Scientific Books Research Articles

Algorithmic governance, code as law, and the blockchain common: Power relations in the blockchain-based society

“Code is law” became a buzz term in Web3 and blockchain reality. Despite the term being already used much earlier by Lawrence Lessig in the year 2000 in his book titled “Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace,” when the internet and Web2 were emerging, the rise of smart contracts and complex algorithmic power made the term genuinely resonate with the (idealised) Web3 reality. The entrainment of technological solutionism in the brains of members of society gives an impression that a world governed by algorithms will be a fairer one. However, research has shown that many members of society are not standard statistical representations of the majority and whilst algorithmic governance leaves room for “standard deviation,” individuals that fall outside this standard deviation are, in fact, very disadvantaged. There are numerous research papers as well as popular science books that address the issue of algorithmic bias and unfairness in Web 2. The proponents of blockchain and web3 technology argue that with a DAO-governed, decentralised society, problems of biased algorithmic governance are solved as power and decision-making are decentralised, and members use their governance tokens to collectively decide on the law encoded in the smart contracts that are the ultimate law enforcement apparatus. Web3 promises a shift of power from governments and corporations to people and token holders, arguing it will make a Web3-governed society fairer. This paper is based on decoding this promise and using Althusser’s model of a state apparatus to show how the power relations changed in Web2 and Web3 realities. It shows that Web3 promises of the code becoming the law were already present in the Web2 discourse and discovers a model of an ideological apparatus power struggle between states and Web2 giants. Next, the power relations in the blockchain society are researched, starting from the idealised model of decentralised, token-holder governed power, which regulates the governments and corporations, to a discussion on what the actual power relations and struggles might result from encoding the law in the smart contract. Research shows that in Web3, “code is law” society. There will be power struggles and opposition on a vertical and horizontal level. The vertical struggle is the power enforcement (originally in the hands of the state in Althusser’s (1970) model between the code and individuals, governments and corporations not willing to conform with the code-enforced law or falling outside the standard deviation of statistics-based AI algorithms hence being disadvantaged by the smart contract enforced laws. The horizontal power struggle is based on what Althusser describes as the ideological apparatus. Here, the struggle is based on a fight between individuals (the society), corporations, and the state for code-modifying resources and/or leverage over the governance token holders. Overall, the paper argues and shows that blockchain-based “code is law” reality does not solve the issue of unequal power relations within societies but only as any technological revolution shifts the power relations and power struggles between existing and new actors. Unlike the founder of Polkadot, Gavin Wood states that blockchain, DAOs, smart contracts, and Web3 overall do not result in the new social sphere with revolutionised power relations. Where Web3 is now is much more similar to where Web1 and Web2 were 25–30 years ago—Creating a new space for social interactions and discourse yet being stuck within the same social sphere and uneven power relations that have governed our societies for centuries.

KEBIJAKAN MERDEKA BELAJAR SEBAGAI STRATEGI PENINGKATAN MUTU PENDIDIKAN

Quality education is education that is able to carry out the process of maturing the quality of students which is developed by freeing students from ignorance and inadequacy. With quality education, generations or superior human resources will be born in all aspects of life. Many policies have been carried out by government to improve the quality of education, such as the independent learning policy. Educational institutions are no less lagging behind in improving the quality of education by continuing to improve the quality of human resources and the quality of learning. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method, where descriptive research in this case is research that aims to describe the independent learning policy as an effort to improve the quality of education. While the sources taken are from scientific books that have been published with the intention of being used as reference material. The results of this study show that the implementation of the independent learning policy aims to improve the quality of eeducation through the learning policy aims to improve the quality of education through the learning process, commitment from teachers, as well as creativity and support from school principals

