.

Google Search Engine and its Usefulness to Library Professionals

Internet search engines are tools to retrieve the information from web. Google search engine is the most popular among all types of users, specially academic users. The librarians can play important role to manage the web resources and assist the users in getting right information. The article covers the developments of Google search engine from 1999 till date. It also includes features of Google scholar and books search on Google.

Chemotherapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Based on Aggregate Data

This systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to assess the efficacy and tolerability of chemotherapy in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Randomized phase II and III clinical trials on first-line chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer were identified by electronic searches of Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and Cancerlit; hand searches of relevant abstract books and reference lists; and contact to experts. Meta-analysis was performed using the fixed-effect model. Overall survival, reported as hazard ratio (HR) with 95% CI, was the primary outcome measure. Analysis of chemotherapy versus best supportive care (HR = 0.39; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.52) and combination versus single agent, mainly fluorouracil (FU) -based chemotherapy (HR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.74 to 0.93) showed significant overall survival benefits in favor of chemotherapy and combination chemotherapy, respectively. In addition, comparisons of FU/cisplatin-containing regimens with versus without anthracyclines (HR = 0.77; 95% CI, 0.62 to 0.95) and FU/anthracycline-containing combinations with versus without cisplatin (HR = 0.83; 95% CI, 0.76 to 0.91) both demonstrated a significant survival benefit for the three-drug combination. Comparing irinotecan-containing versus nonirinotecan-containing combinations (mainly FU/cisplatin) resulted in a nonsignificant survival benefit in favor of the irinotecan-containing regimens (HR = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.73 to 1.06), but they have never been compared against a three-drug combination. Best survival results are achieved with three-drug regimens containing FU, an anthracycline, and cisplatin. Among these, regimens including FU as bolus exhibit a higher rate of toxic deaths than regimens using a continuous infusion of FU, such as epirubicin, cisplatin, and continuous-infusion FU.

Serials Preservation at a Crossroads

Libraries face a crossroads when contemplating serials preservation issues. This paper will discuss the ideas presented during “Serials Preservation: at a Crossroads,” a one-day meeting held in March 2005, and sponsored by the North American Serials Interest Group. Binding, off-site storage, preserving e-journals, and vendor efforts, as well as looking at new developments, such as Google Book Search, offer strategies and challenges for preserving serials and expanding avenues of access for users. Many options exist for serials preservation, but libraries must ultimately consider their individual needs and environment to determine the best serials preservation strategy.

Online Access to the World’s Libraries

Anyone who has spent time at a library researching a topic for academic or professional purposes knows the difficulty of identifying the relevant source material from the wealth of books available. And because, depending on nature of the research, the required books might not be available in a single library, but more probably are spread across libraries around the world, the task of finding the required information is not an easy one. With the technological advances of the past years, however, it has become possible to attempt something that was previously unimaginable, namely to move the books stored on the shelves of libraries around the globe into a digital online database, and to make them available to everyone from their homes or offices. A variety of such projects are currently underway, including those managed by Google, Yahoo! and Microsoft (via the Open Content Alliance), as well as the Commission's planned digital libraries initiative, the purpose of which is to convert library collections into a digital format and make them available to everyone online. The purpose of this paper is first to analyse the legal risks related to starting such book scanning and indexing projects in Europe. In addition, the paper looks at the benefits such new ways of accessing information would bring, and whether steps should thus be taken to eliminate any potential legal risks currently in existence. The paper begins with a description of the main digital libraries (including book search services) currently under development (I.). Then sets out the relevant rules of copyright law provided for in EC law (II.), and continues with an analysis of the legality of book scanning, which concludes that current copyright law in Europe does not allow such projects absent the rights holders' permission (III.). After that the paper examines the potential benefits of amending the laws to allow for book scanning and searching for limited purposes, and by what methods this could be accomplished (IV.). Finally, the paper notes the importance of encouraging the use of digital rights management solutions and of legislative amendments in facilitating the development of book scanning and searching facilities (V.).

