Book Production Research Articles

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ ИЗДАТЕЛЬСКОЙ ИНДУСТРИИ

There are three stages in the technological history of the modern book industry as a scalable and mass production of books. The main attention is paid to the history of digital books, the beginning of which is associated not so much with the beginning of digital book production, but with the advent of digital distribution. On the technical side, this meant developing common industry standards for the digital book, building a distribution infrastructure based on the Internet, and gaining broadband access to it for the mass consumer. Equally significant were the cultural shifts that accompanied or resulted from this technical transformation. The digitalization of the book itself did not have a significant impact on the industry before the ubiquity of the Internet, since the sphere of existence of digital books was limited to a small number of qualified users. Everything changed in the first two decades of the 21st century, when the laws of the “attention economy” came into force and the mechanism of competition for the user’s time by content was activated. A digital book, on the one hand, is becoming more accessible; on the other hand, the time spent on reading books is being reduced. The development of computer technologies and the Internet, in addition to removing the barrier to access to content, removes a significant number of barriers to content publication. It is important to note that the publishing filter in the context of open publication also ceases to work in legal terms, and its disappearance led, in particular, to the emergence and rapid growth of fan fiction literature, which is in the “gray” zone of copyright. The spread of the Internet, of course, creates not only problems, but also opportunities for publishers, in particular, by changing communication with readers. The Internet has made possible not only direct communication with the reader and reader communities, but also a much more effective prompt response to readers’ requests, including those supported by compelling economic incentives. The changes that are taking place in the book industry at the third stage of technological transformation have a very heterogeneous effect on publishers in different countries, depending on the degree of market development, Internet penetration, and readers’ digital content habits. The main point is that these changes take place in very different ways in different types of book publishing. Obviously, “book”, whatever its definition one gives, is just a convenient collective format for completely different texts, materialized or embodied in digital form in different ways. At the same time, the functional purpose of the text and the way the reader treats it determine the trajectory along which the industrial niche corresponding to certain types of publications will develop, in which direction it will evolve.

A poeticised indulgence. “The Beginning” by Andrzej Szczypiorski: A story of success

The article dwells upon the reception of the novel “The Beginning” (“The Beautiful Mrs. Seidenman”) by Andrzej Szcypiorski. The success of the book turned out to be an extremely clear evidence of the then state of the Polish society in terms of the attitude to the problem of participation / non-participation of Poles in the fate of Jews during the Holocaust and the development of a language adequate to this trauma. The reception of the novel once again showed that the sale of book products directly depends on its ability to indulge the requirements of a wide segment of consumers — but this does not necessarily apply to low genres. Szczypiorski’s “The Beginning” was the first artistic step in a public discussion concerning probably the most painful story in the history of Poland. The historical truth associated with it, on being silenced for decades, makes its way into the bright field of consciousness, even though with great difficulty and provoking resistance in various circles of the society. The experience of shame is hardly included into the baggage of memory, since it does not create a positive image of society and the individual as a part of it, and therefore any nation state seeks to suppress the memory of events that violate the declared commonality of the national tradition. However, the writer offers the society — which latently feels ethical discomfort, but in fact is not ready neither to revise the idea of itself as of a solely heroic victim of history, nor to reflect on the discourse of Polish patriotism, or to experience the emotion of collective shame — the illusion of moral self-purification and mourning for the exterminated Jewish population of Poland to soothe the conscience.

An Author’s Delusion in Victorian Canada: Richard Maurice Bucke and Transnational Publishing of Popular Science

We know little about the transnational publishing experience of authors of books about scientific topics in Canada. This study therefore explores the nineteenth-century publication of a Canadian author’s manuscript in the United States and Great Britain: Man’s Moral Nature (1879) by Ontario physician Richard Maurice Bucke. Although this book is relatively unknown, Bucke’s personal records about this, his first book, provide insights into publishing processes, from finding a publisher through to understanding book production and copyright. As the book’s reception shows, Bucke not only was unable to position his scientifically-oriented book for his intended general readership but he also received criticism from medical colleagues for his attempt. Bucke’s emphasis on obtaining a North American readership, however, adds further evidence of a continental market described by book history scholars.

