Bone Waste Research Articles

Performance of Food Quality and Sensory Properties of Stick with Fortification of Fish Bone Flour Tuna and Kale Leaf Extract as Natural Food Coloran

Sticks are pastries that are generally made from wheat flour, tapioca and other starch sources with a high carbohydrate content, but low in nutrition so they need to be added or fortified with other nutrients such as sources of fat, protein, vitamins or minerals. Utilization of tuna bone waste can be an alternative as a fortificant in making sticks. In addition, fish bones also contain high protein and calcium. The use of kale leaf extract is also an alternative as a natural dye. This study aims to evaluate the increase in the nutritional value and preference of panelists for stick products fortified with tuna fish bone meal and kale leaf extract as natural dyes with a certain dose. The results of the chemical test showed that the stick product at P3 had the highest protein and calcium content compared to other treatments (P0, P1, P2) with a value of 6.61+0.11% protein content and 4.133+0.01 mg/100g calcium content. However, the water content and crispness of the product decreased, the water content of P3 was the lowest compared to other treatments (P1, P2 and P3) with a value of 0.945+0.12% while the highest hardness (using a penetrometer) was obtained at P3 of 6.17+0.11 mm/ 100g/10s compared to just 1.50+0.12mm/100g/10s on the P1. The results of the sensory test, the overall preference of the panelists, the aroma and color of the stick product, P2 (sticks fortified with 20% tuna bone meal and 15% natural dye of kale leaf extract) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the P0 treatment. , P1, P3. The highest value of P2 was 43% for dryness, 40% for aroma, and 57% for color. However, organoleptic assessment of taste and texture, P0 (sticks without fortification of fish bone meal and kale leaf extract) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than treatments P1, P2, P3 but between treatments had no significant effect (P>0 ,05). The highest score of P0 is 40% for taste and 43% for texture. The more addition of fish bone meal and kale leaf extract, the protein and calcium content of the sticks increased, but the water content and crispness of the sticks decreased. For this reason, it is recommended that in producing sticks that are added with tuna fish bone meal and natural dye, kale leaf extract should use the best composition, which is sticks with the addition of 20% tuna fish bones and 15% kale leaf extract.

THE EFFECT OF SUBJECTIVE ANALYSIS ON THE QUALITY OF RED SNAPPER BONE MEAL (LUTJANUS SP)

Fishbones are fishery waste that can be processed and utilized into economic value products, namely fishbone meals. One fish whose bones can be used as a fishbone meal is the red snapper (Lutjanus sp). As the primary raw material for making fishbone meals, the bones of red snapper (Lutjanus sp) are rich in calcium mineral salts such as calcium phosphate and phosphorus. Calcium is a mineral that is needed by the human body. Calcium is perfect for babies, children, pregnant women, and the elderly. Calcium deficiency can cause osteoporosis. This study aims to utilize fish bone waste to have economic value and provide information to the public about fishbone meals rich in calcium minerals. This study used an experimental method with two replications. The results showed an increase in the color, texture, and odor of bone meal of red snapper (Lutjanus sp). While the Diversity Analysis (ANOVA) test showed no significant effect on each parameter

Eco-friendly stabilization of highway lateritic soil with cow bone powder admixed lime and plastic granules reinforcement

