Bone-specific Physical Activity Questionnaire Research Articles

Bone-specific physical activity questionnaire-derived skeletal loading score predicts bone geometry, density, and strength indices: a cross-sectional study.

The bone-specific physical activity questionnaire (BPAQ) provides a bone-relevant index of physical activity participation according to the mechanical loads experienced across the life span. We aimed to examine relationships between historical bone-relevant physical activity and pQCT-derived parameters of bone strength. We recruited 532 healthy volunteers (277 males, 255 females) across a broad age range (4-97years). Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (XCT-3000, Stratec, Germany) was used to examine volumetric bone density, area, and strength indices of the non-dominant tibia and radius. Exercise loading history from birth was determined using the past BPAQ (pBPAQ) score. Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine relationships between pBPAQ scores and pQCT parameters. Independent of sex, pBPAQ scores were associated with total density at the 38% and 66% tibial sites and the 66% radial site (r = 0.145-0.261, p ˂ 0.05), total area at the 38% tibial site and 4% and 66% radial sites (r = 0.129-0.156, p ˂ 0.05), and strength indices at all measured sites (r = 0.123-0.234, p < 0.05). We conclude that, independent of sex, historical bone-relevant physical activity is associated with pQCT-derived indices of bone strength, indicating that pBPAQ captures the characteristics of bone loading history that are likely to be relevant adaptive stimuli.A larger sample is required to examine the influence of age on this relationship.

Low Bone Mineral Density and Associated Risk Factors in Elite Cyclists at Different Stages of a Professional Cycling Career.

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of low bone mineral density (BMD) in male and female elite cyclists at different stages of a professional cycling career and to identify potential risk factors of low BMD. In this cross-sectional study, 93 male and female early career, advanced career, and postcareer elite cyclists completed dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at the hip, femoral neck, lumbar spine, and total body; blood sampling; assessment of training history and injuries; and the bone-specific physical activity questionnaire. Backward stepwise multiple regression analyses were conducted to explore associations between BMD and its potential predictors in early and advanced career (i.e., active career) cyclists. With a mean Z -score of -0.3 ± 0.8, -1.5 ± 1.0, and -1.0 ± 0.9, low BMD ( Z -score < -1) at the lumbar spine was present in 27%, 64%, and 50% of the early, advanced, and postcareer elite male cyclists, respectively. Lumbar spine Z -scores of -0.9 ± 1.0, -1.0 ± 1.0, and 0.2 ± 1.4 in early, advanced, and postcareer elite female cyclists, respectively, indicated low BMD in 45%, 45%, and 20% of these female subpopulations. Regression analyses identified body mass index, fracture incidence, bone-specific physical activity, and triiodothyronine as the main factors associated with BMD. Low BMD is highly prevalent in elite cyclists, especially in early career females and advanced career males and females. These low BMD values may not fully recover after the professional cycling career, given the substantial prevalence of low BMD in retired elite cyclists. Exploratory analyses indicated that low BMD is associated with low body mass index, fracture incidence, lack of bone-specific physical activity, and low energy availability in active career elite cyclists.

Sex-Specific Associations Between Bone-Loading Score and Adiposity Markers in Middle-Aged and Older Adults.

The authors examined sex-specific relationships between fat mass index (FMI), android/gynoid (A/G) fat ratio, relative skeletal muscle mass index, and Bone-Specific Physical Activity Questionnaire derived bone-loading scores (BLSs) in middle-aged and older adults (men, n = 27; women, n = 33; age = 55-75years). The FMI, A/G fat ratio, and relative skeletal muscle mass index were estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The Bone-Specific Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to assess: (a)BLSpast (age 1 until 12months before the study visit), (b)BLScurrent (last 12months), and (c)BLStotal (average of [a] and [b]) scores. Separate multiple linear regression analysis of (a)age, FMI, and relative skeletal muscle mass index and (b)age, height, and A/G fat ratio versus BLS revealed that FMI and A/G fat ratio were negatively associated with BLSpast and BLStotal (p < .05) in women only. Adiposity and, specifically, central adiposity is negatively related to bone-loading physical activity in middle-aged and older women.