Neustart für Bibliotheken ins Informationszeitalter

With the success of Google and other internet technologies at the beginning of the information age we recognize a change in the behaviour of scientists and students which implies a radical shift for libraries and information suppliers concerning the use of Google Scholar or Google Book Search. This article deals with the technical background for the success of this special method of information retrieval: full text indexing and citation ranking as special variations of information mining. Discussed are the strengths and weaknesses of the Google solution. The author is also discussing the question under which conditions it would be possible to develop a retrieval strategy which would be competitive with Google Scholar and Google Book Search in the landscape of libraries and union catalogues. The idea is that this will be possible by using the open source index machine Lucene and the web robot nutch. By the use of these technologies libraries are able to develop services for digital and locally available resources, which are similar to those existing within the visible web. One hopes that on the basis of these developments users will not only remain in the internet world - as a recently published study of the OCLC indicated - but also will find attractive solutions offered by their local libraries.

Serials Preservation at a Crossroads

Libraries face a crossroads when contemplating serials preservation issues. This paper will discuss the ideas presented during “Serials Preservation: at a Crossroads,” a one-day meeting held in March 2005, and sponsored by the North American Serials Interest Group . Binding, off-site storage, preserving e-journals, and vendor efforts, as well as looking at new developments, such as Google Book Search, offer strategies and challenges for preserving serials and expanding avenues of access for users. Many options exist for serials preservation, but libraries must ultimately consider their individual needs and environment to determine the best serials preservation strategy.

Procedural Fair Use

This article explores the advantages of opt-out plans, and identifies a critical shortcoming in Copyright's doctrine of Fair Use. The discussion is fueled by a current controversy: In December of 2004, Google, Inc. announced its plan to digitally scan thousands of copyrighted books as part of a massive new digital indexing service. Hedging against possible litigation, Google provided a free and easy opt-out procedure for authors who didn't want their books scanned. Despite this measure, two major authors' groups have sued Google, claiming the opt-out plan imposes an unfair burden. This article explores the fairness of established opt-outs in contract law, privacy law, and class action rules. Further, the discussion explores how Copyright already places similar burdens upon authors. Ultimately, these lessons are applied to the Google Book Search problem, and an important new Fair Use consideration is identified.

Scatter Search—Wellsprings and Challenges

I came up with the idea of editing this volume in the summer of 2002 while working on the book search methodologies and implementations in C with Manuel Laguna in the University of Colorado at Boulder. There, Fred Glover kindly let me use his office, where I found a copy of the Search Methods for Optimization special issue that he edited in 1988 for the European Journal of Operational Research. This encounter made me realize that Scatter Search has reached a level of maturity as an optimization method that has parallels with what Tabu Search was experiencing in the late eighties. So I thought that the moment was perfect to embark on this project, which has been supported enthusiastically by Professor Roman Slowinski.

Document Recognition for a Million Books

As initiatives such as Google Book Search (http://books.google.com/) and the Open Content Alliance (http://www.opencontentalliance.org/) advance efforts to digitize millions of books, there is great potential to make available vast amounts of information. To truly unlock this knowledge, however, it will be necessary to process the resulting digital page images to recognize important content, including both the semantic and structural aspects. Given the vast diversity of fonts, symbols, tables, languages and a host of other elements, it will be necessary to create flexible, modular, scalable document recognition systems. Document recognition involves extracting features from the images and even transcriptions of other documents in order to group diverse content.

Should indexing be fair use? The battle over Google Book Search

In late 2004, Google announced as part of its Library Project that it would scan millions of books into a searchable online database accessible to anyone using Google Book Search (http://books.google.com). In response, the US Authors Guild and the Association of American Publishers (AAP) sued Google, claiming its book scanning is massive copyright infringement. Google says its indexing is a legitimate fair use. As in all such discussions, two different questions arise: What does the law say? What would be good public policy?