The Book In Movement: Autonomous Politics and the Lettered City Underground by Magalí Rabasa

Reviewed by: The Book In Movement: Autonomous Politics and the Lettered City Underground by Magalí Rabasa Jane D. Griffin Rabasa, Magalí. The Book In Movement: Autonomous Politics and the Lettered City Underground. The U of Pittsburgh P, 2019. 210 pp. Magalí Rabasa's 2019 monograph, The Book In Movement: Autonomous Politics and the Lettered City Underground, is an exceptional contribution to the field of print culture studies in contemporary Latin America. In this study, Rabasa creates a new vocabulary through which to understand the relationship between what books say and how they exist as material objects. Following Antonio Gramsci's concept of the organic intellectual, Rabasa ingenuously coins the term "organic book," which she describes as a concept, a practice, and also a material object in which there is no difference between materiality and ideas (175). The organic book is also inextricably linked to autonomous politics. Using the Zapatista movement in Mexico as her point of reference, Rabasa explains that autonomy is not achieved by overthrowing oppressive institutions such as capitalism, neoliberalism, patriarchy, colonialism, or the nation-state. Rather, autonomy exists in the never-ending practice of struggling against such institutions through acts of making and re-making everything from ideas to social relations to material objects, such as books. The organic book is both a product of autonomous politics and also a practice through which such politics emerge. Consequently, the organic book and autonomous politics exist in a constant state of becoming and are always in motion. By tracing how organic books are made and remade across Mexico, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile, Rabasa likewise maps autonomous politics across Latin America and ultimately depicts the continent itself in movement and in a never-ending act of becoming. The Book In Movement employs a more interdisciplinary and transnational methodology than is normally found in book studies scholarship. Rabasa describes her methodology as object-oriented ethnography combined with textual analysis, [End Page 815] and she skillfully supports her arguments through research in cultural studies, postcolonial theory, anthropology, science and technology studies and, most importantly, contemporary political theory produced from Latin America and by Latin Americans. The latter is especially important to Rabasa's goal of "provincializing Europe," as called for by subaltern studies scholar Dipesh Chakrabarty. This goal is apropos within the fields of print culture and book studies, where Europe has historically played an outsized role. The Book In Movement understands the organic book as a form of praxis and is therefore organized around specific methods of book production and distribution. Chapters one and two look at forms of book production—writing the text and turning it into a material object—whereas chapters three and four look at forms of productive consumption—specifically re-editing and distribution. Chapter one, "Becoming the Book," examines three organic books: Dispersar el poder (Zibechi 2006), Pensar las autonomías: Alternativas de emancipación al capital y el estado (Jóvenes en Resistencia Alternativa 2011), and Caleidoscopio de rebeldías (Korol 2006). These books document how communities produce new forms of knowledge through collective acts of doing, or what Rabasa refers to as "autonomous knowledge practices" (38). They are organic in that the act of writing them was itself an autonomous knowledge practice that stemmed from the authors' own participation in the kinds of collective action documented in the books. Organic books thus challenge the Western concepts of "authorship" and "knowledge" as tied to the individual and redefine both terms as tied instead to the social collective. Chapter two, "The Workshop Book," analyzes autonomous knowledge practices through the acts of printing, assembling, and binding books in the workshop setting. The workshops Rabasa studies in La Paz and Buenos Aires are spaces of experimentation where books are made to be useful, which means they are cheap and widely accessible. Rabasa uses the concepts of craft and experimentation to describe processes of book production that collapse the distinction between intellectual and manual labor (96). Chapter three, "The Unbounded Book," studies the paratext of organic books—the cover, copyright pages, prologues, forwards, and epilogues—to show how they change materially as books are re-edited by different presses. This chapter analyzes the paratext of Contra el copyright (Stallman et...