Differences In Physical Activity, Calcium And Vitamin D Intakes In Caucasian, East-asian, And South-asian Women

In addition to genetic factors, inadequate non-genetic factors, such as physical activity, and calcium and vitamin D intake can limit the achievement of optimal peak bone mass and increase the risk of fractures later in life (Heaney et al, 2000). These lifestyle factors are however subject to cultural variations and their adherence and importance varies among ethnic groups. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine differences in physical activity levels and dietary calcium and vitamin D intakes in premenopausal women aged 18-45 years belonging to three different racial/ethnic groups: Caucasians, South-Asians, East-Asians. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study consisting of 108 participants. Based on their race/ethnicity the participants were categorized into one of the three independent racial/ethnic groups: Caucasian (Cau; n= 46); East-Asian (EA; n= 34); and South-Asian (SA; n= 28). Physical activity was measured using bone specific physical activity questionnaire (BPAQ) and international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ), while calcium and vitamin D were assessed using calcium and vitamin D food intake questionnaires, and sun exposure questionnaire. RESULTS: Past (Cau: 60.62 ± 7.79 vs. EA: 30.51 ± 9.31, SA: 22.76 ± 5.25; p=0.004; ηp2=0.103) and total (Cau: 33.13 ± 4.17 vs. EA: 17.13 ± 4.94, SA: 13.67 ± 2.67; p=0.005; ηp2=0.098) BPAQ scores were significantly greater in Caucasians in comparison to East- and South Asian women. Although no significant differences were observed for daily vitamin D intake, sun exposure scores were significantly higher in Caucasian and East-Asian women in comparison to South-Asians (Cau: 18.26 ± 1.54, EA: 21.90 ± 1.98 vs. SA: 12.21 ± 1.41; p=0.001; ηp2=0.136). Moreover, daily calcium intake (mg/day) was higher in Caucasians and South-Asians compared to East-Asians (Cau: 893.07 ± 52.95, SA: 964.21 ± 110.20 vs. EA: 608.15 ± 52.65; p=0.002; ηp2=0.116). CONCLUSION: The results of this study can be used for creating awareness among the at-risk ethnicities regarding the importance of adequate calcium and vitamin D intake and role of physical activity in enhancing cardio-metabolic fitness and bone density apart from merely reducing or maintaining of body weight.

The relationship between iron deficiency and bone mineral density in young female athletes

The iron deficiency that occurs in young female athletes can cause a decrease in bone density in three mechanisms, through the process of hydrolysis of procollagen formation, metabolism along with vitamin D and hypoxia. The aimed of this study is to analyze the relationship of iron deficiency with bone density in young female athletes. A crosssectional study design with 70 athletes aged 12-21 years conducted at the BPPLOP Central Java, Salatiga Athletics Club and Athletics and Swimming Club Semarang State University. Iron deficiency was determined by levels of ferritin serum, bone density measured by Bone Densitometer Quantitative Ultrasound, body fat percentage and muscle mass measured by Body Composition Analyzer. Bone-specific Physical Activity Questionnaire was used for physical activity data. Nutrition intakes such as protein, calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus, iron, potassium, magnesium, and sodium was collected by Semi Quantitative-Food Frequency Questionnaire. This study used bivariate analysis with Pearson and Rank-Spearman Correlation Tests and multivariate analysis with Multiple Linear Regression Test. A young female athlete who suffers from iron deficiency is approximately 14.3%. All subjects had normal bone density. Significant relationships were observed between iron deficiency based on serum ferritin (p = 0.044) and muscle mass (p = 0.002) with bone density on young female athletes. The muscle mass variable had the strongest influence on bone density (p = 0.002; adjusted R2 = 0.117). This study showed that iron deficiency and muscle mass are related to bone density, but the other factors that might have an impact on bone density must be considered.

Effects of bone-specific physical activity on body composition, bone mineral density, and health-related physical fitness in middle-aged women.