“Rumyantsev Readings — 2023”: Diversity of Research Formats and Practices

The Russian State Library hosted the annual International Scientific and Practical Conference “Rumyantsev Readings” on 18—20 April 2023. The event was organized by the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, the Russian State Library and the Library Assembly of Eurasia. This conference has been held for more than 40 years, and it covers the wide range of topics which invariably attracts a large number of specialists from different regions of Russia and other countries. In 2023 it was attended by representatives of Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan. 282 people were present in person; 2,102 connections were recorded during the broadcasting of the sessions.The conference topics covered a wide range of issues on the theory and practice of library science, bibliography science and book science. Among its main directions: the history of libraries, as well as pages of life and activities of people associated with them, disclosure of book depository funds, research of collections and individual copies of manuscript and printed monuments, multifaceted activities of modern libraries. One of the main goals of the conference is to expand intercultural interaction and co-operation between cultural, educational and scientific institutions. Within the framework of the Rumyantsev Readings, the work of the sections, which have been traditional for many years, as well as timed to the dates and events of 2023, was organized. This year, special emphasis was placed on the topics “Enlightening and Educational Mission of Libraries (for the Year of Teacher and Mentor in Russia)” and “The Role of Libraries in Preserving and Developing Intercultural Communication (for the Year of Russian as a Language of Interethnic Communication in the Commonwealth of Independent States)”. In addition to the plenary session, the conference program included 12 sections, round tables and special events. By the beginning of the conference, a collection of its materials was published in three parts, including 160 articles by 174 authors.The Rumyantsev Readings continue to be a popular scientific and practical event among library professionals and representatives of other educational, scientific and cultural institutions, contributing to the development of scientific research, as well as to the development of the library’s research in the field of librarianship.

Analisis Kebijakan Merdeka Belajar

Quality education is education that is able to carry out the process of maturing the quality of students which is developed by freeing students from ignorance and incompetence. With quality education, generations or superior human resources will be born in all aspects of life. Many policies have been carried out by the government to improve the quality of education, such as the independent learning policy. Educational institutions are no less lagging behind in improving the quality of education by continuing to improve the quality of human resources, as well as the quality of learning. The method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive method using the literature study method. The literature used is literature that is relevant to the problems and research objectives, such as books, journal articles, proceedings and research research reports that aim to describe the independent learning policy as an effort to improve the quality of education. While the sources taken are from scientific books that have been published with the intention of being used as reference material. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of the independent learning policy can be carried out through improving the quality of education, the learning process, commitment from teachers, support from school principals, and the educational curriculum.

Weaving fates. Fryderyk Chopin – Viktor Kosenko

Statement of the problem. The relevance of revising the picture of artistic life of the first decades of the 20th century in Ukraine from modern scientific positions does not require additional argumentation. This is equally necessary as for the sound palette of the time, and as for the biographical characteristics of composers creativity, which really are full of lacunas. In the process of a detailed study of Viktor Kosenko’s creativity, various allusions to the lifework of his favorite composer, Fryderyk Chopin, become quite noticeable. Thus the question arises: are we not dealing, alongside the incomprehensible play of fate, with a certain subconscious desire of the Ukrainian composer to “reconstruct” the events of the past? Recent research and publications. A typologically justified comparison of the Ukrainian composer with the Polish genius, in the context of professional activity solely, appears in the work by O. Komenda (2020: 266) devoted to the phenomenon of the creative personality. The publications of the last time include the reconstructions of V. Kosenko’s biography initial period and the descriptions of his preserved personal archival fund, carried out in the process of organizing the corresponding catalog (Mudryk, 2016; Volosatykh, 2021; Ivanova, 2019). M. Tomaszewski’s monograph “Chopin: Man, Creativity, Resonance” (2005) gives interesting materials for comparing the heroes of our study according to various parameters, as well as the illustrated popular science book by A. Brożek and J. Jadacki (2010). Objectives, methods, and novelty of the research. The purpose of the study is to expand established ideas about the life and work of V. Kosenko, to introduce the composer’s creativity into the context of European musical culture, to overcome its sometimes outdated and somewhat primitive perception. In the first time, the thoughts on numerous points of intersection, tangential aspects, “mirror reflections” of creative activity and everyday life of two artists are proposed. Reaching the tasks set the complex interdisciplinary and cultural approaches, the historical and comparative methods were used. Results and conclusions. In general, the drawn parallels and analogies deepen and emphasize the contextual connections of Kosenko’s work, highlight the basic components of its “genetic code”, its continuity with the Western European romantic tradition (as well as sensitivity to the further evolution of the post-romantic situation); at the same time, they demonstrate the deep affinity of the spiritual constants of the Polish and Ukrainian national worlds. Overcoming the distorted outdated perception of V. Kosenko’s creativity and personality, considering them in a pan-European context based on modern scientific approaches are the promising directions for the musicologists’ further work on the reproduction of an up-to-date panorama of the artistic life of Ukraine in the first half of the 20th century as of a full-fledged component of world artistic and cultural processes.

