Attributed to the excellent axial bearing capacity, explosion resistance and ductility, ultra-high performance cementitious composite filled steel tubes (UHPCC-FST) have been widely applied in the bridge piers and structural columns. Considering the accidental and terroristic bombing attacks, this paper aims to quantitatively assess the residual seismic behavior of UHPCC-FST specimens after near-range explosion experimentally. Four 1/4 scaled UHPCC-FST cylinder specimens were prepared, they were firstly subjected to the near-range explosion test with the TNT charge weight of 4–10 kg, then the low-frequency cyclic loading test was further performed on the post-blast specimens to examine their residual seismic behaviors. By comparisons with the control specimens only enduring the low-frequency cyclic loadings, it derives that, (i) the post-blast UHPCC-FST specimens suffer both localized and integral bending deformations, which become more obvious with increasing the charge weight; (ii) under the repetitive loadings, the post-blast specimens exhibit normal section bending failure mode, and the fracture location of the specimen body lies at the critical section of the plastic hinge at foot; (iii) the explosion damage leads to an unfavorable influence on the horizontal bearing capacity and secant stiffness of specimens under repetitive loadings, which reduces more obviously with increasing the charge weight; (iv) the overall bending developed by mid-height explosion and the upper layer concrete spalling of the foundation produced by repetitive loading are favorable to ductility improvement of the specimens; (v) weak hinge formed by slight explosion damage can assist plastic hinge of column foot to consume energy and thus efficiently enhance the energy dissipation capacity of specimens.