Modernization, industrialization and rapid changes in the modern lifestyle have resulted in massive waste materials in the environment. Scientists are continuously evolving innovative ways for efficient reuse/recycling and the safe disposal of waste materials. This study explores potential waste materials reuse in additive stabilization of a fair to poor highway lateritic soil (clay with low plasticity/silty clay) as a sub-base material and the impact of such additives in reducing the lime content during soil stabilization treatment. Soil samples obtained from road construction burrow pit in Ado-Ekiti, south-west, Nigeria were classified as CL group (clay with low plasticity), according to the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) and A-6 material (silty clay) which is fairly poor highway material. Hydrated lime, Cow bone and plastic wastes were also locally sourced. Geotechnical tests (Compaction, Unconfined Compressive Strength test, direct shear and consolidation test) were carried out on the control and stabilized samples according to BS 1990. The results of the Unconfined Compressive Strength tests revealed that the 90 % lateritic soil +10 % lime and a combination of 6 % lime +7 % cow bone powder +1 % plastic waste (6 % L +7 % CBP + 1.0 %PP) mixes produced the best result for the lime stabilized and waste-lime stabilized soil samples, respectively. The direct shear tests, indicated a reduction in the soil’s cohesion (c) from 38 kN/m 2 to 28 kN/m 2 and an improvement in the angle of internal friction ( ϕ ) from 29º to 45º for the optimum waste-lime mix. 10 % lime (L 10 ) sample recorded comparatively lower c and ϕ values of 33 kN/m 2 and 41º, respectively. The mix (6 % L +7 % CBP + 1.0 % PP) had improved the unsoaked and soaked CBR of 61.7 % and 37.6 %, respectively compared to the lime stabilized soil which recorded lower values of 57.8 % and 31.3 %, respectively. The permeability of the soil was reduced from 3.22e-03 cm/s to 9.12e-04 cm/s on the application of 10 % lime however the waste-lime optimal mix produced a lower value of 5.26e-04 cm/s. The results of the consolidation tests also revealed that the 6 % L +7 % CBP +1.0 % PP sample had a lower coefficient of volume compressibility (Mv) of 1.065e-04 m 2 /kN than the untreated samples which is 1.365e-04 m 2 /kN implying the stabilized mix is less susceptible to compressibility than the untreated samples. The durability results revealed that the sample recorded a strength of 201.7 kPa after being subjected to 3 wet-dry (w-d) cycles for 6 % L +7 % CBP +1.0 % PP sample, while the 10 % lime stabilized soil was found to have a strength of 148.5 kPa strength. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the 6 % L +7 % CBP +1.0 % PP mix performed better than the 10 % lime stabilized mix with the waste materials substituting for 4 % of the lime and producing better results in terms of suitability as a highway sub-base material. • The partial replacement of lime improved weak highway lateritic soils. • Waste materials (cow bone powder and plastic granules) were suitably reused. • Near-zero emissions processing of stabilization additives was achieved. • Cleaner and energy-saving methods were employed for the disposal of waste. • Reduced weather sensitivity and compressibility were achieved for the soil mixture.

Biogenic Hydroxyapatite Obtained from Bone Wastes Using CO2-Assisted Pyrolysis and Its Interaction with Glyphosate: A Computational and Experimental Study.

In this work, biogenic hydroxyapatite (BHap) obtained from cattle bone waste is proposed as an adsorbent of this dangerous pollutant. Density functional theory (DFT) and calorimetric studies were developed to study the interaction between BHap and glyphosate (GLY). A strong interaction was found in the experiments through the measurement of immersion enthalpy, confirmed by the exothermic chemisorption obtained with DFT calculations. These results suggest that hydroxyapatite is a promising adsorbent material for GLY adsorption in aqueous solutions. In addition, it was determined that the GLY–hydroxyapatite interaction is greater than the water–hydroxyapatite interaction, which favors the GLY adsorption into this material.

UJI KUALITAS KITOSAN DARI LIMBAH TULANG SOTONG DENGAN VARIASI SUHU DEASETILASI

Research has been carried out on testing the quality of characteristics chitosan from cuttlefish bone waste with variations in deacetylation temperature. The purpose of this study is to identify the potential of cuttlefish bone as a raw material for producing chitosan and the effect of variations in deacetylation temperature on the quality of the chitosan. The tests of water content, ash content and chitosan solubility values. Solubility test showed that the three samples were soluble in 2% acetic acid. The results of the water content test with variations in deacetylation temperatures of 110 0C, 120 0C, 130 0C were 0.3467%, 0.1063% and 0.0135%, respectively. The ash content of chitosan is 0.2627%, 0.0125% and 0.0060%. The results of testing water and ash content showed a decrease in the value linear within increasing temperature.

