Bone Arrowheads Research Articles

Traumatic injuries on the crania from the Novo-Sasykul cemetery

This study is focused on the cranial sample from the Novo-Sasykul cemetery of the Pyany Bor Culture in the Lower Kama region (Bakaly District, Republic of Bashkortostan). The Novo-Sasykul cemetery is dated to the 1st–2nd c. AD, and it is fully excavated. The frequency of traumatic injuries has been analyzed in a sample consisting of 94 skulls of adult individuals (47 males, 47 females) stored in the Bashkortostan National Museum (Ufa). Injuries have been examined according to recommendations and methods used in the forensic medicine and paleopathology. The distribution of traumas was studied depending on sex and the side of the skull (left / right or frontal / dorsal). The intergroup variability of the ratios of combat traumas was studied with the involvement of a number of the Early Iron Age samples. The differences in frequencies were analyzed using the chi-squared test and two-tailed Fisher's exact test. It has been noted that the analysed sample is characterized by the high level of fatal combat injuries. In total, 16 injuries were recorded on 12 skulls (21.3 % in males, 4.3 % in females). A significantly larger number of traumas are localized on the left side of the skull, which may indicate a predominant strike direction from right to left. The identified traumatic injuries are grouped into five types. With the exception of one case of injury by a trilobate bone arrowhead, all injuries are qualified as blade weapon traumas. All traumas are perimortal, without any traces of healing. Against a comparative background, the studied sample is characterized by the high level of combat traumas, similar to those of the Late Sarmatian population from Esaulovskiy Aksai, the Hun from Ulangom, and the Bulan-Koba Culture sample from the Stepushka cemetery. However, archaeologically identified low level of armament of the Novo-Sasykul cemetery population, as well as the short period of the cemetery functioning, testify against the regular involvement of the analyzed group in armed conflicts. The high frequency of combat cranial traumas in this group, considering its low militarization, represented mainly by iron and bone arrowheads with a small amount of melee weapons, suggests that the Pyany Bor groups were more likely to be subjected to armed raids, acting more often as victims. Taking into account the planigraphy of the burials from which the injured skulls originate, it has been concluded that this part of the studied group died as a result of a possibly single armed conflict.

Burials with arrowheads in graves of the Mazunino Culture in the Middle Kama Region

The paper is focused on burial grounds of the Mazunino Culture (or Mazunino stage of the Cheganda Cul-ture of the Pyany Bor Cultural-Historical Community by R.D. Goldina) in the Middle Kama Region. They date to the 3rd–5th c. AD and chronologically correlate with the Great Migration Period. The processes of major and minor migrations of that time had an impact on various components of the autochthonous Kama Region cultures. The focus of our research is the burials with throwing weapons, primarily arrowheads found in the Mazunino archers’ burials. The interest in throwing weapon was trigged by the heuristical observation of anthropologist Ivan G. Shi-robokov for the Boyar «Aray» cemetery, where the existence of morphological differences in a group of buried men with arrowheads was statistically proven. To examine this phenomenon, a working hypothesis was put for-ward: intra-group differences of one small necropolis could be reflected in the burial rite and the grave goods of all Mazunino archers’ burials. In total, 148 burials and 146 skeletons with arrowheads from 12 necropolises of the Mazunino Culture have been examined. The comparative analysis of the burial rite features demonstrated a sta-ble correlation between the presence of arrowheads and male burials. The archers’ burials correspond to the burial practices of the majority of the Mazunino population. Rare deviations suggest close relations between local communities and other cultures and ethnicities, primarily with nomadic tribes. Bone arrowheads as a primary weapon of the Mazunino warriors continue the previous traditions of the Ananyino, Pyany Bor (Cheganda) / Kara-Abyz Cultures. A comprehensive analysis of the inter-occurrence of implements in male equipment with arrow-heads allowed distinguishing two conventional groups of burials. The first one is characterized by the presence of only arrowheads in the burial equipment. These grave goods were typical for Mazunino population and consisted of ordinary belts, iron knives, beads, etc. The second group was significantly different, as these were individuals who were skilled in using various weapons, and their kit included various types of weapons for both close and long-range combat. Probably, there was a military gradation among such archers, which needs to be supported by analysis of a larger number of the Mazunino burials. The results of our work need to be verified using the an-thropological materials from other Mazunino burial grounds.