Google Book Search: Fair Use, Fair Dealing and the Case for Intermediary Copying

This article examines the legality of Google's Library Project under U.S. and U.K. copyright law. The Library Project provides a useful example of the divergence in approach to copyright exceptions in these two jurisdictions. In particular, whilst Google's plans have generated a great deal of controversy, it at least has an arguable case under U.S. law that its use is fair use. No analogous argument can be made under U.K. law. The main purpose of this article is to highlight this distinction and to suggest that U.K. copyright law is failing to adequately account for transformations in the mode and manner in which individuals interact with information. Following a brief introduction in part 1, part 2 begins by explaining how Google's 'Book Search' program (formerly 'Google Print') operates and briefly describing the two lawsuits issued against the 'Library Project' aspect of the service by the Author's Guild and a number of prominent publishers. Part 3 offers a preliminary assessment of whether Google's activities are lawful under U.S. copyright law. In attempting to answer this question, Google's case is presented with a 'positive spin'; not in an effort to predict the outcome of any future trial, but rather to illustrate that Google can reasonably argue that its use is a privileged one. Part 4 then considers how Google would fare under U.K. law. The conclusion, unlike the U.S. law analysis, suggests that Google would have little chance of success if its case was being heard in the U.K. Part 5 asks whether this is a desirable result and concludes that, given recent advances in the technological landscape, it is not. This conclusion is based, in particular, on Professor Zittrain's concept of 'generativity' and Professor Frischmann's economic theory of infrastructure. Finally, Part 6 describes how U.K. copyright law could accommodate uses such as Google's within its existing scheme of exceptions. A specific defence for 'intermediary' copying premised on the 'temporary copies' exception recently enacted as section 28A of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 is outlined, and alternatively a new defence of 'fair dealing for informational purposes' is proposed.

The use of PubMed/Medline in Psychiatry. 3: Searching PubMed

This paper is the third in a series of three, intended as a tutorial in the use of PubMed/Medline for an inexperienced user. The papers have the following contents: I—a description of NLM, Medline, PubMed and the system of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), which form the basis for the indexing of scientific articles, books and other items at NLM. II—A description and a tutorial of the PubMed search window. III—The present article deals mainly with the searching for references in PubMed. Ways of restricting and concentrating the search are presented, and exercises are proposed. A reader may also find guidance for a search for medical books in the NLM Catalog, and in the use of tools like Related Articles, Bookshelf, and Index. With eating disorders as an example, more information is presented on the use of MeSH terms.

The full text book search and OPAC(<Special Feature>Library for information professionals)

The full text book search and OPAC(<Special Feature>Library for information professionals)

The Mereology of Digital Copyright

Among the most controversial of current information technology projects on the Internet is the Google Book Search project. Google, owner and operator of a leading Internet search engine, has contracted with a variety of libraries with to scan the contents of the books held in these libraries, many of which are under current copyright. From the scanned images, Google uses search engine technology to map the relationship of words in the scanned text to the other words in the text. Access to this index is provided via an on-line interface. However, Google has not sought the permission of copyright holders, and book publishers have sued Google for copyright infringement, charging that the scanning process creates an unauthorized digital of many copyrighted works. While Google has asserted a defense to these claims under the doctrine of fair use, a far more difficult and more far-reaching issue for database technologies is the legal status of the index created by Google, which maps the positions of the words in the books. This metadata is not technically a copy of the books in questions, but the books can be recreated from such metadata. The ownership and control of such metadata is becoming an increasingly contested question in database construction, and in the resolution of the presents a difficult but critically important problem of copyright doctrine and policy.

Platinum-Based Versus Non-Platinum-Based Chemotherapy in Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of the Published Literature

This meta-analysis was performed to compare the activity, efficacy and toxicity of platinum-based versus non-platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Randomized phase II and III clinical trials comparing first-line palliative platinum-based chemotherapy with the same regimen without platinum or with platinum replaced by a nonplatinum agent were identified by electronic searches of Medline, Embase, and Cancerlit, and hand searches of relevant abstract books and reference lists. Response rates, 1-year survival, and toxicity were analyzed. Subgroups of trials using third-generation agents were compared. Thirty-seven assessable trials were identified including 7,633 patients. A 62% increase in the odds ratio (OR) for response was attributable to platinum-based therapy (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.46 to 1.8; P < .0001). The 1-year survival rate was increased by 5% with platinum-based regimens (34% v 29%; OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.35; P = .0003). No statistically significant increase in 1-year survival was found when platinum therapies were compared to third-generation-based combination regimens (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.28; P = .17). The toxicity of platinum-based regimens was significantly higher for hematologic toxicity, nephrotoxicity, and nausea and vomiting, but not for neurotoxicity, febrile neutropenia rate, or toxic death rate. Response is significantly higher with platinum-containing regimens. One-year survival was not significantly prolonged when platinum-based therapies were compared with third-generation-based combination regimens. Toxicity is generally higher for platinum-based regimens.

Development and Verification of the Books Search System on the Internet for the Children

Development and Verification of the Books Search System on the Internet for the Children

Construction of the Book Search System on the Internet for the Children

Construction of the Book Search System on the Internet for the Children