Diversification of Processing of Cock Fish Bone Chips (Channa striata) with Different Compositions

Processed fishery products produce unwanted materials, namely waste. Waste is generated in the form of heads, tails, fins, bones, and offal. Bone is one form of waste generated from the fish processing industry which has the highest calcium content in the fish body. Snakehead fish bone waste (Channa striata) is one of the potential food ingredients that is widely used in South Sumatra, especially in the city of Palembang as a raw material for processed Palembang specialties. Diversification of processed fishery products needs to be developed. In this study, the authors innovate processed products made from cork fish bones to increase the nutritional value of the community through protein and fish calcium in the form of processed products of cork fish bones chips. This research was conducted from April to June 2021. This study aims to determine the effect of using the addition of cork fish bones in the manufacture of fishbone chips with different compositions and to obtain the best chip products from the use of s cork fish bones. The method used was an experiment using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with 4 levels of treatment P0:0% (Without the addition of cork fish bones and 300 g of Wheat Flour) P1:20% (60 g Addition of cork fish bone and 240 g of Wheat Flour). ) P2: 25% (75 g cork fish bone and 225 g Wheat Flour), P3: 35% (105 g cork fish bone and 195 g Wheat Flour). The parameters measured in this study were organoleptic tests (appearance, aroma, taste, and texture) and proximate tests (moisture content, protein content, fat content, ash content, and carbohydrate content). The results showed that the best treatment on the P3 chips treatment: 35% (105 g Addition of Cork Fish Bone and 195 g Wheat Flour) including the best organoleptic average values obtained in color (58.0) Aroma (60) Taste (52.5), and Texture (59.5). Chips P3: 35% (Addition of Cork Fish Bone 105g and Wheat Flour 195g) including proximate test, average water content is 3.09%, protein content is 18.68%, fat content is 28.81%, ash content is 6.30 %, and carbohydrate content is 43.12%.

Extraction of catfish bone waste (pangasius hypophtalmus) by utilizing an organic liquid of pineapple peel waste (ananas comosus) into gelatin

This study aims to determine how to extract the gelatin from catfish bones by using pineapple peel waste as a soaking material in the pre-treatment stage and examining the physicochemical properties of the gelatin produced. Kampung Patin in Kampar Regency, Riau Province, is one of the catfish cultivations in Indonesia. It is a center for producing catfish that produces fish bone waste. In this study, gelatin extraction will be undertaken in several stages: the preparation of pineapple waste liquid extract and gelatin extraction (pre-treatment and main extraction stages). Catfish bones will be soaked in 1:5 (m/v) pineapple waste liquid at the pre-treatment stage for 24 hours. While in the central extraction, ossein will be immersed in water at a temperature of 750C for 5 hours. The analysis results for physicochemical characteristics of gelatin obtained include yield of 2.55, pH of 4.58, water content; 11.66%, ash content; 17.71%, crude fat content; 0.17%, protein content; 64.71%. It can be inferred that it meets the established gelatin quality standards from various physicochemical characteristics of gelatin in this study.

Nano-calcium Powder Properties from Six Commercial Fish Bone Waste in Indonesia

Low daily calcium intake in Asia, especially in Indonesia, is still a serious problem. The abundant fish bone waste from the fishery fillet industries in Indonesia, can be employed as an alternative source of calcium to meet daily calcium needs. This research aimed to determine which of the six fish species (tilapia, catfish, grouper, snapper, tuna, kingfish mackerel) produces the best quality and the most cost-effective nano-calcium powder for a recommendation to the stakeholders. The calcium was extracted using an alkali treatment. The properties of the produced nano-calcium powders were analyzed for: proximate composition, calcium and phosphorus levels, color brightness level, XRD, FTIR, particle size, and SEM-EDX image analysis. The tilapia bone had the finest particle size of calcium (87.37 nm), while the grouper bone had the biggest particle size (281.4 nm). The brightness of all yields varied from 83.83 (beige-kingfish mackerel) to 90.64 (white-tilapia). The average calcium content from EDX analysis varied from 21.51% (snapper) to 34.37% (grouper). The average phosphorus levels ranged from 10.73% (kingfish mackerel) to 15.99% (grouper). The EDX Ca/P molar ratio was 1.41-1.66 across all samples. The FTIR spectra showed that all samples contained PO, CH, CO, NH, and OH groups. The XRD spectra pattern determined that the two main components of the fish bone nano-calcium powder were 90% hydroxyapatite and halite. All fish bone samples have the potential to be used as raw material for nano-sized calcium. However, grouper bone with the highest calcium content and the highest nano-calcium yield was the best choice for further study.

