Bomb Attacks Research Articles

Study on an engineering measure to improve internal explosion resistance capacity of segmental tunnel lining structures

With the increase of terrorist bombing attacks on subway systems, few research results could be traced on the internal explosion capacity of segmental tunnel linings. This paper presented some full-scale test results of segmental tunnel linings under internal explosions, and the deformation and failure patterns of segmental tunnel lining were analyzed and outlined, wherein the key factors and positions that dominate the damage of a segmental lining were figured out. Then based on a conceptual idea, attempts were made, by adding flexible damping cushions on the joints, to relieve the damage degree of contact area of bolts. At last, numerical simulations were performed and it was shown that, the localized failures of joint areas of tunnel segments could be relieved effectively after introduction of this measure, so the internal explosion resistance performance of segmental lining structures could be optimized and hence improved.

TERORISME INTERNASIONAL DAN PENGARUH AL-QAEDA PASCA MENINGGALNYA OSAMA BIN LADEN

al-Qaeda is one of the movement of global terrorism network that has a neat organizational structure and has established a strong chain of command and have an extensive network, greatly influenced by movements in sentiment toward the United States. WTC tragedy and other actions always lead to the infrastructure of Western countries, especially the U.S.. Osama Bin Laden as the leader of the al-Qaeda network has strong power in giving its influence in leading al-Qaeda. It can not be denied that Bin Laden was in first place most wanted people in the world. Under Bin Laden, al-Qaeda terrorist movement became a professional and highly coordinated, it can be seen from their actions is very neat. Osama bin Laden's death in 2011 and then, for some people is the end of the story of al-Qaeda. But the name of al-Qaida continues to appear in the news all over the world. In the name of the late al-Qaeda has been attributed to several events in the form of bomb attacks in Iraq, killing and conflict in Mali, clashes in Yemen, and sporadic raids and several incidents of kidnapping in Afghanistan. Looking at some of these cases the question "How gait or lunge al-Qaeda terrorist network after the death of Osama Bin Laden?

Brutalisation as a Survival Strategy: How the 'Islamic State' Is Prolonging Its Doomsday Battle

The recent bomb attacks at the Istanbul airport (28 June 2016), in a tourist cafe in Dhaka, Bangladesh (2 July), and in Bagdad (3 July) were part of a “Ramadan campaign” announced by the spokesman of the self-declared “Islamic State” caliphate in late May 2016. This series of attacks was intended to make the Islamic holy month of Ramadan “a month of calamity everywhere for the non-believers.” It has generated significant international attention for an organisation which has recently lost the cities of Ramadi and Falluja in Iraq and which is under serious pressure in the strategic city of Manbij in Syria. This article analyses the Islamic State’s (IS) contextual use of different forms of violence and argues that the attacks and the defeats are two sides of one coin: the group is losing territory and credibility by failing to continue with its expansion of the universal Islamic caliphate that “Caliph” Abu Bakr promised in summer 2014; it is now compensating for these territorial losses by expanding its field of action through terrorist attacks, thereby suggesting a fictitious expansion. The article explains how the group has exhibited a three-stage “cycle of violence” in which violence has served specific functions. In the first stage, from roughly 2003 to 2010, violence was used as part of a mobilisation strategy. In the second stage, from 2010 to 2015, violence served mainly to facilitate the group’s expansion and rule. In the third stage, which began in 2015, the increasingly brutal violence and the fictitious expansion have constituted the centrepiece of a survival strategy. Against this background, the article suggests that the Islamic State will most likely not have a future as a territorial entity but will, at best, survive as a terrorist apocalyptic sect.