[Purpose]The study aimed to determine the effects of bone-specific physical activity on body composition, bone mineral density (BMD), and health-related physical fitness in middle-aged women.[Methods]One hundred eighty-six middle-aged women aged 31-49 years participated in this study. The subjects were divided into tertile groups according to the level of physical activity (low-score group, n=62; middle-score group, n=62; high-score group, n=62). Bone-specific physical activity participation was assessed using the bone-specific physical activity questionnaire. Body composition and BMD were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Health-related physical fitness test included isometric muscle strength (grip strength), muscular endurance (sit-ups), flexibility (sit and reach), and cardiorespiratory fitness (maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max]).[Results]The high-score group had a significantly higher fat-free mass (p=.045, partial eta-squared value [ηp2]=.033) than the middle- and low-score groups, whereas the high-score group had significantly lower percent body fat (p=.005, ηp2=.056) than the other two groups. Whole-body BMD (p=.034, ηp2=.036) and lumbar BMD (p=.003, ηp2=.060) were significantly higher in the high-score group than in the low-score group. The high-score group performed significantly better for grip strength (p=.0001, ηp2=.101), sit-ups (p=.0001, ηp2=.108), and VO2max (p=.0001, ηp2=.092) than the other two groups.[Conclusion]The present study suggests that bone-specific physical activity could be useful in improving body composition, BMD, and health-related physical fitness in middle-aged women, significantly enhancing their BMD and health conditions.

Bone-Loading Physical Activity and Alcohol Intake but not BMI Affect Areal Bone Mineral Density in Young College-Aged Korean Women: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine the differences in areal bone mineral density (aBMD) based on alcohol consumption behaviors, bone-loading history as assessed by a bone-specific physical activity questionnaire (BPAQ), and the body mass index (BMI). College-aged female students (N = 112) were recruited from the universities in Seoul and Gyeonggi province, South Korea. The aBMD of the lumbar spine and non-dominant side of the proximal femur (total hip, TH; femoral neck, FN; femoral trochanter, FT) were measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Alcohol consumption was determined by the frequency and amount of alcohol intake during the past 12 months using a self-reported questionnaire. The X-scan plus II was used to measure height (cm), body mass (kg), fat-free mass (FFM, kg), and % body fat. Drinking two or more times alcohol per week was associated with greater aBMD of the TH (p = 0.04–0.002) and FN (p = 0.043) compared to a lower frequency of alcohol consumption and 2–4 times per month, respectively. Based on the drinking amount per occasion, there were no significant group differences (p > 0.05) in aBMD at any of the sites. The highest group of total BPAQ had greater aBMD of the TH, FN, and FT versus the lowest (p = 0.023–0.009) and mid of total BPAQ groups (p = 0.004–0.009). Additionally, the highest group had greater aBMD of the lumbar spine compared to the mid group (p = 0.001). No significant group differences in aBMD at any of the sites were noted based on the BMI (p > 0.05). Young college-aged women with greater bone-loading physical activity showed greater aBMD at the TH, FN, FT, and lumbar spine, while a moderate alcohol intake was associated with greater aBMD of the TH and FN. These findings have clinical implications for young women who may not participate in high-impact physical activity and are binge drinkers.

Bone health of middle-aged and older surfers.

PurposeGiven the lack of research investigating surfing and bone health, we aimed to assess the bone mineral density (BMD) of middle-aged and older surfers.Patients and methodsIn a cross-sectional observational design, we compared a group of middle-aged and older surfers to a group of non-surfers, age- and sex-matched controls. Participants were males, aged between 50 and 75 years. Volunteers were assessed for body mass index, bone-specific physical activity questionnaire (BPAQ) scores, daily calcium intake, and alcohol intake. Primary outcomes included BMD at the femur and lumbar spine (LS), and T-score, assessed via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bone biomarkers were also analyzed.ResultsA total of 104 participants (59 surfers and 45 controls) were assessed. Groups were similar with regards to all demographic characteristics except for percentage of lean mass (higher in surfers, mean difference [MD] +2.57%; 95% CI 0.05–5.09; p=0.046) and current BPAQ score (lower in surfers; MD −0.967; 95% CI −0.395 to −1.539; p=0.001). Surfers had a mean surfing experience of 41.2 (SD ±11.8) years and mean surfing exposure of 26.9 (SD ±15.0) hours/month. Controls were divided into two groups, according to their main physical activity: weight-bearing/high intensity (WBHI) and non-weight-bearing/low intensity (NWBLI). When compared to NWBLI controls, surfers had higher LS BMD (MD +0.064; 95% CI 0.002–0.126; p=0.041) and higher T-score (MD +0.40; 95% CI 0.01–0.80; p=0.042); however, surfers had a lower T-score than the WBHI group (MD −0.52; 95% CI −0.02 to −1.0; p=0.039). No other differences were found between groups.ConclusionThe findings of this study support our hypothesis that regular surfing may be an effective physical activity for middle-aged and older men to decrease bone deterioration related to aging, as we identified positive results for surfers in relation to primary outcomes.