Valorization of fish bone waste as novel bioflocculant for rapid microalgae harvesting: Experimental evaluation and modelling using back propagation artificial neural network

Harvesting of microalgae biomass is identified as one of the bottlenecks in microalgae biofuel industry due to expensive and energy-intensive dewatering technologies. Alternatively, flocculation process using bioflocculants have given much attention in recent years as green substitutes over chemical flocculants. In this study, bioflocculant was extracted from waste fish bone using mild acid to harvest the freshwater microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris. The optimum flocculation occurred at pH of 9.8 and 50 °C using fish bone bioflocculant which led to flocculation efficiency of 97.65%. To predict complex processes such as microalgae flocculation, artificial neural network (ANN) was employed. Bayesian regularization model with a topology of 2-10-1 showed high correlation coefficients, R2 of more than 0.98, which indicated that the model was significant and robust in identification of the optimum conditions. Characterizations of fish bone bioflocculant and biofloc confirmed the involvement of potassium and other cations as well as carbohydrate and protein substances to flocculate C. vulgaris cells, employing sweeping and charge neutralization as key mechanisms. This finding proposed a valuable reference for practical and rapid harvesting of microalgae using low-cost bioflocculant and the ANN algorithm can be applied in microalgae processing industries for making crucial assessments regarding the process operating conditions.

Environmental protection with sustainable products from fish bone waste

AbstractUnhappily linear fish industries use only the flesh of fish products and disregard the promising value of fishery by‐products. Fish bone (FB) is a by‐product with circular industrial characteristics which is rich in nutrients for plants and animals and promising to protect the environment. The aim of this work is to produce fertilizers and feeds from FB waste generated from fish industry. As FB poses harm to the environment and affects the sustainability of fish manufacturing therefore making such products would clean the environment. There is a gap in the current knowledge about the promising value and processing of FB, specifically awareness among people, media, and industry. Literatures, projects, patents, and case studies gave us a solid evidence to maximize the use of FB into sustainable products. Although the limited knowledge in this area but this review aimed to provide recent projects and available literature on the characteristics and pre‐treatment of FB to produce fertilizers and feeds. To be successful dealing with FB production will need to process FB to make the nutrients available for plants and animals and combine safety, new technology and marketing when starting such projects.

Two‐step electrodeposition of Hausmannite sulphur reduced graphene oxide and cobalt‐nickel layered double hydroxide heterostructure for high‐performance supercapacitor

Hausmannite/sulphur reduced graphene oxide (MO/RGO-S) and cobalt-nickel layered double hydroxide (CN) composite was synthesized through a two-step electrodeposition approach. This process began with galvanostatic electrodeposition of MO/RGO-Son a nickel foam, followed by cyclic voltammetry electrodeposition of CN. The inclusion of RGO-S increases the electrical conductivity of the active material (AM) and its wettability while Mn3O4 (MO) enhances the pseudocapacitive active sites which help to increase the specific capacity of CN. The materials' electrochemical evaluations were carried out via three- and two-electrode configurations using 2 M KOH electrolyte. An enhanced composite material (MO/RGO-S-50@CN) produced a phenomenal specific capacity of 582.1 mA h g−1 in a three-electrode configuration at 0.5 A g−1. The device (MO/RGO-S-50@CN//CCBW) consisting of MO/RGO-S-50@CN and activated carbon from cooked chicken bone waste (CCBW) as positive and negative electrodes, respectively delivered specific energy of 56.0 Wh kg−1 with a specific power of 515.0 W kg−1 at a specific current of 0.5 A g−1. The device produced capacity retention of 85.1% and coulombic efficiency of 99.7% at 10 000 galvanostatic charge-discharges cycles at 6 A g−1. Because of these excellent results, the fabricated materials demonstrated great potential for application as a high specific energy supercapacitor.

A Chemical Analysis of Red Snapper Bone (Lutjanus Sp) Flour

Background: One way to use this red snapper bone waste is through the process of making red snapper bone meals. This fishbone meal in addition to being used as a mixture of animal feed is also used as a supplement to prevent bone loss in humans.
 Aim: This study aims to utilize red snapper bone waste in fish bone meal and provide information to the community and the fisheries industry about processing fish bones to have economic value.
 Method: The method used is an experiment that was performed on red snapper bonefish.
 Findings: The average water content of fishbone meal is 7.88%% because during the drying process of fish bones a lot of water disappears so that at the time of stenciling and in laboratory tests bone meal has low water content, high ash content is caused by immersion with orange water to remove fat and denature the protein. The water content obtained is low 7.88% so it is safe for long storage and the ash content obtained shows the amount of mineral content in the bone meal so it is very good for consumption.