Analysis of the blast wave decay coefficient using the Kingery–Bulmash data

A growing interest for the design of structures to sustain blast-induced loads has been observed in recent years as a result of the worldwide rise of terrorist bombing attacks. The blast loading is usually characterized by a sudden increase in the pressure followed by an exponential decay. The parameters of this pressure pulse are essential for design and can be found in various blast design manuals available in the open literature. One of the most widely used sources is a technical report by Kingery–Bulmash, which provides values for many blast parameters in diagrams and polynomial form. However, it does not include an equation for calculating the blast wave decay coefficient, necessary for constructing the pressure–time history of an explosion at a certain point. In this study, a review of the technical literature that contains expressions for the blast pressure decay coefficient is performed, and relevant comparisons have been made. New equations describing the decay coefficient of the Friedlander equation for both incident and reflected cases for free-air and surface bursts are proposed. These equations express the decay coefficient in terms of the scaled distance and are not valid for close-in detonations. They are entirely based on the Kingery–Bulmash data, and their accuracy is satisfactorily checked against new experimental results and their trends assessed through a sensitivity analysis. Accordingly, the positive phase of the pressure–time curve at a point can be reliably and efficiently generated.

The Situational Prevention of Terrorism: An Evaluation of the Israeli West Bank Barrier

Informed by situational crime prevention (SCP) this study evaluates the effectiveness of the “West Bank Barrier” that the Israeli government began to construct in 2002 in order to prevent suicide bombing attacks. Drawing on crime wave models of past SCP research, the study uses a time series of terrorist attacks and fatalities and their location in respect to the Barrier, which was constructed in different sections over different periods of time, between 1999 and 2011. The Barrier together with associated security activities was effective in preventing suicide bombings and other attacks and fatalities with little if any apparent displacement. Changes in terrorist behavior likely resulted from the construction of the Barrier, not from other external factors or events. In some locations, terrorists adapted to changed circumstances by committing more opportunistic attacks that require less planning. Fatalities and attacks were also reduced on the Palestinian side of the Barrier, producing an expected “diffusion of benefits” though the amount of reduction was considerably more than in past SCP studies. The defensive roles of the Barrier and offensive opportunities it presents, are identified as possible explanations. The study highlights the importance of SCP in crime and counter-terrorism policy.

THE CHRONICLE OF TERRORISM AND ISLAMIC MILITANCY IN INDONESIA

<p>This paper examines the chronicle of terrorism in Indonesia and the relationship between terrorism and Islamic militancy in this nation. This research focused on bombing cases from 2001 to 2012 Data was gathered through documentary research including primary and secondary resources. This research shows that after the fall of the Suharto regime in 1998, there were bomb attacks on various targets and militant extremists were able to return to Indonesia after long period of exile abroad. They started again their activities including disseminating their radical ideology, building networks and recruiting new members in Indonesia, as well as preparing for militant actions. The perpetrators of these terror attacks were mostly associated with the Islamic radical groups like <em>Jemaah Islamiah</em> and <em>Majlis Mujahidin Indonesia</em>. These two militant groups had a close relationship with <em>Darul Islam</em>, an organization founded during the colonial era that aimed to establish an Islamic state and to apply <em>Syariah</em> as a state law. In addition, both groups became a political window for al-Qaeda in Indonesia. </p>

The grave is wide: the Hibakusha of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the legacy of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission and the Radiation Effects Research Foundation

Following the atomic bomb attacks on Japan in 1945, scientists from the United States and Japan joined together to study the Hibakusha – the bomb affected people in what was advertised as a bipartisan and cooperative effort. In reality, despite the best efforts of some very dedicated and earnest scientists, the early years of the collaboration were characterized by political friction, censorship, controversy, tension, hostility, and racism. The 70-year history, scientific output and cultural impact of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission and the Radiation Effects Research Foundation are described in the context of the development of Occupied Japan.