Comparison of body composition, bone mineral density and health-related physical fitness by physical activity levels in young women

Purpose The purpose of the study was to determine difference of body composition, bone mineral density and health-related fitness by physical activity level in young women. Methods A total of 90 women aged 19-29 years participated in this study. The subjects were divided into three groups (low, middle, and high level) according to the physical activity level estimated by bone-specific physical activity questionnaire(BPAQ). Body height and weight were measured. Body composition parameters including four sites of bone mineral density(BMD) were estimated by DXA (Hologic, QDR-4500, USA). Health-related fitness tests was assessed using sit &amp; reach, grip strength, sit-ups, and VO2max. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS version 9.4. All data were presented in terms of means and standard deviations. One-way ANOVA was applied to determine difference of dependent variables by physical activity level. Duncan's multiple range test was used as a post-hoc test. The statistical significance level was set at p &lt; .05. Results There were significant differences on body weight(F = 4.867, p = .01), body mass index(F = 5.053, p = .008) and fat-free mass(F = 8.364, p = .0001) among the three groups. Significant differences were found on whole body BMD(F = 16.730, p = .0001), lumbar BMD(F = 11.480, p = .0001), femur BMD(F = 42.182, p = .0001) and forearm BMD(F = 5.560, p = .005) among the three groups. There were also significant differences on sit and reach(F = 11.433, p = .0001), sit-ups(F = 17.972, p = .0001), VO2max(F = 3.106, p = .05) and duration of GXT(F = 7.479, p = .001). Conclusions There were differences on body composition, bone mineral density and health-related physical fitness by physical activity levels. Nevertheless, the questionnaire used in this study was not able to judge participation in various exercise types including aerobic exercise or resistance exercise. Therefore, in the future study, longitudinal study considering various types of physical activity and dietary intake will be needed.

Skeletal loading score is associated with bone microarchitecture in young adults.

We determined the association between a new skeletal loading (SkL) score reflecting physical activity from age 11 to adulthood, the bone specific physical activity questionnaire (BPAQ) and bone microarchitecture in young Black and White men and women. We conducted a cross-sectional study of young ([mean ± SD] 23.7 ± 3.3 years) Black (n = 51 women, n = 31 men) and White (n = 50 women, n = 49 men) adults. Microarchitecture and estimated bone strength (by micro-finite element analysis) were assessed at the ultradistal tibia using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT). Physical activity questionnaires were administered and a SkL score was derived based on ground reaction force, rate of loading, frequency, duration, and life period of participation per activity from age 11 onwards. BPAQ score was also calculated. We used multiple linear regression to determine associations between both SkL score and BPAQ score and bone outcomes, adjusting for age, height, weight, sex, and race. We found that SkL score, which accounts for current and historical physical activity, was significantly associated with most cortical bone parameters at the tibia including area, area fraction, porosity, thickness, and tissue mineral density (R2 = 0.27-0.55, all p < 0.01). Further, trabecular thickness, separation, number, and bone mineral density (R2 = 0.22-0.32, all p < 0.01), as well as stiffness and failure load (R2 = 0.63-0.65, all p < 0.01), were associated with the SkL score. The BPAQ was also significantly associated with most bone parameters, but to a lesser degree than SkL score. These findings suggest that among young adults, greater amounts of osteogenic physical activity, as assessed by the SkL score and BPAQ are associated with improved bone microarchitecture and strength. With the potential to predict bone parameters in young adults, these scores may ultimately serve to identify those most vulnerable to fracture.