Oprawianie jako etap produkcji. O związkach drukarzy, księgarzy i introligatorów

Bookbinding as a Stage of Book Production: On the Relations Among Printers, Booksellers, and Bookbinders This work discusses the trade of bound books in 16th century Poland. Its first part presents some insights into this topic based on extant archival sources, including earlier studies. In the centuries following the invention of the printing press, books were generally sold in the form of loose sheets, and binding was to be commissioned by the buyer. Those trading in books – booksellers, printers and bookbinders – could also have the books bound before offering them for sale. So far this topic has not received broader attention, though numerous remarks about books being bound for sale appeared e.g. in the works of Monika Jaglarz (Księgarstwo krakowskie XVI wieku, Kraków 2004) and Edward Różycki (Z dziejów książki we Lwowie w XVII wieku, Katowice 1991). The primary sources of information are here 16th century booksellers’ inventories, preserved in the Krakow City Archives, such as those of Piotr Reismoller, Maciej Szarfenberg and Zacheusz Kessner bookshops. Next to unbound copies, those inventories list between 10 and 20 percent of bound books (ligata). There are also records of cooperation between bookbinders and booksellers, who probably commissioned the binding of some copies for sale (e.g. contracts between the publisher and bookseller Jan Haller, and the bookbinders Piotr Walde and Henryk Süssmund). Such cooperation is also evidenced by large quantities of waste paper used in the bindings, coming from a single printing house, which hints at collaboration of the printer Łazarz Andrysowicz and the bookbinder Jerzy Moeller. Traces of bound book trade have been found not only in Krakow, but also in Lwów, Poznań and Warszawa. Bound books were also sold by bookbinders, as witnessed by the 16th century inventories of Maciej Przywilcki and Stefan Terepetka, listing the prices and types of bindings of the copies being offered for sale. The second part of this work presents two copies of the Polish translation of the Bible, published in Krakow in 1599, which had probably been bound before sale. Of special interest among the decorations on the bindings are the titles Biblia impressed with a woodcut block, an empty oval cartouche with room for a coat of arms, and a quote from the Book of Joshua, pressed onto the front cover.

ITALIAN GRAMMATICOGRAPHY BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND CONTEMPORARY LINGUISTICS

The aim of this paper is to show the current situation in contemporary Italian grammaticography, i.e., to analyse grammatical models (traditional, generative and dependency model) grammar reference books for different purposes are based on. By means of diachronic and synchronic analysis of grammar reference books, we have examined and showed to what extent traditional theories and terminology are retained, i.e., to what extent generative grammar and valency theory are present. The introductory part of the paper shows the development of Italian grammaticography from the first generative research conducted in Italy to this day. The first Italian generative grammar books were published in the late 1960s and early 1970s (Costabile 1967, Saltarelli 1970, Gamberini 1971, Parisi, Antinucci 1973), i.e., shortly after Noam Chomsky’s first monographs on generative grammar theory were published. However, although it can be said that Italian grammaticography kept up to date with the research carried out worldwide in the field of linguistics, the first comprehensive descriptive grammar book (Comprehensive Consultative Italian Grammar Book) was not published until 1988, when the most comprehensive traditional Italian grammar book by Luca Serianni was published as well, which is the reason why that year is considered to be a turning point in Italian linguistics. Following this turn of events, which is frequently described as revolutionary, grammar book production has flourished while authors have begun to turn to new linguistic theories more and more, i.e., mostly to the fruits of generative grammar and other theories formulated within its framework, although not for want of work dedicated to traditional grammar. Therefore, for the last two and a half decades, Italian grammaticography has abounded in traditional grammar books mainly for the purposes of school use and “new” (Andreose 2017), i.e., „modern” (Vanelli 2010) grammar books primarily for the purposes of pursuing linguistic issues professionally, as well as studying languages at the university level. The central part of the paper is dedicated to analysing individually some of the most renowned grammar books published during the first decades of the 21st century (Salvi, Vanelli 2004, Andorno 2003, Sabatini et al. 2011, Ferrari, Zampese 2016) with the aim of showing their new features in relation to tradition (the reference point of traditional linguistics was the Serianni's grammar book) regarding terminology, the norm, topics and the organisation of the very grammar books. The main conclusion of this research is that contemporary grammar books actually show the greatest departure from tradition concerning the norm and the examples sentence analyses are based on, since normative grammar books, whose goal is to establish certain grammar rules, are completely rejected and replaced by detailed descriptive grammar books aiming at describing fully all registers of the Italian language and all its possible linguistic constructions, regardless of their grammatical accuracy. A somewhat minor, but still quite significant, departure from tradition can be seen in the organisation of grammar books and topics they deal with, since syntax has surely taken precedence in analysis, but also that some traditional topics have been rejected, while some new topics have been included in grammatical analyses (e.g. phonetics and textual linguistics). The characteristic which, nonetheless, has undergone minimal changes in that “transition” from the traditional to the modern way of linguistic analysis is terminology that can be concluded to have been brought up to date and expanded rather that completely changed.