Zakat Sebagai Solusi Kesejahteraan Ekonomi Ummat dalam Konsep Kebijakan Fiskal Islami

Abstract
 This article is about zakat and its function in the concept of fiscal policy in Islam. This article also examines zakat as a solution to improve people's welfare. Islam has taught early on the importance of giving both through zakat and other almsgiving. Helping each other is a concept shared by Islam in social building wrapped in the form of the rich giving a little of their wealth to the underprivileged. In Islamic fiscal policy, the revenue side of the state budget during the time of the Prophet consisted of: Kharaj, Jizyah, zakat and other receipts such as kaffarah (fines). This research was conducted using a qualitative approach with a descriptive type of research based on library research. The technique in collecting data in this study with documentation techniques is to collect various kinds of information, both the information is science, facts and data, with the next stage being to categorize the data that has been collected related to research. The data collected is sourced from scientific documents such as journals, scientific books or searches through the internet or websites. Zakat plays an important role in economic welfare and community development. Government Regulation Number 23 of 2011 sets the goal of zakat management. First, improve the effectiveness and efficiency of services that manage zakat. Good zakat management facilitates OPZ procedures to achieve the central goal of zakat itself. Number two, increasing zakat profits to achieve community welfare and poverty alleviation

Social Inclusion-Based Library Transformation Fostered by The Library and Archives Service of West Java

This research describes how the Library and Archives Service of West Java Province implements the Social Inclusion-Based Library Transformation program starting with preparations, strategies, policies, etc. By using qualitative methods with a case study approach. Researchers obtained primary data in this study through field observations, interviews, and notes on situations, conditions, and processes of the Social Inclusion-Based Library Transformation program. Researchers took secondary data in this study through scientific books, articles, journals, and previous studies. The results showed that the West Java Dispusipda had procedures in place when implementing the Social Inclusion-Based Library Transformation program through preparation, librarian training, program implementation, post-program advocacy, and evaluation. This institution also implements the Social Inclusion-Based Library Transformation program with a synergistic team of several government agencies and private institutions with the authority and capacity to succeed in this program. Constraints and obstacles experienced in running this program are 1. Lack of public understanding of the Social Inclusion-Based Library Transformation program; 2. The village head who does not take sides in the development of village information sources; 3. The community is still oriented towards government assistance.

The Degree To Which The Palestinian Science And Life Curriculum For The Eighth Grade Includes The Dimensions Of Sustainable Development

This research aims to find out the degree to which the Palestinian science and life curriculum for the eighth grade includes the dimensions of sustainable development. The researchers used the analytical descriptive approach in the manner of content analysis, and the researchers adopted the idea and the unit of analysis. The study sample consists of science and life books for the eighth grade within the Palestinian curriculum during the year 2022/2023 AD The two researchers prepared a questionnaire to analyze the content of science and life books for the eighth grade, to identify the extent to which they include the areas of sustainable development, namely: (the social dimension, the environmental dimension, the economic dimension, the health dimension, and the educational dimension.The results were reached that the content of the science and life curriculum for the eighth grade includes the dimensions of sustainable development in varying degrees. The educational dimension got the highest score with a rate of (85.11%), followed by the environmental dimension with a rate of (7.38%), followed by the health dimension with a rate of (3.55%), followed by the social dimension. with a rate of (3.28%), and finally the economic dimension with a rate of (0.68%), and the issue of social justice got the highest score with a rate of (91.67%) in the social dimension, and the issue of fresh water got the highest score with a rate of (33.33%) in the environmental dimension. Renewable energy got the highest score with a rate of (70.00%) in the economic dimension, the issue of diseases and their prevention got the highest score with (65.38%) in the health dimension, and the issue of active participation got the highest score with (52.17%) in the educational dimension.

