Differences In Physical Activity, Calcium And Vitamin D Intakes In Caucasian, East-asian, And South-asian Women

Abstract

In addition to genetic factors, inadequate non-genetic factors, such as physical activity, and calcium and vitamin D intake can limit the achievement of optimal peak bone mass and increase the risk of fractures later in life (Heaney et al, 2000). These lifestyle factors are however subject to cultural variations and their adherence and importance varies among ethnic groups. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine differences in physical activity levels and dietary calcium and vitamin D intakes in premenopausal women aged 18-45 years belonging to three different racial/ethnic groups: Caucasians, South-Asians, East-Asians. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study consisting of 108 participants. Based on their race/ethnicity the participants were categorized into one of the three independent racial/ethnic groups: Caucasian (Cau; n= 46); East-Asian (EA; n= 34); and South-Asian (SA; n= 28). Physical activity was measured using bone specific physical activity questionnaire (BPAQ) and international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ), while calcium and vitamin D were assessed using calcium and vitamin D food intake questionnaires, and sun exposure questionnaire. RESULTS: Past (Cau: 60.62 ± 7.79 vs. EA: 30.51 ± 9.31, SA: 22.76 ± 5.25; p=0.004; ηp2=0.103) and total (Cau: 33.13 ± 4.17 vs. EA: 17.13 ± 4.94, SA: 13.67 ± 2.67; p=0.005; ηp2=0.098) BPAQ scores were significantly greater in Caucasians in comparison to East- and South Asian women. Although no significant differences were observed for daily vitamin D intake, sun exposure scores were significantly higher in Caucasian and East-Asian women in comparison to South-Asians (Cau: 18.26 ± 1.54, EA: 21.90 ± 1.98 vs. SA: 12.21 ± 1.41; p=0.001; ηp2=0.136). Moreover, daily calcium intake (mg/day) was higher in Caucasians and South-Asians compared to East-Asians (Cau: 893.07 ± 52.95, SA: 964.21 ± 110.20 vs. EA: 608.15 ± 52.65; p=0.002; ηp2=0.116). CONCLUSION: The results of this study can be used for creating awareness among the at-risk ethnicities regarding the importance of adequate calcium and vitamin D intake and role of physical activity in enhancing cardio-metabolic fitness and bone density apart from merely reducing or maintaining of body weight.