Bones Of Human Skeleton Research Articles

A Modern View on the Surgical Treatment of Proximal Humerus Fractures (Literature Review)

According to the WHO, fractures of the surgical neck of the humerus account for approximately 5-15% of all injuries of the human skeleton bones...

Curvatures and Medullary Canal of the Clavicle Among an Egyptian Population: A three Dimensional Computed Tomography Study

Background: Clavicle is the most frequently fractured bone in human skeleton. Fractures treated nonoperativelyshowed higher rate of non-union or malunion. Operative treatment have superior results overthe non-operative treatment, and include two approaches; external fixation or internal fixation. Externalfixation may be cosmetically displeasing and uncomfortable. Internal fixation is accompanied by a higherrate of cure with lesser complications, however the shape and size of the medullary canal of the clavicle canbe a prohibiting factor making the placement of intramedullary devices difficult.Aim of work: The present work was designed to study the length, the curvatures as well as the dimensionsof the medullary canal of the clavicle among Egyptians using three dimensional computed tomography.Material and Methods: This study was carried on one hundred clavicles. CT scan of the chest with coronaland sagittal reformatting and 3D reconstruction of the clavicle was done.Results: The length of male clavicles was longer than female clavicles. Left clavicles were shorterthan right clavicle in both sexes. The medial as well as the lateral angle of the left clavicle was greaterthan that of the right clavicle in both sexes. The height and width of the medullary canal of the claviclewere generally greater in males than in females.Conclusion: Computed tomography imaging has been shown to be an accurate method for describingthe anatomy of the clavicle. Data could be used to determine whether the anatomy of the clavicle and itsmedullary canal were suitable for intramedullary fixation.

Sex Determination from the Clavicle

Identification of sex from unidentified human skeleton remains is a challenge for anthropologists and forensic investigators. Determination of sex is relatively easy if the entire skeleton is available for examination. Even when skull and pelvis, the most reliable bones for sex determination are available not more than 98% of accuracy can be achieved in identifying the sex. Often in medicolegal cases it is expected to determine sex from isolated long bones or their fragments from the crime site in order to establish a possible identity. Various methods to do this on different bones of human skeleton have been extensively studied. Different level of accuracy for sex determination using clavicle have been reported in various studies and on the other hand, anthropometric dimensions of different bones are unique in each race and geographic region. The purpose of this study was to find out an easy formula for determination of sex from unknown clavicle and to know about comparative differences between the right and left clavicle of male and female.

Variability in anatomical features of human clavicle: Its forensic anthropological and clinical significance

Bones can reflect the basic framework of human body and may provide valuable information about the biological identity of the deceased. They, often, survive the morphological alterations, taphonomic destructions, decay/mutilation and decomposition insults. In-depth knowledge of variations in clavicular shape, size and its dimensions is very important from both clinical (fixation of clavicular fractures using external or inter-medullary devices, designing orthopedic fixation devices) as well as forensic anthropological perspectives. Human clavicle is the most frequently fractured bone of human skeleton, possessing high degree of variability in its anatomical, biomechanical and morphological features. Extended period of skeletal growth (up to third decade) in clavicle imparts it an additional advantage for forensic identification purposes. In present study, five categories of clavicular features like lengths, diameters, angles, indices and robustness were examined to explore the suitability of collarbone for forensic and clinical purposes. For this purpose, 263 pairs of adult clavicles (195 Males and 68 Females) were collected from autopsied cadavers and were studied for 13 anatomical features. Gender and occupational affiliations of cadavers were found to have significant influences on anatomical dimensions of their clavicles. Product index, weight and circumference of collarbone were found the best univariate variables, discriminating sex of more than 80% individuals. The best multivariate Function-I (DF: -17.315 + 0.054 CL-L+0.196 CC-R+0.184 DM-L) could identify sex and occupation of 89.4% (89.2% Male and 89.7% Female) and 65.4% individuals, respectively. All clavicular variables were found bilaterally asymmetric; left clavicles being significantly longer in length, lighter in weight, smooth in texture and less curved than the right side bones. Among non-metric traits, sub-clavian groove, nutrient foramina and ‘type’ of clavicle exhibited significant sexual dimorphism. Thus, both metric and non-metric features of clavicle can have decisive role in forensic identifications and clinical interventions. Present results would be of great significance for anatomists, orthopedicians, surgeons and the forensic anthropologists in their professional endeavors.

Morphometric Parameters and Sex Determination of Clavicle In Telangana Region

Background and Objectives: To determine sex from unknown skeletal remains is vital. Various methods to do this on different bones of human skeleton have been extensively studied. In general male bones are heavier, larger and muscular markings are more prominently seen as compared to female bones. The objective of this study was to find out comparative differences between the right and left clavicles from certain metrical parameters and to enable assessment of sex from unknown clavicles. Materials & Method: Study was conducted with 40 clavicles (right 17 and left 23) of unknown sex from the Department of Anatomy, Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences, Narketpally. The study was an observational, cross-sectional and descriptive in nature. The maximum length of the clavicle (in mm) was taken. Results: The length of the left clavicles varies from123 mm to164 mm with an average of 137.83 mm ±7.99mmS.D.The length of the right clavicles varies from126 mm to162 mm with an average 138.71 mm±8.66m S.D. It has been observed that the right clavicle was longer than the left clavicle by 0.88 mm. There was no such single character which can determine the sex of all clavicles. Depending on the length alone, the sex can be decided in 0% male and 0% female right clavicles and 4.35% male and 0% female bones if the left clavicle is considered. Conclusion: The right clavicle was longer than the left clavicle. The determination of sex from the clavicle has a great medico legal significance to the toxicologists. It also helps the anthropologists in their study of evolution of mankind and migration of races. This study is also useful for medico legal and anthropological examination of bones and for academic studies in anatomy.

Development of finite-element models of human skeleton bones and their application to the natural vibration problem

The capabilities of the previously developed algorithm for finite-element modeling of human body parts are demonstrated on tomographic measurement data. The obtained tomographic images of human shin bones, skull bones and pelvic bones are used to solve the problem of searching for eigenmodes and eigenfrequencies of vibrations of human skeleton bones by the finite-element method.

Sex determination from the sternal end of the rib by osteometric analysis

Background: The aim of this study was to establish a sample group of Turkish population to determine sex from the sternal end of the ribs. Sex determination from the human skeleton bones is a simple and specific method. Materials and methods: The specimens consisted of right fourth (4th) ribs of 78 females and 173 males of known age, sex and race during 1994–1997 in Izmir, Turkey. A discriminant function analysis showed that the most helpful parameter in the young group was superior–inferior height (SIH), and both SIH and anterior–posterior breadth (APB) in the older group. Modified discriminant score formulae for both young and old groups to determine sex for Turkish population was calculated. Results: The results indicated that the accuracy of sex determination was 88.6% in the young group (phase 1–4, age 15–32), 86.5% in the older group (phase 5–8, age 33–89). Conclusions: This study indicates that sexual dimorphism can be assessable by using a single rib, right fourth rib in a Turkish population from ages 13 to 89. SIH of the rib is the most reliable parameter; APB follows it.

Effects of dynamic impacts on human bones

Flat bones of human skeleton were subjected to dynamic indentation with ball indenters. The impacted surface was studied under high magnification and also by using the technique of multiple beam interferometry. The impulse caused the pile up of material at a little distance from the edge of the indent. The diameter of indent is found to increase as fourth root of the energy of impact. Bone structure also has the tendency to minimize the damage caused by external forces. There was about 90% recovery in deformation in the depth of indents due to internal stresses created inside the bone by the impact.