SCYTHIAN BARROWS BETWEEN CHMYREVA MOHYLA AND HAIMANOVA MOHYLA (northern steppe periphery of Velyka Bilozerka)

In 1970 and 1972 four Scythian Age barrows near Velyka Bilozerka village, Zaporizhia Oblast, were excavared.
 Barrow 2/1970. Two graves were discovered. One of them was totally looted. Another one was the tomb of the «archer» dated to the first half of the 4th century BC. It is notable due to the full quiver set where bronze, bone, and wooden arrowheads were combined.
 Barrow 1/1972. All Scythian Age graves were looted. Despite this fact, the barrow is interesting due to the dog burial in the ditch. Supposedly this dog had the role of the guard or guide between the worlds.
 Barrow 2/1972. It is a very noteworthy barrow. In the central grave 3 which is dated to the third quarter of the 4th century BC the unusual set of the gold appliquйs has been discovered. They have the images from the Greek mythology (Dionysus?), scenes of torment with lions and deer and scenes of opposed sphinxes, with the image of horned man. The unique masterpiece is the pendant in the shape of the female head in the high headwear (the Greek goddess Hera). In addition, in this grave the details of the heavy-armored warrior equipment: spearhead, javelin, scale armor, and bridle have survived.
 Barrow 3/1972. This late 4th century BC kurhan is interesting due to the catacomb with two dromoses. In addition, the gold appliquйs with images of the mythological creature that were interpreted as Bellerophon and Pegasus have been discovered here. Unique masterpiece is the glass intaglio with image of two fighting cocks.
 The kurhans under analyses were erected on the old trail that was known as Old Chumak Trail (branch of the Muravskyi Trail). Barrows 2/1972 and 3/1972, where most significant grave goods were found, could be interpreted as the tombs of the local kin leaders. Expressive materials show the strong impact of the Classic culture on the barbarian world in the 4th century BC.

Костяные (роговые) наконечники стрел населения Алтая жужанского времени (по материалам археологического комплекса Чобурак-I)

The article presents the results of the systematization and analysis of the bone (horn) arrowheads discovered during excavations of the objects of the Rouran time of the archaeological complex Choburak-I (Northern Altai). The classification of 14 items recorded in five male burials of the site was carried out. It was established that in the analyzed collection there are both already known and specific types of arrowheads, some of which do not have exact analogies in the materials of the Bulan-Koby culture. An analysis of the indicated group of finds showed that arrowheads with petiolate were developed on the basis of local samples from the preceding Xianbei period. These products existed for a long period (apparently, in the framework of the 2nd–5th centuries AD). Arrowheads with a protruding barrel-shaped sleeve date from the 2nd quarter of the 1st millennium AD. Significant similarity of such products with specimens from the sites of the Burkhotui culture of the 4th–6th centuries AD may indicate the orientation of the bone carving production of the population of Altai and East Transbaikalia to the common “samples” of the material culture of one of the Xianbei ethnic groups. The arrowhead with a clamping nozzle differs in a certain originality, which, according to its typological characteristics, refers to fairly late modifications. A comparative study of clamping and sleeve arrowheads demonstrates the continuity of bone carving production of the late Bulan-Koby culture and the early Turks of Altai.

Костяные (роговые) наконечники стрел кочевников Алтая рубежа древности и средневековья

Представлен опыт систематизации костяных (роговых) наконечников стрел из археологических памятников Алтая рубежа древности и раннего средневековья. Осуществлен анализ 45 изделий, происходящих из некрополей булан-кобинской культуры второй половины IV-V вв. н.э., а также погребальных и «поминальных» комплексов раннесредневековых тюрок второй половины I тыс. н.э. Классификация предметов данной категории позволила выделить 22 типа костяных (роговых) наконечников стрел, демонстрирующих вариабельность традиции изготовления таких вещей в рассматриваемый хронологический период. Установлено, что большинство типов наконечников стрел жужанского периода представляет собой местное развитие образцов, появившихся в регионе в сяньбийское время. Булан-кобинские наконечники с черешковым насадом генетически не связаны с предыдущей пазы-рыкской традицией косторезного дела и не известны в колчанных наборах тюрок Алтая. Отдельные типы втульчатых и зажимных наконечников второй половины IV-V вв. н.э. стали прототипом для наконечников стрел тюрок Алтая. Отмечено значительное сходство втульчатых наконечников Алтая и Восточного Забайкалья, которое могло быть обусловлено ориентировкой населения данных регионов на общие «образцы» материальной культуры одной из этнических групп сяньби.