Teaching Culture of Others through English Literature

The diversity of the culture in the world is a given thing. Billions of people from different countries in the world have produced varieties of civilizations, ways of life, lifestyle, custom, heritage, habits, values, and traditions. It is hypothesized understanding the culture of different people can be valuable to the student’s character building. The comprehension of multicultural can be modality to be more aware of cultural dissimilarities. They can respect any variance of people whose backgrounds, minds, opinion and may behave in ways that are not the same. Besides, the possession of rich knowledge of diverse cultures can bridge them to take interpersonal communication in friendly ways. Nonfiction kinds of literature, science books as well as historical books are not the only sources to study multicultural. Doing literature reading comprehension is another method to open the horizon of the existing variability of culture. The paper presents descriptively the teaching experience of how the students of the University in Tulungagung, Indonesia got to practice learning the culture of people in different areas of the world through extensive reading. The teaching materials cope with the introduction of the theory of literature, how are the cultures told by the author, and why is it important to comprehend literature? How multicultural literacy has inspired the students 'live performance. The teaching goal aims to let the students learn something good or positive about the culture of people of others delivered by the writers of poems, novels, and drama. The broader insights of life experiences, religion, beliefs, and customs of other people can bridge the friendship of ethnicity, race, and social status across the world. Being not a closed mind human beings can appreciate or respect others, avoid underestimating, bullying, any violence, and being the right, the best, and the richest person.

Screens, teens and their brains. Discourses about digital media, learning and cognitive development in popular science neuroeducation

ABSTRACT Contemporary education in Sweden is characterized by two parallel processes: the implementation of digital tools in the classroom, on the one hand, and an increased emphasis on brain-based learning, on the other. Proponents of the latter strand of ‘neuroeducation’ claim that digital media might have harmful effects on learning and cognitive development. How do they then deal with school digitalization? By examining popular science books by influential neuroscience actors in the Swedish educational context, this study identifies two diverging discourses where digital technologies are discussed both as distractions in the classroom and as promising tools for personalized and self-optimizing learning. This ambiguity reflects a cautious criticism against school digitalization as overhastly, a critique that is also emphasized in recent policy changes in the Swedish school system. The article concludes that the impact of brain-based perspectives on educational digitalization policy have positioned neuroscience actors as a new kind of digital experts.

Science, philosophy and literature in the early Spanish Enlightenment: the case of Martin Martinez

ABSTRACT Martín Martínez was born in Madrid in 1684 and died fifty years later in the Spanish capital in 1734. He was one of the introducers of medicine and modern philosophy in the Spain of Philip V (Marañón 1962, 130). He is a focus for many of the aspects that bring together scientific research with literary writing and philosophical reflection. In fact, Martinez systematically considered the usefulness of writing science books in Spanish at the same time as he reflected on the scope of Cartesian or Gassendist philosophy and its relationship with scientific research in the sense that some sixty years earlier Robert Boyle had defined it in his The Sceptical Chymist (1661). He is therefore a model figure for observing the penetration of the Scientific Revolution in Spain in the early years of the eighteenth century.

Stress on the thymus and immune response, a review from psychoimmunoendocrinology

Introduction: Psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology is an integrative science that approaches immunity as a physical-biochemical and psychological problem. The immune response is the mechanism by which the body reacts against foreign substances. Stress is the way the body responds to any kind of demand. One of the structures affected by stress is the thymus gland. Objective: to describe the influence of stress on the thymus and the immune response from a psychoneuroimmunoendocrinological perspective.Methods: A search was carried out in the databases Scopus, PubMed, Medgrphic, Science Direct, Schoolar Google, Scielo, and in updated scientific books and journals. Twenty-six bibliographies were selected, mainly from the last 5 years.Development: The sympathetic nervous system, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the immune system with the thymus as one of its central organs, in integration with its components, are the material basis of the immune response. Psychological stress can alter the immune response by direct innervation of the lymphoid organs. These affectations have dire consequences for homeostasis, materializing in the appearance of diseases and the weakening of the immune response in the periods of human ontogeny.Conclusions: Stress causes lymphocytopenia, decrease of monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, T cells, NK cells and involution of the thymus, which has a negative impact on thymopoiesis, causing immunosenescence and favoring the development of various pathologies. Psychoneuroendocrine-immunological procedures constitute a range of therapeutic-diagnostic options for multiple diseases, from alternative medicine to the use of stem cells for thymus rejuvenation.

Editorial introductions.

Editorial introductions.