Beyond Words: New Research on Manuscripts in Boston Collections, ed. Jeffrey F. Hamburger, Lisa Fagin Davis, Anne-Marie Eze, Nancy Netzer, and William P. Stoneman. Text, Image, Context: Studies in Medieval Manuscript Illumination, 8. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2021, 361 pp, 291 col. Ill.

This study stems from an exhibition/ conference of the same name, “Beyond Words,” presented in Boston in 2006; however, it goes well beyond the bounds of a conventional exhibition catalog, which was produced at the time to accompany the objects on display. The volume produced here expands these initial parameters to consider additional questions about the manuscripts held in these Boston collections, notably Houghton Library at Harvard University, McMullen Museum of Art at Boston College, and the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum of Boston. The book is divided into four major sections, devoted respectively to monastic manuscripts (3 essays), courtly culture and patronage (5 essays), princes, patricians, prelates and pontiffs (4 essays), and illuminating history (3 essays) with a coda on manuscripts in the modern era provided by the final essay. As the editors remark in their introduction, the emphasis is Christian and central European; this is due in part to the collection parameters themselves (the above institutions have no Ethiopian or Hebrew manuscripts, for example) and in part by limitations of time and focus (there are a number of Islamic manuscripts in the Boston collections which have not been included here but would be well worth exploring in a separate study of their own). The richness and depth of the sixteen essays here offer insights into many aspects of the late medieval world. The chapter by Patricia Stirnemann on Gilbert de la Porrée traces book collection of the works of a single, theologically problematic author, and offers a valuable case study on the transmission of writings by a scholar charged (though exonerated) with heresy. Brigitte Miriam Bedos-Rezak demonstrates how the charters of the abbey of Sawley preserved in the Houghton library allow us to consider the “medial role” of document writing, and how this practice assisted an English Cistercian monastery to shape its own representation with its neighbors by crafting records of land ownership disputes. Kathryn M. Rudy examines manuscript workshops among nuns in Delft in the fifteenth century, providing a vivid model of book production practices in these devotional contexts.

Vaimse vastupanu püüded okupatsioonivõimudele Hugo Raudsepa 1940. aastate komöödiates

Vaimse vastupanu püüded okupatsioonivõimudele Hugo Raudsepa 1940. aastate komöödiates

Pengembangan Buku Ajar dengan Model Addie pada Mata Kuliah Manajemen Teknologi Pendidikan

This research aims to develop The Teaching Book of Education Technology Management Course to prepare undergraduate students of Elementary School Teacher Education Study Program at STKIP Muhammadiyah Bangka Belitung in managing integrated Thematic learning of elementary schools. The data collection method used is a questionnaire. Data are analyzed with qualitative and descriptive quantitative descriptive techniques. The results showed that the educational technology management textbook developed following the ADDIE Model includes five steps, namely; planning, development, implementation and evaluation. The composition of the teaching book development has followed all five stages of the ADDIE model. The results of research, validation of expert materials related to educational technology management textbooks developed qualified very decent (86.66%) from media experts are also highly qualified (90%), and so are qualified linguists (86.66% ), the average validation result by students on teaching book products is 90.15% (qualifications are very feasible). In conclusion, the overall teaching book of Educational Technology Management Course developed is valid and feasible for use by students.
 Keywords: Education Technology Management, ADDIE Model, Textbook Development

From Serial Access to Random Access: Tables of Contents, Chapter Headings and Hierarchical Text Structures in Fourth/Tenth-century Scientific Books

Abstract The fourth/tenth century saw a number of innovations in the production of scientific books. Chapter headings that summarize the theme of the chapters were previously rare, but in this period they became standard. Tables of contents were placed at the beginning of the book with a list of the summarizing chapter headings. Page numbering is also encountered for the first time. Perhaps the most striking innovation of this period, however, is the increased complexity in the way authors structured their books. While the two-tier structure of books and chapters used to be standard for large works, three-tier structures were now introduced, and, by the first half of the fifth/eleventh century, books were even produced with five-tier structures. These innovations point to the use of books as a source of knowledge outside traditional learning contexts. Since these features were absent from the Greek scientific tradition, but were present in India and Central Asia, they could well be borrowings from the East. The examples treated here come from the fields of medicine, astrology, astronomy and mathematics.