Коллекция предметов вооружения сакского времени из могильников Молалы и Шубарат

In 1985-1986, during the archaeological investigation of the Molaly I and Shubarat burials in Semirechie, a number of items of armaments and military equipment of the Saka period were received: an iron combat hatchet and a dagger, bone arrowheads, bronze belt buckles and a quiver hook. All these items belong to the late Saka time (the second half of the VIth – the first half of the IInd centuries BC). They have analogies in synchronous nomadic cultures of Central Asia and also in cultures of the Scythian type of the Sayano-Altai region. This shows that the armament complex of ancient population in the Tien Shan region in the 1st millennium BC developed under the close cultural contacts with the territories of Altai, Tuva and Western Mongolia. It is interesting, that general part of the weapons and military equipment was found in mound No.21 of the Molaly burial site. These are a dagger, four bone arrowheads and a quiver hook. This marks the full standard set of weapons of local Saka warriors, equally convenient for conducting both remote and close-in fighting.

Находки предметов вооружения и конской упряжи предскифского времени в окрестностях г. Ставрополя

The article summarizes data on findings from Stavropol neighborhood to characterize the material military culture of people that inhabited the Stavropol Upland in the pre-Scythian period. The work investigates the evidence of the existence of a metallurgical center which produced arms and horse tack in the Stavropol Plateau in the 8th – early 7th centuries BC. It examines distinctive features of artifacts that characterize the material military culture inherent to the population of the Stavropol Upland during the pre-Scythian era. Quite a variety of arms have been discovered in a number of burials and graves dated back to the 9th – early 7th cc. BC (cultural layers) and located in Stavropol’s neighborhood, namely: stone hammers (1), bimetallic knives (2), hatchets and axes (2), spears (1), quiver sets (bone arrowheads: stemmed and socketed ones of pyramidal shape (6); bronze arrowheads: flat ones (2); socketed arrowheads with leaf-shaped and rhombic heads (10)). All the metal elements have analogues within Novocherkassk period complexes dated to the 8th – early 7th cc. BC. In addition to different types of weapons, separate parts of pre-Scythian horse tack were discovered, e.g., bronze single- and double-jointed bits (2 sets), bronze psalia with a curved blade (5), bronze plaques (oval, crescent), and one bronze tip-holder for reins (1). All items are typical for sets of horse tack dated to the 8th – early 7th cc. BC. The conducted comparative study of arms and horse tacks from archaeological monuments of the Stavropol Upland and burials of the Koban culture located in sub-mountainous and mountainous Central Ciscaucasia emphasizes their similarity, which testifies of the spread of highlanders’ metallurgy traditions in the 8th – early 7th cc. BC in the far more northern ― i. e. steppe ― regions of the Ciscaucasia. It is believed nowadays that during the pre-Scythian period there had been only two centers for the production of horse tack in Ciscaucasia ― Kuban Region and sub-mountainous Ciscaucasia. Still, such significant findings suggest between the 8th – early 7th cc. BC within present-day Stavropol neighborhood there had been another center where metal elements of horse harness and weapons had been cast ― in the territory of the Stavropol Upland.

Identifying the animal species used to manufacture bone arrowheads in South Africa

The identification to species of completely worked bone tools is impossible using standard skeletal morphological markers. Worked bone studies therefore have focused on questions about manufacture and use, rather than on issues of raw material selection strategies. Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS) is a technique that uses unique collagen biomarkers to fingerprint and identify species of origin from small amounts of bone or ivory. We present the first ZooMS analysis of bone arrowheads from southern Africa. Our findings show that a narrower selection of species was selected for tool manufacture than for food, while, at some sites, certain antelope species were selected for tools that are not present in the unmodified faunal remains. We examine what this selectivity might suggest about mechanical suitability and symbolic associations of the species chosen to make tools. We conclude that mechanical suitability was probably of primary concern and that probable symbolic connotations that were attached to certain species did not translate to the technological sphere to the same extent that they did in other parts of the world.