Peningkatan Prestasi Belajar Siswa untuk Materi Energi dengan Menggunakan Media “Mention and Get”

Teacher have to determine source of learning correctly so that he or she can manage student activity and the items of materials to be given better. Source of learning is object reference and or materials utilized for the activity of learning such as media printing and electronic, guest teacher, and also physical environment like nature, cultural and social. Relate to the mentioned, on academic year 2022 / 2023 one of the source of learning which is used for Science lesson in al muslim Bekasi is Science book arranged by al muslim Surabaya. There are some constraint faced in study of Science when using this book, for example : the items which many and enough heavily, while number of hours Iesson of Science in al muslim Bekasi only 4 hours in week. Besides, less available time which enough for a lesson teacher to draw up materials or appliances to test-drive in verification activity. Finally, in learning and teaching process the result is not maximal. Activity of review (lesson items) usually make bored student, because review only through oral questions. Therefore, designed a media of game " Mention and Get" used as variation of review activity in science learning, specially for the items of energi. Its result, by using media of game " Mention and Get" student learn evaluation can increase mount 20 %, from 64 % (first condition) becoming 84 % the result of final tes. Besides, from student observation also show the make-up of student motivation, from 70 % at first siclus become 90 % at second siclus and 97 % at third ciclus. While teacher performance aspect show " Good” category which increase from 76 % at first ciclus, becoming 84 % at second ciclus and 92 % at third ciclus. From the result, can be concluded that usage of media of game " Mention and Get" can improve student learn evaluation for the items of Energi, at science Iesson in class III Imam Syafi'i of al muslim elementary school Bekasi.

Seven Ambiguities in Explaining the Human Memory System in the Principles of Neural Science Book.

The human memory system is not yet well identified.Imaging studies are not able to locate the memory storage sites of the brain.Current theories cannot explain the huge amount of memory storage in the brain.Episodic memories of animals should be different with a human episodic memory? The human memory system is very complex, and we still have many questions on that. One of the questions is about the location of episodic memory storage in humans. Is that really happening in the brain? One other question is about studying the episodic memory in animals: do they really have an episodic memory similar to the humans? Prof. Kandel in his very valuable book has explained the memory system; however, many ambiguities are still unsolved. For example, the neuroimaging methods are nearly never able to speak of the site of memory "storage" in the brain, whereas many of their results are used as evidence for identifying the location of memory storage in the brain. Also, the hippocampus is emphasized to be responsible for the storage of episodic memories in animals, whereas a human whore hippocampus is resected is still able to retrieve his memories from before the surgery. As a result, we speculate that, despite all the very precious findings of Prof. Kandel, we still have to work in this field to reveal its mysteries.

KAJIAN ILMU MA’ANI KAIDAH INSYA’ THALABI AMR DALAM QS. AL-‘ALAQ AYAT 1

This paper discusses the study of one of t he branches of balaghah science, namely ma'ani science which examines the first verse of Al-'Alaq, where the focus of the study of this paper uses the rules of ma'ani science, namely the rules of kalam insha' thalabi amr. The purpose of writing this paper is to provide knowledge to the reader about the insya' thalabi amr sentence, which has the meaning of news that requires the occurrence of something in the form of a command word which has a position as a rule of ma'ani science. Besides that, the discussion of this rule has various kinds based on something that has been determined through certain studies. Collecting data in this writing using literature study. The method used in this paper uses qualitative methods by taking literary sources such as balaghah science books, ulumul qur'an, related journals, interpretation of the Qur'an and so on using a descriptive analysis approach. The result of this writing is that in the letter Al-'Alaq verse 1 contains the rule insha' thalabi amr which in the content of the verse contains a command to read. Where the meaning of the order of reading is not narrowly but broadly

ANALISIS PENJUALAN ALAT-ALAT KB SECARA BEBAS MENURUT FIQIH MUAMALAH (Studi Kasus Apotek Di Kota Batusangkar)