Publishing under COVID-19 in small book markets

The paper is based on a survey that was conducted among publishers in Slovakia, Iceland, Lithuania and Slovenia in May and August 2020. The paper looks at how publishers reacted to the COVID-19 crisis in their respective countries, what was its impact on book sales and how did the publishers adapt the production of new books to changed circumstances. In addition, the paper analyses changed attitudes of publishers towards e-books and other digital book formats that become more popular in lockdown times. The research revealed that COVID-19 lockdowns resulted in decreased sales of printed books in all four small book markets. However, sales of e-books and audiobooks slightly increased during that period. This increase in digital sales did not contribute significantly to overall results of book industries due to its small market share in all four countries.

A List of 267 French Texts in Tours: A Hub for Reading in the Vernacular

This article analyses the late fifteenth-century booklist on folios 78r to 82v of Manuscript français 2912 of the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris, listing over 267 books in French. A close study of the material aspects of the document itself and of the texts listed in the inventory has allowed for a new dating of the booklist, to shortly after 1494, and for a fairly reliable hypothesis concerning the owner of the books: a bookseller specialising in second-hand books in French. The geographical indication in the booklist, «In Tours in front of the hôtel [town house] of monseigneur de Dunois», can be located in the town on the basis of historical maps: in the Grand Rue (now the rue Colbert) against the southern wall of the church of Saint-Julien or next to its southern and main entrance. Comparison with other book producers and booksellers in Paris and in Flanders shows that this is a typical location. The names and locations of booksellers and artisans active in the production of books in Tours as contained in the notarial archives of the town have unfortunately not permitted an identification of the bookseller, although the printer Simon Pourcelet had his printing workshop and bookshop nearby. Documented lending activities of booksellers in Flanders and the open character of other late medieval libraries and book collections show that this remarkably rich collection of literary, historical, pragmatic, and religious books in French was most likely an open access hub for reading in the vernacular in the bustling heart of late medieval Tours.

Colección Aquelarre: editar después del naufragio

Tras la derrota de las fuerzas republicanas en Cataluña, cerca de medio millón de españoles cruzaron la frontera francesa. De estos refugiados, entre 20.000 y 25.000 fueron acogidos en México entre los años 1939 y 1942.
 Se calcula que durante la década de los cuarenta y cincuenta, 111 nuevos sellos editoriales fueron creados por estos españoles transterrados en México.
 Simón Otaola (San Sebastián, 1907 - Ciudad de México, 1980) y José Ramón Arana (seudónimo de José Ruiz Borau, Garrapinillos, 1905 - Zaragoza, 1973), junto con otros miembros de la llamada tertulia Aquelarre, crearon en la Ciudad de México entre los años 1950 y 1954 una editorial bajo el nombre de Colección Aquelarre.
 Como en otros casos de editoriales de la época, no se conservan los archivos de Aquelarre; a partir de la recuperación de las obras editadas bajo este sello, de otros textos y testimonios del exilio español en México, hemos reconstruido y recuperado aquí su historia.
 La primera obra apareció bajo el sello Ediciones Corzo y, dentro de éste, en la Colección Aquelarre: Otaola, Unos hombres: retratos (1950): A partir de esta obra, las siguientes tomarían como nombre de editorial el de la colección. La última de las obras editadas fue: Ramón J. Sender, Ariadna: novela (1955 [i.e. 1954]).
 Las 19 obras editadas por la Colección Aquelarre estuvieron financiadas por los propios autores. Fueron ediciones cuidadas desde el punto de vista tipográfico, con papel de calidad y encuadernaciones en rústica de diseños sobrios pero bellos y de colores llamativos.