MONGOL WARRIORS OF THE JOCHI ULUS AT THE KARASUYR CEMETERY, ULYTAU, CENTRAL KAZAKHSTAN

We present an archaeological study of medieval burials of warriors in the Karasuyr cemetery in the northwestern Betpakdala desert, near the southern Ulytau range in central Kazakhstan. The region was an eastern province of the Golden Horde, a ritual center of Jochi’s clan and later Mongol rulers until the late 16th century. The excavated part of the cemetery includes fi ve burials. Four were those of males (three Mongoloid and one Caucasoid), and one was that of a female. Based on artifacts and the results of radiocarbon analysis, the burials date to the late 13th and early 14th century. Artifacts include birch-bark quivers, iron and bone arrowheads, fragments of laminar armor, and knives. The burial rite, the artifacts, and the physical type of the individuals suggest that three of them were Mongol warriors buried according to the Tibetan Buddhist rite, following an unknown military confl ict during the Jochi Ulus rule––the fi rst such burials to be excavated. Absence of weapons and the scarcity of other artifacts in the grave of the Caucasoid male indicate a subordinate position in the military group. The cemetery refl ects the early expansion of Buddhism beyond Tibet before the spread of Islam across the northern fringes of the Eurasian steppe.

Скіфські кулеподібні бронзові вістря стріл

The bronze bullet arrowhead accompanied by materials of an early Scythian time during the research of the internal rampart of the Motronyn hillfort in a Tiasmyn River basin, in 2017 was found. It complemented a small series of the similar items that originate from the Black Sea region. Approximately thirty similar finds are known today. The nearest analogies were found on the settlements of Zhabotyn and Ivanivka, on the South of Dnieper River Right-bank Forest-steppe, in the Tiasmyn River basin. A similar object occured near the Lykhachivka village in Povorsklia. Such types of arrowhead series are known from the territory of the Northern Caucasus: from the Zheleznodorozhny and Komarovsky burial grounds, from the Krasnoe Znamya, Mineralnye Wody and Bazhigan archaeological sites. They were found in Pre-Kelermes quiver set in a burial at Amasya in Turkey, and probably mark the Scythian campaigns to Anterior Asia. Analogies are known at the Sauromats of the Volga and the Urals, the Saks of Central Asia, the tribes of the Scythian time of Northern Kazakhstan and Tuva. The arrowheads from the Black Sea region are dated by the early Scythian time (7th — the first half of the 6th century BCE). Most of them are known in the archaeological sites of the Kelermes stage from the Komarovsky, Zheleznodorozhny, Mineralovodsky burial grounds. The burial near Amasya specifies on their existence on the Pre-Kelermes stage. The bullet arrowheads had a less area of contact with the target surface and could have a larger penetration. They could be used for fights against warriors dressed in defensive armour. As such finds are widespread on the vast spaces of Eurasia, it is possible to suppose the independent origin of similar artefacts in different regions. Probably, the bone arrowheads of a similar shape served as the prototypes, and the process of transformation passed within the framework of the replacement process of bone to a bronze and iron ones, well-known in the Early Iron Age.

Костяные наконечники стрел из могильника Улуг-Чолтух на Средней Катуни (по материалам работ Южно-Сибирского отряда)

Костяные наконечники стрел из могильника Улуг-Чолтух на Средней Катуни (по материалам работ Южно-Сибирского отряда)

Костяные наконечники стрел первой половины I тысячелетия нашей эры в Туве

Костяные наконечники стрел первой половины I тысячелетия нашей эры в Туве

A Late Mesolithic ritual using fishing tools at Kanaljorden (Sweden), 5700 Cal BC

The present paper discusses the potential value, as part of a mortuary deposit or as ritual implements, of 31 arms, tools and objects made of bone and antler dated to the Late Mesolithic that were found together with several human rests in the Kanaljorden site (Sweden). The investigation examines the relationship between this assemblage and the archaeological structure, −made of large stone-boulders where all the remains have been discovered−, and gives results on the industrial component in terms of typology and technology. On one hand, the presence of complete bone arrow-heads and miniature armatures supports that part of the worked material has well been deposited or used there perhaps for a ritual purpose, but on the other hand, that all harpoon-heads, leister-prongs, heavy-duty tools and objects, −because these are mostly completely worn-out−, suggest conversely, together with some discarded waste of production, that the assemblage is mainly similar in nature to other equivalent series from any dwelling sites. Additionally, if some pieces show direct analogies with remains from Strandvägen, a site which is located just across the shore of the Motala River, they also show direct comparisons with sites located on the opposite shore of the Baltic Sea that display a Kunda related-cultural material. Besides, the exceptional artistic engraving displayed by an antler tool evokes a concrete Kongemose ambiance. As it is not usually occurring in the region so far, the Kanaljorden bone implements appear therefore relatively important for later enabling a better characterization of the Late Mesolithic of Scandinavia on its Baltic facade.