Pembuatan Gelatin dari Tulang Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus) Menggunakan Metode Asam untuk Pengental Sirup Nanas

Imports of gelatin in Indonesia have increased according to demand. Gelatin is a protein derivative from collagen fibers derived from bone extraction. Gelatin contains protein, water and minerals. Gelatin is used to thicken, concentrate, and stabilize fluids such as water, acetic acid, and alcohol. The raw material used in the study was tilapia bone due to the lack of utilization of tilapia bone waste treatment. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of sulfuric acid concentration on gelatin yield and to apply gelatin as a thickener for pineapple syrup. The methods are degreasing, extraction, and application of pineapple syrup. Variations in the concentration of H2SO4 were 1%, 3%, 5%, and variations in immersion time were 10 hours, 24 hours, and 36 hours. The analysis carried out on tilapia bone gelatin consisted of yield, acidity (pH) and viscosity. The best yield was produced using 1% H2SO4 and 10 hours immersion, which was 13.77%. The largest pH was produced at 2.47 with the use of 5% H2SO4 and immersion for 24 hours, and the largest viscosity was produced at 7.66 cP with the use of 5% H2SO4 and immersion for 36 hours.

Application of natural hydroxyapatite in the treatment of polluted water: Utilization of dromedary bone as bioadsorbent

AbstractIn this study, the dromedary bone waste was valorized by the obtainment of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and its application to remove crystal violet (CV) dye from aqueous solution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF), particle size laser analysis, and the point of zero charge pH value (pHpzc) were realized to characterize the natural adsorbent. The capacity of HAp to adsorb CV was measured at different contact times, pH values, and initial dye concentrations. The results showed that the model that better described the experimental data of adsorption kinetics was the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model (PSO). Freundlich model well fitted the sorption isotherms. A maximum sorption capacity of 266.66 mg/g of CV dye on natural HAp was obtained. Hence, dromedary bone treated might be valorized as a natural adsorbent for water treatment with low environmental risks.

Performance Evaluation of Ternary Blends of Pulverized Cow Bone Ash and Waste Glass Powder on the Strength Properties of Concrete

The amounts of agricultural waste in cow bone and industrial waste glass in Nigeria have been expanding significantly, thereby increasing the danger to general wellbeing particularly in urban communities. This research examined the suitability of ternary blends of pulverized cow bone ash and waste glass powder (PCBAWGP) equally combined and partially replaced Portland cement in 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 % percentages in concrete production. Physical and chemical properties were done on the concrete constituent materials. Compressive and tensile strengths of the hardened concrete of grade M20, mix proportion 1:2.17:3.4 were tested after 7, 14, 28, 60 and 90 days. The result of the physical properties uncovered that PCBAWGP had 2.70, 2.05 % and 1364 kg/m3 for specific gravity, moisture content and bulk density, respectively. From the consequences of the compressive strength, it showed that as the curing age of the concrete increases, the compressive strength expanded, the compressive strength outcomes at 10 % PCBAWGP partially replaced concrete is 15.55, 24.15, 19.85, 27.60 and 37.98 N/mm2 individually at 7, 14, 28, 60 and 90 days. At 90 days curing age, the tensile strength results for the control mix and 20 % PCBAWGP replacement was 2.72 and 1.88 N/mm2, respectively. The concrete strengths improved with concrete age and this was statistically affirmed utilizing ANOVA. This investigation showed that utilizing PCBAWGP in concrete is sustainable thereby reducing the dumped wastes and lessen CO2 outflows into the atmosphere by diminishing the extent of Portland cement in unit volume of cement produced.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 The compressive strength of concrete reduces as % pulverized cow bone ash and waste glass powder PCBAWGP increases. The compressive strength generally increases with increase in age of curing. The minimum and maximum compressive strength of concrete at 10 and 40 % PCBAWGP content for 1:2.17:3.4 concrete mix ratio at 28- and 90-days curing age are 19.85, 37.98 N/mm2 and 15.68, 22.31 N/mm2, respectively
 The minimum and maximum tensile strength of concrete at 10 and 40 % PCBAWGP at 28- and 90-days curing age are 1.71, 2.19 N/mm2 and 0.70, 1.55 N/mm, respectively
 The result of the water absorption tests at 28 days and 90 days showed that concrete samples containing PCBAWGP built up a superior protection from harm by freezing as their outcomes were less than 7 % recommendation
 Concrete containing PCBAWGP contents up to 20 % as partial replacement for cement, fulfills the strength required for normal concrete
 From the production comparative cost analysis, concrete with PCBAWGP content, as partial substitution for cement, is cheaper than conventional concrete of equivalent strength
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Waste chicken bone-derived porous carbon materials as high performance electrode for supercapacitor applications