Association Among Bone-loading Physical Activity, Arterial Stiffness, And Body Composition In Healthy College-aged Students

PURPOSE: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine if bone-loading physical activity was positively related to arterial stiffness and body composition in healthy college-aged students. METHODS: Healthy college-aged women (n=56, 20.3±1.3 years) and men (n=47, 21.0±1.2 years) between the ages of 18 and 25 years were recruited from the University of Massachusetts Lowell. The total bone-specific physical activity questionnaire (tBPAQ, average of past and current BPAQ) was used to obtain a comprehensive account of lifetime bone-loading physical activity. We measured the carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) to evaluate arterial stiffness using a novel oscillometric device (SphygmoCor XCEL). Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure lean mass (kg) and percent body fat (%BF) for this study. RESULTS: Pearson’s correlation tests showed a significant inverse relationship between tBPAQ and cf-PWV (r=-0.338, p=0.011) in college-aged women; however, this relationship was not found in college-aged men (p>0.05). There were significant negative correlations between tBPAQ and %BF in both college- aged women (r=-0.265, p=0.048) and men (r=-0.306, p=0.036). No significant relationships were found between tBPAQ and lean mass in both groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: We found that bone-loading physical activity was negatively associated with arterial stiffness measured by the cf-PWV in college-aged women, but not in men. The %BF was inversely related to tBPAQ scores in both college-aged women and men. Thus, high impact bone-loading physical activity could be recommended to improve arterial stiffness and reduce %BF in young collage-aged students.

Feasibility of vitamin D supplementation interventions to mitigate HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis-related bone mineral density loss: a cross-sectional survey.

BackgroundDaily tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)/emtricitabine as HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) causes subclinical decreases in bone mineral density (BMD). We surveyed PrEP users to assess feasibility for a clinical trial of vitamin D supplementation to mitigate TDF-induced BMD loss.MethodsWe recruited participants using or starting PrEP in Toronto and Vancouver. The primary objective was to assess the acceptability of daily or weekly vitamin D supplementation. We also assessed the acceptability of calcium supplementation, existing use of non-pharmacological bone health interventions, prevalence of osteoporosis risk factors, and bone health knowledge (Osteoporosis Knowledge Test, OKT).ResultsOf 161 participants, 72.1% were current PrEP users, 18.0% were starting PrEP, and 9.9% did not indicate their PrEP status. All identified as males, 88.8% as gays, and 67.1% as Whites. Median (IQR) age was 32.0 (29.0, 40.0) years, and 62.1% reported family income $$60,000/year. Among those not already using the interventions, willingness to supplement with daily vitamin D, weekly vitamin D, or daily calcium was very high at 90.9%, 96.4%, and 93.0 %, respectively. Only 31.0% reported adequate dietary calcium intake, while 42.9% reported $1 osteoporosis risk factor (most commonly, alcohol and smoking). Overall bone health knowledge was low, as median (IQR) OKT score was 16/32. In post hoc comparisons, current PrEP users may have been more likely than new PrEP users to engage in bone loading exercise (Bone-specific Physical Activity Questionnaire score=12.5 vs 3.6, P=0.001) and have greater bone health knowledge (OKT=17 vs 14, P=0.08), but they had similar levels of current vitamin D supplementation (37.4% vs 21.4%, P=0.11), calcium supplementation (11.2% vs 13.8%, P=0.70), and adequate dietary calcium intake (32.7% vs 25.0%, P=0.43).DiscussionThe high acceptability of vitamin D and calcium supplementation in this cohort suggests that enrollment into a clinical trial of such interventions to mitigate PrEP-induced BMD loss is feasible.