Chronology of a late Neolithic Age site near the southern coastal region of Fujian, China

An archaeological site at Anshan in the coastal area of Fujian province, southern China, was excavated in 2007, 2009 and 2015. Abundant artefacts including adzes, cores, bronze fishhook, pottery and bone arrowheads are found in the aeolian sediments. The aim of this article is to understand the geomorphological backdrop and process of Anshan site, and the coupling relationship between human activity and environmental evolution. In this study, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) technique was employed to establish the chronological framework of the site. Samples from the top and bottom of cultural layer yield OSL ages ranging from 1.4 to 6.1 ka, providing a systematic geochronological evidence for the development of ‘Anshan culture’ in coastal area of southern Fujian province and eastern Guangdong province. In the meantime, there is a clear link between the varying regional sea levels, the chronology of regional wind-sand deposition and the period of Anshan culture since the mid-Holocene.

Technological, Functional and Contextual Aspects of the K2 and Mapungubwe Worked Bone Industries

Mapungubwe (AD 1220–1290) is generally regarded as the first urban centre in southern Africa, functioning as the seat of power for an extensive but short-lived polity. More than 80 years of excavations here, and at its nearby predecessor K2 (c. AD 1000–1220), resulted in a substantial assemblage of material remains from elite and commoner contexts. This assemblage includes a large collection of worked bone objects, such as needles, awls, tubes and objects of personal adornment. Of particular interest are the bone arrowheads and link-shafts, of which a significant number of specimens were found complete and intact. Such quantities of well-preserved worked bone objects are unique in the archaeological record of the region. The worked bone assemblages from these two sites provide a rare opportunity to study multiple components of the production process as well as the use context of bone objects. In this paper, we characterise the K2 and Mapungubwe worked bone industries through various morphological, technological, use-trace and contextual approaches and discuss the significance of these aspects in terms of raw material selection and manufacture and archaeological use context. In particular, this study shows the complexity of these worked bone industries over time.

Mesolithic bone arrowheads from Ivanovskoye 7 (central Russia): Technology of the manufacture and use-wear traces

A multilayer peat bog site Ivanovskoye 7 is situated in Central Russia, 120 km to the north from Moscow. Early, middle and late Mesolithic cultural layers with rich bone industry were excavated. Various arrowheads were discovered in Mesolithic layers. Most of them were made from elk long bones. All arrowheads including fragments preforms and blanks were studied with the help of a stereomicroscope with magnifications from 3.6 to 119 times. The following chain of operations was established in the manufacture of bone arrowheads from Mesolithic layers of Ivanovskoye 7 site. Elk long bones were soaked in water for softening, after it long narrow splinters were removed with the use of the “groove and splinter” technique. Then splinters were turned into preforms with the help of crude scraping or whittling. Fine whittling and scraping was used for shaping the preform into arrowhead. At this stage various details such as barbs, grooves, slots for inserts were made with the help of grooving, sawing, carving, whittling and scraping. Some arrowheads were decorated with engraved ornamentation. Final treatment included grinding with fine grained abrasive slabs and bright polishing with hide. Slots of composite arrowheads were filled with glue and heated. When the glue became soft, inserts were put inside these slots. Of special interest is the final treatment of one long needle shaped arrowhead with the help of the turning lathe. Use-wear traces include rounding or smashing of the tip of the point and polishing running from the point gradually disappearing accompanied by fine linear traces running from the tip along the axis of the arrowhead or at acute angles to it, indicating hitting rather soft slightly dirty material. Coarse linear traces in the shape of grooves running from the point, resembling traces on soil digging tools indicate hitting the ground when the arrow missed the target. This research showed the skill of Mesolithic inhabitants of Ivanoskoye 7 site in the manufacture of bone arrowheads, which they used for hunting various animals. Numerous bones of the latter from Mesolithic layers confirm this.