Static and dynamic material properties of CFRP/epoxy laminates

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) has been extensively used to strengthen structures owing to its outstanding mechanical properties. With an increasing threat from terrorist bombing attacks and accidental explosions, the application of CFRP has been extended to mitigate the effect of blast loading on structures. A better understanding of the dynamic material properties of CFRP/epoxy laminates at high strain rates is therefore needed for more reliable analysis and design of CFRP strengthened structures under dynamic loadings. In this study, the unidirectional tensile properties of CFRP (SikaWrap®-230C) and epoxy resin (Sikadur®-330) laminates is investigated experimentally over a wide range of strain rates. Quasi-static and low-speed tensile tests are conducted at strain rates varying from 7×10−5s−1 to 0.07s−1. Then, high-speed tensile tests are performed using a high-speed servo-hydraulic testing machine at strain rate from about 10s−1 to 240s−1. The testing results show that both the tensile strength and the stiffness of the CFRP/epoxy laminates are insensitive to loading speed when the strain rate is less than 50s−1. However, when strain rate is over 50s−1, both the tensile strength and the coupon stiffness increase with the increase of strain rate. High-speed camera images are used to assist inspecting the failure modes of CFRP/epoxy laminates. It is found that under high-strain rate tension CFRP/epoxy laminates fail differently from that at low-strain rate. The different failure mode is believed to contribute to the increment of laminate strength. The testing data are analyzed together with available testing results on CFRP/epoxy laminates at various strain rates. Empirical formulas of dynamic increase factor for CFRP material are derived for better prediction of material strength at various strain rates.

Examining Indonesian Terror Tactics: Characterizing Attacks on Indonesian Police

Strategies of Indonesian jihadist groups have undergone significant change over the last five years, away from high-cost, planned, and lethal bomb attacks on symbolic foreign targets such as embassies, hotels, and tourist destinations, in favor of domestic targets, notably assassinations of Indonesian police officers. In the past five years, over twenty police officers have been killed in attacks believed to be linked to jihadist groups. This paper explores issues relating to this shift, and whether the assassinations ought to be regarded as “terrorist” in nature This, in turn, raises the question of whether those responsible ought to be prosecuted for terrorism or for other crimes under Indonesia’s Criminal Code. The paper examines the relevant provisions of Indonesia’s anti-terrorism legislation and international law and suggests that, arguably, where an attack fails to cause terror as a matter of fact, logically and legally, it ought not be regarded as terrorism. However, in the wider context of striving to overturn the Indonesian government and establish an Islamic state, violent actions connected to Indonesian and international terrorist cells ought to be regarded as terrorist crimes. Ultimately, the question needs to be considered and settled by a higher Indonesian court, such as the Supreme Court or the Constitutional Court.

Imaging features of blast injuries: experience from 2015 Ankara bombing in Turkey.

To present the radiological features of blast-related injuries in the victims of the 10 October 2015 Ankara bombing and emphasize the importance of imaging. This retrospective descriptive study included a total of 28 patients who underwent CT scan or radiographic imaging within 6 h after the bombing on 10 October 2015. CT scans and plain radiographs were evaluated regarding mechanisms of injuries. Injuries were categorized as primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. The number of shrapnel and distribution of injuries were noted. Injury Severity Score (ISS) was used to rank the severity of the injury. Primary blast injuries consisted of only tympanic membrane rupture. A high rate of patients (21/28 patients) in the study group suffered from secondary blast injuries. Tertiary injuries were detected in only three patients. Of the severely injured patients, five had abdominal injuries, three had thoracic injuries and six had extremity injuries. ISS was significantly higher in patients with thoracic and abdominal injuries. Our results after the suicide bomb attacks showed that the most common injury pattern was secondary blast injury. The torso was the most commonly injured body region, followed by the extremities. This specific injury pattern requires the use of immense radiological imaging. Hence, radiologists should be aware of the mechanisms and spectrums of blast-related injuries. Both the unique injury pattern and the following chaos make blast-related injuries a challenge in terms of triage, diagnosis and management. Radiologists should be familiar with the wide spectrum of these unique injuries.

Advances in the research of blast lung injury

In recent years, a variety of explosive weapons become increasingly common used in regional military conflicts and terrorist bomb attacks. Meanwhile, the incidence of accidental explosion also showed an increase in the industries and daily life. The lung is the most labile organ and it is used to be severely injured organ in blast injury although even no signs of external injury could be observed on chest. Blast injury can present the symptoms such as lung rupture, bleeding, edema and emphysema. Respiratory dysfunction can affect oxygen supply to organs and systemic tissue, resulting in rapid and sustained hypoxemia and high mortality rate. Blast lung injury is characterized by respiratory disturbance and hypoxia. This article summarizes the etiology, pathogenesis, pathophysiological changes, diagnosis, and treatment of blast lung injury, with a hope to provide some useful clinical information.