Adaptation of Proximal Femur to Mechanical Loading in Young Adults: Standard Vs Localized Regions Evaluated by DXA

Regions of the proximal femur with less adaptive protection by mechanical loading may be at increased risk of structural failure. Since the size and location of these regions diverge from those defined by the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry manufacturers the purpose of this study was to compare areal bone mineral density (aBMD) of different regions of the proximal femur considering impact loads from physical activity (PA). The participants were 134 young adults divided into 2 groups according to the impact of PA performed in the last 12 mo: high-impact PA and low-impact PA. The aBMD of the proximal femur was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the standard femoral neck, intertrochanter, and trochanter, and at specific locations of the superolateral femoral neck and intertrochanteric region. The bone-specific physical activity questionnaire was used to estimate the impact load of PA. Comparisons between groups were adjusted for body height and body lean mass. Interaction analysis between sex and PA groups were conducted with analysis of variance. Comparisons of aBMD between bone regions were analyzed separately for men and women with repeated measures analysis of variance. In the high-impact PA group, men benefit more than women at all bone regions, except the aBMD at intertrochanteric region. Analyses of repeated measures did not reveal any significant interaction effect between bone regions (standard vs specific) and PA groups (low vs high-impact). In conclusion, aBMD differences due to mechanical loading were more pronounced in men than in women; the magnitude of the aBMD differences as a result of different levels of PA was similar between standard and localized regions.

Association between bone-specific physical activity scores and pQCT-derived measures of bone strength and geometry in healthy young and middle-aged premenopausal women

SummaryThe aim of this study was to determine if bone-specific physical activity questionnaire (BPAQ) scores were positively related to bone health in healthy young and middle-aged premenopausal women. The total BPAQ was a stronger predictor of bone strength and bone mineral density of hip in young women as compared to middle-aged premenopausal women.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine whether the BPAQ scores were predictive indices of volumetric BMD (vBMD), bone strength, and bone geometry in young and middle-aged premenopausal women.MethodsHealthy young (n = 60) and middle-aged premenopausal women (n = 54) between the ages of 18 and 50 years were recruited for this study. Areal bone mineral density (aBMD) of lumbar spine and dual proximal femur (FN; femoral neck) was measured using DXA. We assessed vBMD of the tibia 4%, 38%, and 66% by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). The BPAQ was used to obtain a comprehensive account of lifetime physical activity related to bone health.ResultsPearson’s correlation tests showed positive correlations between total BPAQ and aBMD of the right FN (r = 0.313, p = 0.015) and the left FN (r = 0.307, p = 0.017) in young women while not found in middle-aged premenopausal women (p > 0.05). A positive relationship was only observed between total BPAQ and tibia 38% vBMD in middle-aged premenopausal women (r = 0.283, p = 0.038). All bone geometry variables were associated with total BPAQ (r = 0.280–0.422, p = 0.03–0.001) in young women. The Strength-Strain Index of tibia 38% (r = 0.350, p = 0.006) and 66% (r = 0.406, p = 0.001) was associated with total BPAQ in young women. In both young and middle-aged premenopausal women, when age, bone-free lean body mass (BFLBM), and total BPAQ were included in a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, BFLBM was a significant predictor of all aBMD variables, accounting for 7–25.7% (p = 0.043–0.001).ConclusionsThe total BPAQ score-derived physical activity was more predictive of positive bone characteristics in young women than in middle-aged premenopausal women.

Bone Quality in Weight and Non-Weight Bearing Sports in Male Collegiate Athletes

Bone quality has been correlated with lifetime physical activity. The accrual and maintenance of bone has been shown to be related to the type of sport, length of participation, weight bearing (WB) or non-weight bearing (NWB) activity, and the multidirectional forces applied. PURPOSE: To determine if there are differences between weight bearing and non-weight bearing sports on bone quality in male collegiate athletes. METHODS: Ten male collegiate athletes (20.8+1.2yrs), with no history of musculoskeletal injuries within the last 12 months, were selected from each NCAA Division II men’s soccer, football, cross country, swimming, and USA cycling Division I teams (n=50). For analyses, men’s soccer, football, and cross country were considered WB, and swimming and USA cycling were considered NWB. A bone specific physical activity questionnaire (BPAQ) and a general demographic health questionnaire were collected for each athlete to determine eligibility for the study, as well as their history of physical activity and general demographic information that was relative to bone health. Using the Achilles InSight Ultrasonometer, broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), speed of sound (SOS), and stiffness index (SI) were measured on both heels for each athlete. The BUA, SOS, and SI were compared between sport, WB vs. NWB activities, and foot dominance using a two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between dominant and non-dominant foot for sports or WB vs. NWB activities. There were significant differences between BUA scores for sports and WB vs. NWB activities p=0.026 and p=0.015, respectively. The SOS scores were significant for sports and WB vs. NWB activities (p<0.001). SI scores were found to have a significant difference between sports type and WB vs. NWB activities (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Weight bearing vs. non-weight bearing sports have significant effects on bone health in male collegiate athletes.