Verifying the potential of micro-focus X-ray computed tomography in the study of ancient bone tool function

The results of 22 micro-focus X-ray computer tomography (micro-CT) scans of one-hundred-year-old bone arrowheads and link-shafts are presented. These data build on previous experimental research that sought to establish a new use-trace method for identifying archaeological bone arrowheads where surface damage is lacking. The results presented here confirm the potential of micro-CT for imaging bone micro-structure but highlight the variable conditions under which micro-cracks and fatigue fractures may develop. Micro-cracks associated with impact crushing occur more often than those associated with bending forces, but cannot be used in isolation to ascribe hunting function. Link-shafts are more likely to develop micro-structural damage unrelated to hunting activities. In order for micro-structural damage to be informative about the nature of use, a ‘tool’ must have been frequently used in order for sufficient damage to accrue.

Trauma and violence in the Later Stone Age of southern Africa

Antemortem and perimortem fractures in skeletons recovered from Later Stone Age burials in southern Africa demonstrate that people were, on occasion, the victims of severe trauma attributable to interpersonal violence. Case studies are presented of cranial vault depression fractures on 4 different individuals and a young adult female who had 2 bone arrowheads embedded in the lower vertebrae. These are compared with other cases from the literature. The evidence from the archaeological skeletons suggests that interpersonal violence was a regular occurrence among prehistoric foragers. Additional cases show healed fractures of other bones, but these probably represent injuries from day-to-day activities rather than violent conflict. The ethnographic depiction of the San as 'harmless people' is probably inaccurate, or, at best, only representative of the situation in northern Botswana in the 1960s. Damage to the bones indicates that the cause of the trauma was intentional violence. Explanatory models that suggest intense competition between hunter-gatherer groups are probably more accurate than ones that suggest that the groups were non-aggressive. Historical references to the San as aggressive and dangerous adversaries may be more accurate than revisionist historians have argued.

Wretchedly poor, but amazingly practical: Archaeological and experimental evidence on the bone arrowheads of the Fenni

The paper discusses two assemblages of bone arrowheads found in the excavations of a Bronze Age and an Iron Age burial site in northern Ostrobothnia, Finland. Arrowheads of this type are mentioned in ad 98 by Tacitus, the Roman historian, as a feature underlining the poverty of the Fenni, a tribe which has been variedly identified as the ancestors of either the Finns or the Sámi. However, experiments carried out with replicas of the bone arrowheads recognized from the archaeological material provide evidence of objects characterized by excellent performance characteristics. Finally, based on the results of the experiments, as well as on archaeological evidence regarding the distribution of these artefacts, it is suspected that the use of bone arrowheads in prehistoric Fennoscandia was more widespread than has often been thought.

Technology of the Manufacture of Mesolithic Bone Arrowheads on the Upper Volga

Excavations of stratified peat sites, carried out by the author on the Upper Volga during recent years, yielded a large number of varied bone projectile heads. Among these, arrowheads are most numerous. Half-finished artifacts of this group were also found together with lithic tools used for boneworking. Traceological studies enabled the author to identify various features left by lithic tools on the surface of the bone artifacts. A programme of experiments helped in the understanding of the operational chain during their manufacture, and what tools were used for each stage.Long tubular bones were used to make the majority of the arrowheads. They were either broken into long pieces with a hammerstone or use was made of the ‘groove and splinter’ technique. Direct percussion with hammerstones was used for other bones. Secondary treatment included more accurate flaking and retouch, cutting, planing, scraping, sawing with the help of stone tools, usually flint burins, knives, scrapers and saws. Abrasive slabs were used for grinding, while fine polishing was achieved with the help of leather, sometimes, with fine dust-like abrasive agents.The operational chain for the manufacture of arrowheads was the following: (1) obtaining a splinter of bone; (2) removal of unnecessary mass of bone with the help of burin and scraper to create a pre-form; (3) cutting of slots for inserts (for composite arrowheads); (4) planing of the surface with a knife, carving of details and, engraving of ornamentation. Many arrowheads were then polished, except for their bases. Specific variants of secondary treatment were observed on some arrowheads. The study showed a high degree of development of boneworking, with standardization of designs and technological operations, especially during Boreal times. Later, many arrowheads were crudely made, though wear traces and resin at their bases indicate that these are finished tools which were used.