Encounter with Psychoanalysis: How I Became a Psychoanalyst

ABSTRACTI encountered psychoanalysis for the first time in my registrar time, when I treated some borderline patients and read borderline papers by Dr. Kernberg. Later, I studied psychoanalytic clinical practice at The Tavistock Clinic in London. This greatly influenced me to choose to be a psychoanalyst.When I was 10, I was involved in a severe traffic accident and was hospitalized. I met many victims and survivors of the atomic bomb there. All of them were suffering from heavy mental trauma. My father himself was harmed in the atomic bomb attack, and he also survived but suffered from profound mental pain and agony through his life. I show that these experiences were influential background for my understanding the importance of psychoanalysis.

Review: Fu-Go: The Curious History of Japan’s Balloon Bomb Attack on America by Ross Coen

Review: <i>Fu-Go: The Curious History of Japan’s Balloon Bomb Attack on America</i> by Ross Coen

The response of glass window systems to blast loadings: An overview

The failure of glass windows in terrorist bombing attacks and accidental explosion incidents has been cited as one of the major causes to the vast casualties. Many studies have been carried out to investigate the response and vulnerability of glass windows against blast loadings. These include laboratory and field tests that have been carried out to experimentally study glass window performance under explosion scenarios and development of analytical and numerical models to analyze and predict glass window responses. This article reviews literatures on the studies of the response of glass window systems to blast loadings. Over 100 papers and documents that are available in the open literature are reviewed. The background and history of the studies on the topic are also briefed. Understandings about the dynamic material properties of glass and available material models are summarized. Popularly used analysis methods and design standards for monolithic and laminated glass windows are outlined, and their accuracies are discussed. Recent studies including analytical solution, numerical simulation, and experimental investigations on glass window systems are summarized. Mitigation measures for blast-resistant windows are also briefly discussed.

Stress reaction, anxiety and depression after bomb attacks in Reyhanli in Syria-Turkey border

Objective: Terror attacks are actions taken to create maximum negative psychological impact on the target population. As result of two separate bombings on March 11th 2013 at Hatay, Reyhanli 52 people died and 146 people were injured. The purpose of this study is to determine the ratio of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on sixth month following the blast in those people who were exposed to explosions either visually and auditory, and in those who were indirectly exposed by being witnesses. Methods: In this study 43 people who were directly exposed, 42 people who were indirectly exposed to the explosions and 45 healthy people as a control group are included for a total of 130 individuals. On sixth month after the blast Beck Depression Inventory, Civilian Versions of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Sociodemographic Information Form were administered to all subjects. Results: The prevalence of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder on people who directly and indirectly exposed to explosions are significantly high compared to control group. Among the three groups there are no statistically significant differences in terms of age, gender and demographic factors. Conclusions: Our study has supportive information about the individuals who were exposed to terrorist attacks have high prevalence of PTSD. Additionally, the fact that the prevalence of PTSD and depression were higher in directly exposed cases than indirectly exposed ones may be illustrative in terms of approach to terror trauma.

The Role of Moroccan Salafist Radicalism in Creating a Threat to Spain’s Security

The paper is focused on the mechanisms and manifestations of Moroccan jihadism in Spain. It analyses how fighting Salafist radicalism from Mahgreb emerged in Spain and how it created challenges and threats for the security of the country. Europe has become one of the key fields of battle in the global war on jihadist terror. Today, in the age of decentralized terrorism, Al‑Qaeda is seen as a symbol of extremism legitimizing the use of violence by religious references. Jihadist ideology inspires the phenomenon of home‑grown terrorism in many European countries. The paper shows the background of the activity of some radical groups and movements in Morocco and then explains the ways it came to Spain. Moroccan jihadists played an increasingly important role in the activity of different Salafist cells in Spain. The article analyses the causes of the bomb attack carried out on 11 March 2004 in Madrid, which constituted an expression of open forms of terrorism, and the forms and factors of jihadist radicalism over the following years. It shows the links of the Moroccan Salafist movement with Islamic immigrant communities in Spain.