Association between Bone-Specific Physical Activity Scores and Measures of Areal and Volumetric Bone Mineral Density and Bone Markers in Middle-Aged Premenopausal Women

The bone-specific physical activity questionnaire (BPAQ) has been shown to be related to areal bone mineral density (aBMD), but its relation to bone architecture and bone markers has not been well studied. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between a total BPAQ score (tBPAQ), aBMD, volumetric BMD (vBMD, mg/cm3), and bone markers in middle-aged premenopausal women. METHODS: Thirty-four premenopausal women (44.4 ± 4.1 years; 161.7 ± 5.4 cm; 69.9 ± 11.1 kg) were recruited for this study. aBMD of L1-L4 and dual proximal femur (TH; total hip, FN; femoral neck) were measured using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. We assessed vBMD of tibia 4% (ToD; total vBMD, trabecular vBMD), 38% (ToD, CoD; cortical vBMD, SSI; strength strain index), and 66% (ToD, CoD, SSI) by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Bone formation (Bone ALP) and bone resorption (TRAP5b) markers were assessed. The tBPAQ was used to obtain a comprehensive account of lifetime physical activity related to bone health. RESULTS: Spearman’s correlation showed significant (p<0.05) positive relationships between tBPAQ and aBMD of right FN(r=.370) and left femur (TH, r=.373; FN, r=.372) and L1-L4 (r=.371), but no significant relationship was found for the right TH (p>0.05). There were no significant correlations between vBMD variables and tBPAQ. Also, no relationships were found between tBPAQ and bone ALP and TRAP5b (p>0.05). When tBPAQ, bone free lean body mass (BFLBM), calcium intake, and age were included in a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, BFLBM was the only predictor of tibia 38% and 66% SSI, accounting for 16% (p=0.012) and 27% of the variance (p=0.001), respectively. CONCLUSION: The tBPAQ score-derived physical activity had positive relationships with FN, TH, and L1-L4 aBMD in healthy middle-aged premenopausal women, but no significant associations were found between tBPAQ and both vBMD and bone markers. Table 1. tBPAQ and aBMD (g/cm2).Table: No title available.

Bone-specific Physical Activity Questionnaire (BPAQ) Score Associations with Proximal Femur Geometry from DXA-derived 3D Analysis

Bone-specific Physical Activity Questionnaire (BPAQ) Score Associations with Proximal Femur Geometry from DXA-derived 3D Analysis

Resting Energy Expenditure in Adults with Becker's Muscular Dystrophy.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was: 1) To compare Resting energy expenditure (REE) in adult males with Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy (BeMD, n = 21, 39 ±12 years) and healthy controls (CTRL, n = 12, 37 ±12 years) 2) Determine whether other physiological parameters correlate with REE in BeMD, and 3) Compare current prediction methods of REE with measured REE.MethodsREE was calculated via indirect calorimetry using continuous, expired gas analysis following an overnight fast. Fat free mass (FFM) and fat mass were measured by bioelectrical impedance. B-mode ultrasound measured Tibialis Anterior (TA) and Gastrocnemius Medialis (GM) anatomical cross sectional area (ACSA). The Bone Specific Physical Activity Questionnaire measured physical activity.ResultsNo difference in REE was found between CTRL and BeMD groups (1913 ±203 & 1786 ±324 Kcal respectively). Other physiological comparisons showed increased fat mass (+54%), decreased TA ACSA (-42%), increased GM ACSA (+25%) as well as reduced respiratory function (FVC -28%; FEV1−27%) in BeMD adults compared to controls. REE estimated from prediction equations (Schofield’s) in Muscular Dystrophy were different from measured REE (P<0.05, bias = -728kcal), while the Mifflin equation was no different from measured REE (r2 = 0.58, Bias = -8kcal). Within the present BeMD, REE predicted from FFM (REE = FFM x 34.57–270; r2 = 0.85) and body mass (REE = BM x 15.65 + 421.5; r2 = 0.66), were not different from measured REE (bias equals 0 and 0.2kcals, respectively)ConclusionsDespite no differences in REE between CTRL and BeMD adults, increased fat masses highlights the requirement for explicit nutritional guidelines, as well as maintenance of physical activity levels, where possible. Prediction equations are frequently used in clinical settings, however these have been shown to be less accurate in BeMD; therefore, the equations proposed here should be used where possible.