The problem in this research is that if you look at the pharmacies around Batusangkar City, The contraception is traded freely without special supervision and is very much abused by the community which will result in harm to the community, many young people are currently having husband and wife relations without any marriage bond, this is caused by the existence of supporting facilities which are very easy to obtain and are sold freely. In this case, the question arises how the contraception can be bought and sold freely without special supervision and what is the view of Fiqh Muamalah on the buying and selling of the contraception like this. The type of research used is field research with a qualitative descriptive approach. The data sources in this study are primary data sources and secondary data sources, in which the primary data sources are Pharmacy Employees, consumers who have made buying and selling transactions for family planning equipment and the Investment and One-Stop Services Office of Tanah Datar Regency. Meanwhile, secondary data sources are obtained by conducting literature studies such as scientific books, research results, and journals on laws and BKKBN Regulations of the Republic of Indonesia. Data collection techniques used in this study were interviews and documentation. Data analysis techniques, namely the stages of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The type of triangulation that the authors use in this study is source triangulation. The results of the study can be concluded that the system for selling family planning devices in Batusangkar City is carried out freely without any special terms and conditions from the Pharmacy, this is not in accordance with positive law in Indonesia contained in the BKKBN Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 9 of 2019 According to Fiqh Muamalah, the sale of family planning devices at the Batusangkar City Pharmacy is permissible as long as they meet the terms of sale and purchase, the pillars of sale and purchase and their use, but if the family planning devices are used for immorality or committing adultery then this transaction is prohibited or forbidden.

Analysis of ‘’Blue Economy’’ Contents in Junior High School Social Science Book

The utilization of marine and coastal natural resources is becoming increasingly important to support economic growth in Indonesia, one of which is the blue economy. The blue economy does not only need to be known by the general public, especially fishermen, but can be learned early on by junior high school students. In addition, the blue economy is important for students to learn because it has the benefit of increasing environmental awareness and global issues. This study aims to describe the results of the analysis of blue economy content in social science book for grade 7. The method used in this study is literature review. The results of the study show that in grade 7 textbooks, there is content on the potential for natural resources of fishing communities. However, there has been no in-depth discussion of this blue economy, so that another supporting book is needed in fulfilling this material.

Analysis of Textbook “Ilmu Saraf Untuk Pemula” Third Edition Writen by Abu Razin and Ummu Razin (Development Textbook Principles)

This article aimed to analyze the book "Sarf science for beginners third edition by Abu Razin and Ummu Razin" based on the theory of development textbook principles and to find out the strengths and weaknesses of textbook. This research was qualitative method, it is literature research with descriptive analysis method. According to the results of this research, the Sharaf Science book for beginners has been revised and developed twice, based on suggestions and recommendations from teachers and students. The sociocultural principle is a weakness in this textbook because the author paid little attention to this principle, especially in giving examples in the discussion of sarf which aims to understand the Qur'an. Supposedly, giving examples in this book should also represent the themes of Arab culture. There is no appropriate use for this book for learners who is younger than 15 years old since it doesn't address the psychological state of these learners. The principles of psychology, pedagogy, and language are the strengths of this book. There are several striking strengths of this book, including how the author facilitates the ability of students to learn independently, and how teachers are given several videos for free about the explanation and teaching of the book, directly practiced by the author. This textbook still has few typos and a lot of blank spaces on some pages, and it does not explain in detail, for example in the discussion of fi'il mu'tal, the origin of the word and the history of its changes, although the author has provided a video of the learning process on YouTube. How good it would be if the explanation was later included in the book.

Manhaj Wasatiyyah dalam Membangunkan Perpaduan Nasional Negara Menurut Neraca Ahli Sunnah Wal Jamaah

Malaysia is a country that is based on a plural society with the differences of races and religions followers. Islam and the Malays are pillars of the country based on provisions in the Constitution through Article 3 (1) that Islam is the Federal religion. The Islam that is intended in the Constitution is based on the Ahli Sunnah Wal Jamaah method. The challenge of the country's national unity is when the reality in Malaysia practices an integration system where the minority maintain their cultural identity while living with the majority or dominant race, namely the Malays and Muslims. The objective of the study is to analyze the Wasatiyyah method in developing the national unity of the country according to the Ahli Sunnah Wal Jamaah method. The methodology used in this study is a qualitative method through library research by referring to theses, journals, newspapers and also scientific books that are related to the research topic. Based on the analysis carried out, the author found that manhaj wasatiyyah is the best approach in creating harmony among Malaysians of various races and religions to develop the country's national unity. This Wasatiyyah method coincides with the Ahli Sunnah Wal Jamaah method to ensure that Islam and the Malays become pillars of this unity based on the historical reality and identity of Malaysia.