Application Analysis of Swietenia Mahagoni (Mahogany) Seed’s Unique Aerodynamical Landing Characteristics

A model of safe landing capsule and ICBM multi war head transportation system for cluster type bomb attack by analysis of seed landing trajectory. Swietenia mahagoni (mahogany) seed has the uniqueness on its falling characteristics. At the time of falling, mahogany seed rotates in the axis center which is similar to the gyration of propeller towards its pivot point. The seeds look and behave like helicopter rotors. The gyration slows down the landing time whereby it is furthering the landing distance of the mahogany seeds. In this paper focused on this characteristic of the mahogany seed for real world application analysis and also the whole seed model application analysis also including some tests on the seeds.

FEMINIZING WORLD POWER: A NEW CONSTELLATION OF WOMEN IN POLITICS?

It is an interesting time in world politics. Neoliberal globalization seems on back foot especially after an unexpected Brexit. Europe faces prospect of realigning itself after UK vote to leave EU. UK suffering from an immediate economic effect of Brexit has to renegotiate its international relations and trading agreements. EU faces what seem insuperable problems: its Mediterranean economies are in bad shape and EU is still recovering from Great Recession of 2007-8. Meanwhile Middle East is a boiling cauldron of regional, religious and ethnic conflicts involving a new round of US-Russia politics and strategic action over Assad's regime and larger regional bloc conflicts. Syrian civil war is in its seventh year and refugees from Syrian have made up one of largest migration crises mainly from displaced refugees in Middle East since WWII with strong eco- nomic, social and security consequences for EU. ISIL continues to grow and extend its influence in Levant. Militant Islam with all its splinter groups continues to conduct its suicide and car bombing attacks on European civil society. There are also new crises brewing in South China Seas with China's imperial ambitions as well as international difficulties with so-called rogue states like Korea. likelihood of nuclear proliferation is probably greater at this point historically than any time since end of WWII.At same time specter of Donald Trump grows larger as US November elections approach and rhetoric that spills forth from him on issues of NATO, Russia, and China scare most mainstream foreign policy specialists. His threatened withdrawal of major partnerships and international treaties including recent Paris environmental agreement poses a real cause for alarm.The world leadership problems and issues confronting heads of state are probably more complex and intrinsically more difficult than at any time in past. At same time it appears that emergence of women leaders currently in power is highest it has ever been with election or appointment of some twenty-two female heads of state and leaders in 2015.1 Caroline Howard and Michael K. Ozanian (2012) named The 100 Most Powerful beginning with Angela Merkel, Hillary Clinton, Dilma Rousseff, Melinda Gates, Jill Abramson, Sonia Ghandi, Michelle Obama, Christine Lagarde, Janet Napolitano, and Sheryl Sandberg under following description:There's official power, which comes in form of a head of state or CEO, and then there's transformational force of impact, stemming from magnitude of reach and influence. Here are entrepreneurs and early adapters, celebrity role models, activist billionaires and philanthropists who are healing world - all ranked by dollars, media presence and impact.Yet as Swanee Hunt (2007), in an article Let Rule in Foreign Affairs, reminds us, progress toward leadership and equal power for women has not been easy or straightforward:Women have made significant strides in most societies over last century, but trend line has not been straight. In recent interviews with hundreds of female leaders in over 30 countries, I have discovered that where women have taken leadership roles, it has been as social reformers and entrepreneurs, not as politicians or government officials. This is unfortunate, because world needs women's perspectives and particular talents in top positions.She refers to Francis Fukuyama's 1998 article in Foreign Affairs Women and Evolution of World Politics that speculates women's political leadership would bring about a more cooperative and less conflict-prone world of World Politics. She concludes that Fukuyama's promise has yet to be fulfilled. Hunt (2007) suggests that shift of women from civil society into government will help to develop a healthier political culture and highlights the advantages women have over men's brawny style of governance, whether because of biology, social roles, or a cascading combination of two. …