Lean Mass and Body Fat Percentage Are Contradictory Predictors of Bone Mineral Density in Pre-Menopausal Pacific Island Women.

Anecdotally, it is suggested that Pacific Island women have good bone mineral density (BMD) compared to other ethnicities; however, little evidence for this or for associated factors exists. This study aimed to explore associations between predictors of bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm2), in pre-menopausal Pacific Island women. Healthy pre-menopausal Pacific Island women (age 16–45 years) were recruited as part of the larger EXPLORE Study. Total body BMD and body composition were assessed using Dual X-ray Absorptiometry and air-displacement plethysmography (n = 83). A food frequency questionnaire (n = 56) and current bone-specific physical activity questionnaire (n = 59) were completed. Variables expected to be associated with BMD were applied to a hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Due to missing data, physical activity and dietary intake factors were considered only in simple correlations. Mean BMD was 1.1 ± 0.08 g/cm2. Bone-free, fat-free lean mass (LMO, 52.4 ± 6.9 kg) and age were positively associated with BMD, and percent body fat (38.4 ± 7.6) was inversely associated with BMD, explaining 37.7% of total variance. Lean mass was the strongest predictor of BMD, while many established contributors to bone health (calcium, physical activity, protein, and vitamin C) were not associated with BMD in this population, partly due to difficulty retrieving dietary data. This highlights the importance of physical activity and protein intake during any weight loss interventions to in order to minimise the loss of muscle mass, whilst maximizing loss of adipose tissue.

Bone Health, Nutritional Intake, Physical Activity and Quality of Life

Weight-making practices regularly engaged by horse-racing jockeys are suggested to impair physiological and mental health. Related studies from the Asian regions are rare. PURPOSE: To compare bone health markers, nutritional intake, physical activity habits and quality of life between professional jockeys in Hong Kong and gender, age and BMI matched controls. METHODS: 14 professional male jockeys (horse racing experience: 3-27 yrs; mean age: 29.1 ± 6.1 years; BMI: 20.3 ± 1.6 kg m-2) and 14 controls (mean age: 26.0 ± 6.5 years; BMI: 21.1 ± 1.7 kg m-2) were recruited. Both groups completed a range of assessments including: (i) Anthropometry via skinfold measurement and body scale; (ii) Bone biomarkers via blood analysis and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA); (iii) Nutritional intake via 3-day food diary and validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ); (iv) Past and current physical activity patterns via bone-specific physical activity questionnaire (BPAQ); and (v) Quality of life (QOF) questionnaire. Independent t-tests were used to identify inter-group differences. Correlation analysis was conducted to determine relationships between variables. RESULTS: The jockey group displayed significantly lower bone mineral density (BMD) at both calcanei than the control group (left: 0.50 ± 0.06 vs. 0.63 ± 0.07; right: 0.51 ± 0.07 vs. 0.64 ± 0.10 g.cm-2, both P<0.01). 13 out of 14 jockeys (93%) showed either osteopenia or osteoporosis for at least one side of their calcanei based on WHO classification. Daily energy intake was lower in jockeys compared with controls (1360 ± 515 vs. 1985 ± 1046 kcal.day-1, P<0.01). Vitamin D intake is significantly correlated with left calcaneus BMD (P<0.05, R=0.657). No significant difference was found for BPAQ and QOF score. CONCLUSION: Our results revealed suboptimal bone conditions and dietary intake among professional jockeys in Hong Kong, in accordance with existing Western literature. Further research should examine the effects of improved exercise and nutritional habits on the skeletal health of elite jockeys.