Monumentos do jornalismo brasileiro

A premissa que sustenta a presente argumentação consiste na inferência segundo a qual a elite jornalística que se consolidou entre o período ditatorial e os anos de redemocratização se constituiu por meio de estratégias de legitimação e simbolização que podem ser deduzidas dos registros biográficos e memorialísticos de seus membros. A fim de perscrutar os processos de monumentalização de trajetórias e nomes consagrados investiga-se as condições de produção de livros de memórias, biografias, depoimentos para produção científica, registros destinados à entidades de classe e instituições voltadas à preservação da memória e da história datados entre a segunda metade do século passado e a primeira década do século 21. O objetivo é demonstrar por meio da análise das condições de produção – entendidas como contexto de publicação, autoria, origem na iniciativa e modelos textuais adotados – as potencialidades de tais registros para comprovar a existência material, política e intelectual de proeminentes personagens da história da imprensa brasileira.

Edward D. ANDREWS, The Reading Culture of Early Christianity: The Production, Publication, Circulation, and Use of Books in the Early Christian Church, Cambridge, Ohio 2019, pp. 247.

“The Reading Culture of Early Christianity” was written by Edward D. Andrews and published by Christian Publishing House, Cambridge, Ohio in 2019. It is historical and biblically centered with 226 pages: it provides the reader with the production process of the New Testament books, the publication process, how they were circulated, and to what extent they were used in the early church.

Digitizing historical Arabic typography: Bulaq Press contributions

It is known that various peoples throughout the Islamic world adopted the Arabic alphabet to write their original writing with an adapted version of Arabic script. Thus, various languages are currently written using Arabic script, such as Persian (Iran), Pashto, Dari (Afghanistan), Urdu (India, Pakistan), Javanese (Indonesia), Malay (Malaysia), Kurdish (Iraq), and Uyghur (China). This variety of languages used different Arabic script styles such as naskh, ruq’a, nasta‘liq (farsi), diwani, and square kufic. When typography was first introduced in the Arab world in the 17th Century, there were no typefaces (printing letters) that respected the grammar of Arabic script. However, the Bulaq Press played an essential role in promoting the spirit of scholarship and knowledge dissemination in Egypt and the Near East during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The shift of book production in Egypt after 1850 was marked by the graphic technology evolution, the use of different languages in its printed productions: Arabic, Turkish and Persian. In addition, Bulaq Press managed to be a pioneer in the Islamic World by printing the Quran during King Fouad’s reign (1923). The latter is considered a master work from which the Bulaq Press typeface was revived and ready to be used in new publication. Thus, the BA Writing and Scripts Center (WSC) managed to digitize the naskh typeface of the Bulaq Press Quran and printed it on a CD. Our intent is to suggest a multidisciplinary project that investigates the evolution of Bulaq Press typefaces, then to explain the method used by the Bulaq Press Quran typeface to digitize, and finally to initiate a multidisciplinary collaboration to fulfill this ambitious project.

Book trade bibliography of Great Britain

The article highlights the historical stages of development of the book trade bibliography and Books in Print systems in Great Britain.
 It is noted that the first and most famous attempt to compile a book trade catalog dates back to the end of the XVI century and belongs to the englishman E. Montsell, who prepared and published the "Catalog of English Printed Books", which became a model of cataloging for many subsequent authors of bibliographic works.
 It was found that the industrial revolution and the rapid development of industrial centers in the XVIII century, caused a rapid increase in the number of printing houses, publishing and book trade firms, thanks to which the book trade bibliography of Great Britain received a new quality — a stable periodicity of preparation and publication of bibliographic materials, as well as placement of bibliographic information on periodicals. Numerous samples of the book trade bibliography in chronological section are considered in detail, as well as the activities of the most famous companies in the production of Books in Print catalogs.

Locher's and Grüninger's edition of Horace from Strasbourg 1498: At the crossroads between printed and manuscript book production and use

This contribution aims to exemplify through a case study focused on Germany, how the late fifteenth-century availability of printed classical texts, whether for teachers or for students, facilitated an internationalisation of local textual traditions, sometimes with cultural tensions as a result. Printed books were commodities which modified both ways of engaging with texts and ways of producing manuscript texts. At the same time, pre-existing ways of making and using books formed the expectations of customers which producers of printed books sought to meet or, in a world of international commercial competition, even to exceed, by introducing innovative features which matched the evolving needs of potential buyers. We find a complex interplay of intellectual demands for change, institutionally established user expectations and the need for printers and publishers to create economically viable commodities, where printed books shaped a preexisting and continued manuscript based literary culture.