1920년 密陽 항일폭탄의거의 배경과 전말­ - 崔壽鳳의 생애 행로와 義烈團의 초기 동향을 중심으로­ -

1920년 12월 27일의 경남 밀양경찰서 투탄사건, 달리 말하면 항일사건의 하나인 최수봉 의거의 실행 배경과 전말을 규명하여 사건 전모를 재구성해내고 그 역사적 의미를 고구해보려는 것이 이 글의 목적이다. 수사보고서와 판결문, 신문기사 등의 1차 자료와 최수봉의 생애 행로에 관한 여타 자료들을 재독해하여 꼼꼼히 비교 분석하고 그 결과를 종합함과 아울러 복원적 추리로써 자료상의 빈틈을 메워보는 미시적 접근을 주로 취하였고, 역사적 의미와 의의 추출에는 거시적 시각을 배합시켜보았다. 1894년생인 최수봉은 1910년부터 1916년 사이에 밀양ㆍ부산ㆍ평양 세 곳의 4개 학교를 연달아 다니면서 동향 선배 고인덕의 영향으로 기독교에 입문하는 한편 항일의 뜻을 다지며 조국독립의 방도를 부단히 모색하였다. 1918년경에 독립운동 행로로 들어서서 만주로 갔던 그는 1919년~1920년 사이에 귀향해 있다가 의열단원 김상윤과 이종암의 제의를 받아들여 입단하고, 고인덕의 협력으로 제조된 폭탄 2개를 받아서 거사를 감행한 것이었다. 법정에서도 시종 의연한 태도를 견지하며 의열적 기개를 유감없이 내보여주던 최수봉은 선고된 사형 집행으로 순국했는데, 내면에서 끓어오르던 의기와 분노를 투탄행동으로 일거에 폭발시킨 그는 진정 의사이자 열사였다. 밀양 청년들이 경의와 예우를 다하여 장례를 치르려하자 일제 당국이 탄압하여 저지시켰다. 최수봉 의거는 영남 일대의 항일 민심을 격동시키고 전투적 독립운동 진영을 고무해주었을 뿐 아니라, 석 달 전의 박재혁 의거와 더불어 의열단과 김원봉이 제1차 국내 대의거계획의 실패를 딛고 일어서게끔 하는 디딤돌이 되어주었다. 그러한 역사적 의의와 관련하여 세 가지 점에 특히 유의할 필요가 있다. 첫째, 그의 의거는 돌발적인 것이 아니라 밀양지역사 속의 1910년대 항일운동의 기맥 및 1920년 9월의 밀양읍민 경찰서습격사건과 연접되는 것이었다. 또한 실행은 혼자 했지만 기획과 준비는 의열단 차원의 것이어서, 개인단독 거사로보다는 의열단의 초기 투쟁사와 직결되는 집단적 거사로 보아야 한다. 둘째, 밀양경찰서가 최수봉 의거의 타격대상이 된 데는 당지 출신자로서 성공 확률을 최대로 높이려는 전술적 고려도 작용했을 것으로 보아야 한다. 셋째, 최수봉의 거듭된 허위진술은 동지들을 끝까지 지켜내기 위해서였는데, 그것을 일제 관헌이 순순히 받아들인 것은 총독부 당국의 심히 난처한 입장 때문이었다.

Targeting strategies in single-issue bomb attacks

Despite the wealth of research that has been conducted on global terrorism over recent years, few empirical studies have addressed ‘single-issue’ terrorism, and little is known about the targeting strategies employed by these groups. This article examines the targeting in 247 bomb attacks carried out by violent animal rights and anti-abortion extremists worldwide between 1978 and 2008. Using non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) the empirical data are used to construct a model of targeting behaviour that shows four modes of attack; two of which are primarily designed to cause economic damage or fear, and two of which are potentially lethal to the target occupants. The model is then used to compare the tactics of extremists associated with the two different causes and the implications for prevention are discussed.