Cooked chicken bone waste (CCBW) has been traditionally used as the source of food for some animals like dogs in developing countries, all the same, it has never been reported as an energy storage material. In this study, CCBW has been successfully converted into carbon materials (activated carbon) through a simple and cost-effective activation process for supercapacitor applications. The influence of potassium hydroxide (KOH) as an activating agent/CCBW ratio was established by different characterization techniques and electrochemical investigation. The synthesized activated carbon with the optimal KOH to CCBW presented a high specific capacitance with the specific surface area of 2235.8 m2/g. The fabricated symmetric device presented a maximum specific energy and power of 17.1 Wh kg−1 and 425 W kg−1 at 0.5 A g−1. Besides, at high specific current of 10 A g−1 the device was able to maintain a specific energy and power of 11.3 Wh kg−1 and 8500 W kg−1, respectively. The device established a remarkable columbic efficiency of 99.8% and capacitance retention of 90.1% after 20,000 cycling at 5 A g−1. An outstanding improvement in specific capacitance from 127.6 F g−1 to 329.41 F g−1 after the device was subjected to floating time of 300 h was noted, with corresponding specific energy and power of 33.1 Wh kg−1 and 4250 W kg−1 at 5 A g−1. The results attained offers a possible process of transforming low-cost distinguished biomass source into highly porous nanostructured constituents for energy-storage applications.

Eco-friendly Edible Film from Chicken Bone Waste and Tapioca Starch

The manufacture of edible film from chicken bone gelatin incorporated with starch is essential for Indonesia, where most Muslims are. This is related to Shari’a law which requires Muslims to consume only halal food. Gelatin made from chicken bones is guaranteed to be halal. This study aimed to determine the process of extracting chicken bone waste with acid solvents, making the edible film, and the characterization of chicken bone edible film. This research started with extracting gelatin from chicken bone waste. The 5 g of extracted chicken bones were mixed with 40% w/v glycerol, starch (0, 5, 10, 15% w/v), and distilled water, then heated at 50°C. The mixture was printed in a petri dish (15 cm in diameter) and dried for 24 hours. The edible films were evaluated for physicochemical and mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, elongation, thickness, water resistance, WVTR, and degradation test. Edible film characterization used FTIR, SEM, XRD, and TGA. The optimum condition of the extraction procedure was obtained by using 5% HCl, which produces 8.22172% yield of gelatin with pH of 6.0, water content of 8%, and ash content of 0.945%. In the thickness test, the more significant the starch concentration added, the greater the thickness of the edible film produced. The edible film exhibited a decrease in tensile strength and an increase in elongation along with increasing starch concentration. The results of the WVTR test were only starch concentrations of 0 and 15% that meet the standards, while all concentrations in the water resistance did. The results of FTIR chicken bones with variations in starch and the addition of glycerol as a plasticizer have functional groups N-H, O-H, C-O, C=O, C-H, C-N. Edible films without the addition of starch were utterly degraded within 30 days.

The Application of Goat Bone Waste Activated Charcoal As Manganese Heavy Metal Absorbent in Borehole Water