Online marketplace: student consumer strategies

Introduction. The Internet is becoming a part of everyday life; it is in this space that communication, purchases, and payment for various services are carried out. Young people are the most dynamic social group that has long mastered the Internet market with its advantages, namely, comparing prices, book products, and buy at discounts. Materials and methods. The quantitative data collection method is used for studying young people’s consumer strategies in the Internet market and understand the prevalence of online shopping practices. This task led to the application of the survey and the analysis of the data obtained. Comprehension of values and behavioral practices in consumer groups (generally active experts, partially active experts, passive experts) is based on a qualitative strategy in the form of semi-formalized interviews. Research results, their discussion. The factors of the popularity of the Internet market among students have been determined: activity on the Internet and social networks, attractive prices for goods, an expanded range of goods; it was found that such categories of goods as tickets, music, software, and food delivery are frequently purchased via the Internet; it was revealed that the frequency of online purchases varies from “once every six months” to “once every 1-3 months”, while a purchase does not always accompany a visit to an online store. The survey showed that the most preferable for young people are such services, Internet catalogs, the possibility of placing a preliminary order, booking goods with subsequent self-pickup. Conclusions. The study made it possible to establish a trend towards increasing online purchases among students in the Internet market as a consumer platform with new consumption practices.

Manuscrisele slavone de la biblioteca filialei Cluj-Napoca a Academiei Române. Studiu monografic şi antologie de texte

Even if Romania takes its name from ancient Rome and its inhabitants speak a Romance language, its Slavic heritage is of considerable importance. Situated between Serbia, Bulgaria, and Russia, medieval Moldavia and Wallachia adopted Slavonic both as the language of public administration and as the liturgical language of the Orthodox Church.1 As such, it was also used by Romanians living in Transylvania.2 Until the nineteenth century, the Romanian language was written in Cyrillic characters, then superseded by a Latin alphabet.3This Slavic heritage is reflected in rich collections of Slavonic manuscripts conserved in Romanian libraries, such as the Library of the Romanian Academy in Bucharest and its branch in Cluj-Napoca, the country’s second-largest city. This book by Anca Libidov, based on her PhD thesis and recently published by Editura Etnologică, presents and analyzes the thirty-seven Slavonic manuscripts conserved in Cluj. Among them are epistle books, gospel books, psalters, prayer books, hymnals, lives of saints, collections of religious and philosophical writings, and an Italian grammar written in Russian. Overall, these texts were compiled between the fifteenth and the eighteenth centuries in countries such as Transylvania, Moldavia, Wallachia, and Russia. Displaying vast erudition, Libidov accurately defines their peculiarities from various perspectives, with reference to structure, content, and language.More precisely, in the first part of the book, she describes every manuscript based on the following scheme: dating, geographical provenance, format, number of pages, language, paper, watermark, binding, decoration, ink, index of contents, margin notes, state of preservation, and places where the manuscript was conserved before reaching the Library of the Romanian Academy branch in Cluj. Bibliographical references complete each summary.The second part of the book examines about fifty different kinds of watermarks on the paper of the manuscripts with the goal of more precisely dating the texts. Watermarks also offer interesting information on the economic, political, and cultural relations between the Romanian lands and the rest of Europe. Those of Venetian origin, for example, refer to the extensive trade between the Italian city and the Balkans in medieval and early modern times. As is well known, Venice played a leading role not only in glassmaking, but also in papermaking and book production. In addition to paper, Latin, Greek, and Slavonic books printed in Venice reached Romania (as their presence in libraries of Wallachian metropolitans and princes demonstrate),4 not to mention other luxury articles like Venetian silverware, which were purchased by Wallachian noblemen.5The third part of the book investigates the language of the manuscripts, ranging from stylistic problems to linguistic aspects. In particular, the author dwells upon the peculiarities of five gospel books conserved in the collection. This highly technical section is especially useful for scholars and readers with a good command of Church Slavonic.The book concludes with an anthology of facsimile texts, an exhaustive bibliography in various languages, and a rich iconography.Beyond its contents, the monograph by Libidov confirms and strengthens the image of Romania as a bridge “between East and West.”6 The provenance of some manuscripts from Russia, as well as watermarks from Polish, German, and Italian paper mills, clearly reflect the international relations of Romanian principalities, with their identities balanced among the Latin, the Byzantine, and the Slavic worlds.