Abstract: Bone is a waste from livestock that contains both organic and inorganic components. It consists of 69% organic compounds used as raw materials for activated charcoal manufacturing. The research aimed to process goat bone waste into activated charcoal products to absorb manganese-heavy metals in borehole water. This research was conducted through carbonization, activation, and characterization. The goat bone waste was carbonized and heated at 700oC for 1 hour, followed by activation. The absorption of manganese-heavy metal was determined by variating the weight of goat bone activated charcoal in 5 g, 10 g, 15 g with a contact time of 15 and 30 minutes. The goat bone waste charcoal obtained was characterized by proximate test, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results showed that goat bone activated charcoal has a water content value of 2%, ash content of 7%, volatile matter of 10%, fixed carbon 87%, and iodine absorption of 968 mg/g. These values still meet the requirement specified in SNI 06-3730-1995 and SNI 06-4253-1996. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis produced functions groups of C–H, C=C, C=H, CºC, N-H dan O–H. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) test results found an active charcoal pore diameter of 5,200 mm x 12,952 mm. The efficiency of manganese heavy metals absorption in borehole water ranges from 99.707% - 99.821%.Abstrak: Tulang merupakan limbah hasil peternakan yang pemanfaatannya belum maksimal. Tulang tersusun dari senyawa organik sebesar 69% yang dapat dijadikan bahan baku pembuatan arang aktif. Penelitian bertujuan mengolah limbah tulang kambing menjadi produk arang aktif yang mampu menyerap logam berat mangan pada air sumur bor. Metode penelitian meliputi tahap karbonisasi tulang, tahap aktivasi arang pada suhu 700 oC selama 1 jam, tahap penyerapan logam berat mangan mengunakan variasi berat arang aktif tulang kambing 5 g, 10 g, 15 g dengan waktu kontak 15 dan 30 menit dan tahap analisis meliputi uji proksimat, uji gugus fungsi dan uji morfologi. Hasil uji proksimat menunjukkan nilai kadar air 2%, kadar abu 7%, volatile matter 10%, fixed karbon 87 %, daya serap yodium 968 mg/g masih memenuhi SNI 06-3730- 1995 dan SNI 06-4253-1996. Uji FTIR menghasilkan gugus fungsi C–H, C=C, C=H, CºC, N-H dan O–H. Pengujian SEM menghasilkan diameter pori arang aktif sebesar 5,200 mm x 12,952 mm. Efesiensi penyerapan logam berat mangan pada air sumur bor berkisar pada 99,707% - 99,821%.

Machine Design Approach to Bone Waste Utilization in Slaughterhouses of Developing Countries with Focus on Nigeria

The conversion of bone waste obtained from meat processing in slaughterhouses is of great significance across the world, with rising concerns about its utilization in developing countries. In Nigeria, for instance, there are fewer successful strategies to transform bone waste into high-value products. While most research papers have concentrated on revealing the environmental, aesthetic, and catastrophic health problems associated with the current slaughterhouse waste disposal in developing countries, this paper presents an engineering approach to managing slaughterhouse solid wastes that majorly consist of bones and horns. A medium-size bone milling machine was designed and fabricated with well-detailed design principles to make it reproducible in any industrial capacity. 3D modeling and simulation were employed to evaluate the machine design and performance. Static simulations performed show that the machine can withstand values of 219.313 kPa, 12.7 exp 7 MPa and 2182.5 Nm for the shaft bending moment, hammer pressure, and output torque, respectively. The machine is 98% efficient on performance evaluation, milling 250 kg of treated sun-dried cow bones in an average time of 10 min 2 sec. This paper also recommends workable means for the installation and utilization of the bone milling machine in slaughterhouses across Nigeria.

Preparation and characterization of activated carbon derived from the bovine bone doped urea as an electrode material

Activated carbon was prepared as an electrode by utilizing available bovine bone waste. This material is an alternative to graphene, which still has a high price value. The aims of this study were to characterize and analyze the effect of urea on the manufacture of activated carbon as an electrode, and to analyze the performance of ultracapacitors from modified electrodes combined with several electrolytes. Urea is formulated because it has a nitrogen group in the activated carbon synthesis process. Treatment of bovine bone carbon started from size reduction and carbonization, activation with KOH. While the carbon modification process added urea (1:1, 1:2, 1:3) and continued with washing and neutralization. Activated carbon powder has hydroxyapatite, CaO, and CaOH, which maintains its macroscopic structure during combustion. On the carbon surface there are active groups such as hydroxyl, amine derivatives, phosphates. Carbon with a large surface area has nanometer-sized porosity and pore volume so that it can be used to provide space for energy storage. The results showed that the carbon added with urea (1:2) had the best characterization. The performance of the ultracapacitor was measured by its capacitance of 292 F/g and 0.1 A/g in the organic electrolyte liquid TEABF4.