Bohai Sea Research Articles

Geophysical prediction of organic matter abundance in source rocks based on geochemical analysis: A case study of southwestern Bozhong Sag, Bohai Sea, China

The Bozhong Sag is the largest petroliferous sag in the Bohai Bay Basin, and the source rocks of Paleogene Dongying and Shahejie Formations were buried deeply. Most of the drillings were located at the structural high, and there were few wells that met good quality source rocks, so it is difficult to evaluate the source rocks in the study area precisely by geochemical analysis only. Based on the Rock-Eval pyrolysis, total organic carbon (TOC) testing, the organic matter (OM) abundance of Paleogene source rocks in the southwestern Bozhong Sag were evaluated, including the lower of second member of Dongying Formation (E3d2L), the third member of Dongying Formation (E3d3), the first and second members of Shahejie Formation (E2s1+2), the third member of Shahejie Formation (E2s3). The results indicate that the E2s1+2 and E2s3 have better hydrocarbon generative potentials with the highest OM abundance, the E3d3 are of the second good quality, and the E3d2L have poor to fair hydrocarbon generative potential. Furthermore, the well logs were applied to predict TOC and residual hydrocarbon generation potential (S2) based on the sedimentary facies classification, using ΔlogR, generalized ΔlogR, logging multiple linear regression and BP neural network methods. The various methods were compared, and the BP neural network method have relatively better prediction accuracy. Based on the pre-stack simultaneous inversion (P-wave impedance, P-wave velocity and density inversion results) and the post-stack seismic attributes, the three-dimensional (3D) seismic prediction of TOC and S2 was carried out. The results show that the seismic near well prediction results of TOC and S2 based on seismic multi-attributes analysis correspond well with the results of well logging methods, and the plane prediction results are identical with the sedimentary facies map in the study area. The TOC and S2 values of E2s1+2 and E2s3 are higher than those in E3d3 and E3d2L, basically consistent with the geochemical analysis results. This method makes up the deficiency of geochemical methods, establishing the connection between geophysical information and geochemical data, and it is helpful to the 3D quantitative prediction and the evaluation of high-quality source rocks in the areas where the drillings are limited.

Causes of 2022 summer marine heatwave in the East China Seas

Recent occurrences of marine heatwaves (MHWs) in coastal China seas have caused serious impacts on marine ecosystem services and socio-economics. Nevertheless, the underlying physical process, including local drivers and remote associations, remains poorly understood, thereby hindering accurate predictability. In this study, we reported an extreme MHW event in the East China Seas (ECSs, including the Bohai, Yellow, and East China Sea), lasting for 75 d with a maximum intensity of 1.96 °C relative to 1982–2011 during the summer 2022. This ECSs MHW event was triggered by a combination of anomalous atmospheric and oceanic conditions, including enhanced insolation, weakened surface wind speed, suppressed latent heat loss from ocean, a shallower mixed layer, and upper ocean current anomaly. Mixed-layer temperature budget diagnosis suggested that changes in the ECSs temperature were dominated by the surface net heat flux, largely due to strong shortwave radiation flux, during the development and decay of the MHW event. Oceanic advection also created favorable conditions for the maintenance of the MHW. These physical drivers were further regulated by the westward expanded and intensified western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), potentially linked to the negative phase of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Despite the three years (2020–2022) consecutive La Niña events, the ECSs summer MHWs appeared to be more closely linked to negative IOD events, with a lagging period of 1–3 mon. The seasonal precursor signals of the negative IOD have the potential to affect local physical drivers of ECSs MHWs through regulating the strength and position of WPSH, thus serving as a promising predictor for the ECSs MHWs. The future likelihood and intensity of the ECSs MHWs are projected to increase substantially in the coming decades, largely due to broad-scale warming attributed to anthropogenic climate change. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop MHW forecasting and early warning systems, and robust approaches to address climate change.

Selection and Application of Bohai Sea Environmental Governance Policy Instrumental: A Quantitative Analysis Based on Policy Text (1996–2022)

The Bohai Sea is the only inland sea in China and serves as an important carrier for the Bohai Sea Economic Zone. However, it is also one of the areas with serious marine environmental pollution. This paper selects the policy text concerning Marine environmental pollution control issued by the central and local governments from 1996 to 2022 as the research object. Based on the three policy instruments of government environmental regulation, market incentive mechanisms and public participation, and using a content analysis method to encode and quantify the text content, it was found that the Bohai Sea marine environmental governance suffers from issues such as a singular concept of the use of policy instruments, imbalance in the proportion of their use, and insufficient supervision in the event of their use. Consequently, it is recommended to adopt diversified policy concepts, optimize the structure of policy instruments, and strengthen in-process supervision in the governance of the Bohai Sea marine environment.

Development of a trace quantitative method to investigate caffeine distribution in the Yellow and Bohai Seas, China, and assessment of its potential neurotoxic effect on fish larvae

Caffeine is an emerging contaminant in aquatic environments. The study utilized a validated method to investigate the presence and distribution of caffeine in the surface water of the Yellow and Bohai Seas, urban rivers, and the Yantai estuary area. The analytical method conforms to EPA guidelines and exhibits a limit of quantification that is 200 times lower than that of prior investigations. The study revealed that the highest concentration of 1436.4 ng/L was found in convergence of ocean currents in the Yellow and Bohai Seas. The presence of larger populations and the process of urban industrialization have been observed to result in elevated levels of caffeine in offshore regions, confirming that caffeine can serve as a potential indicator of anthropogenic contamination. Fish larvae exhibited hypoactivity in response to caffeine exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations. The study revealed that caffeine pollution can have adverse effects on marine and offshore ecosystems. This emphasizes the importance of decreasing neurotoxic pollution in the aquatic environment.

Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Troposphere O3 and Precursors HCHO and NO2 in East China

Based on OMI remote sensing satellite data, the temporal and spatial characteristics of tropospheric ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and formaldehyde (HCHO) concentrations in East China from 2005 to 2021 were analyzed, and the backward trajectory (HYSPLIT) model was used to explore their sources. The results showed that ① during the 17 years, the tropospheric O3 concentration steadily increased, reached the maximum value in 2010, and then showed a fluctuating and undulating state. NO2 showed an increasing trend from 2005 to 2012 and slowly decreased from 2012 to 2021. The average HCHO concentration showed an increasing trend from 1.15×1016molec·cm-2 in 2005 to 1.8×1016 molec·cm-2 in 2021. ② In terms of spatial characteristics, the concentrations of the three pollutants generally showed a pattern of high concentration in the north and low concentration in the south, with a high concentration in the north, uncharacteristic concentration in the middle, and low concentration in the south. ③ The sensitivity of O3 was as follows:η<2.3 in spring, which belonged to the VOCs control area; η<4.2 in summer, showing that most areas were NOx-VOCs coordinated control areas and a few areas were VOCs control areas; η<4.2 in autumn, which was primarily controlled by VOCs, with a few of them being NOx-VOC synergistic control areas; and η<2.3 in winter, which was a VOCs-controlled area. VOCs were primarily controlled in Shandong Province. ④ Owing to the high concentration of O3 in Shandong Province from 2005 to 2021, Jinan, the capital city of Shandong Province in 2021, was selected for ozone source analysis. The O3 concentration increased in Jinan in 2021 owing to two aspects. First, the long-distance air transportation primarily originated from Lianyungang City in Jiangsu Province and Cangzhou City in Hebei Province. Second, the close air mass transport originated from the pollution of cities near Jinan and the economic zones of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, and the aggregation analysis results corresponded with those of the potential source contribution factor algorithm (PSCF) and the weighted trajectory analysis (CWT).

Satellite-estimated air-sea CO2 fluxes in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea: Patterns and variations during 2003–2019

The Bohai Sea (BS), Yellow Sea (YS), and East China Sea (ECS) together form one of the largest marginal sea systems in the world, including enclosed and semi-enclosed ocean margins and a wide continental shelf influenced by the Changjiang River and the strong western boundary current (Kuroshio). Based on in situ seawater pCO2 data collected on 51 cruises/legs over the past two decades, a satellite retrieval algorithm for seawater pCO2 was developed by combining the semi-mechanistic algorithm and machine learning method (MeSAA-ML-ECS). MeSAA-ML-ECS introduced semi-analytical parameters, including the temperature-dependent seawater pCO2 (pCO2,therm) and upwelling index (UISST), to characterise the combined effect of atmospheric CO2 forcing, thermodynamic effects, and multiple mixing processes on seawater pCO2. The best-selected machine learning algorithm is XGBoost. The satellite-derived pCO2 achieved excellent performance in this complicated marginal sea, with low root mean square error (RMSE = 20 μatm) and mean absolute percentage deviation (APD = 4.12 %) for independent in situ validation dataset. During 2003–2019, the annual average CO2 sinks in the BS, YS, ECS, and entire study area were 0.16 ± 0.26, 3.85 ± 0.68, 14.80 ± 3.09, and 18.81 ± 3.81 Tg C/yr, respectively. Under continuously increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration, the BS changed from a weak source to a weak sink, the YS experienced interannual fluctuations but did not show significant trend, while the ECS acted as a strong sink with CO2 absorption increased from ∼10 Tg C in 2003 to ∼19 Tg C in 2019. In total, CO2 uptake in the entire study area increased by 85 % in 17 years. For the first time, we present the most refined variation in the satellite-derived pCO2 and air-sea CO2 flux dataset. These complete ocean carbon sink statistics and new insights will benefit further research on carbon fixation and its potential capacity.

Discontinuity of sediment transport from the Bohai Sea to the open sea dominated by the wind direction

The sediment transport of the Bohai Sea through the Bohai Strait is a key issue in coastal shelf research. Based on remote sensing data and numerical simulation results, the sediment transport from the Bohai Sea to the Yellow sea is temporally discontinuous, and the surface and bottom layers exhibit two distinct processes. Further analysis showed that discontinuities are caused by differences in stratification intensity due to wind directions. During strong northwesterly winds, suspended sediments from the Bohai Sea can be transported along the Laizhou Bay through the southern part of Bohai Strait. And northeasterly wind can strengthen the stratification by driving stronger the Yellow Sea Warm Current. Strong stratification significantly inhibited the upward diffusion of the bottom suspended sediments. Stratification with different intensities can affect the efficiency of sediment transport, which can overcome the limitations of the sediment transport mechanism in the Bohai Sea. The insights obtained in this study into the effect of stratification on sediment transport could benefit further exploration of other hydrological mechanisms in coastal shelf seas.

Vessel Detection with SDGSAT-1 Nighttime Light Images

The Sustainable Development Goals Science Satellite-1 (SDGSAT-1) Glimmer Imager for Urbanization (GIU) data is very sensitive to low radiation and capable of detecting weak light sources from vessels at night while significantly improving the spatial resolution compared to similar products. Most existing methods fail to use the relevant characteristics of vessels effectively, and it is difficult to deal with the complex shape of vessels in high-resolution Nighttime Light (NTL) data, resulting in unsatisfactory detection results. Considering the overall sparse distribution of vessels and the light source diffusion phenomenon, a novel vessel detection method is proposed in this paper, utilizing the high spatial resolution of the SDGSAT-1. More specifically, noise separation is completed based on a local contrast-weighted RPCA. Then, artificial light sources are detected based on a density clustering algorithm, and an inter-cluster merging method is utilized to realize vessel detection further. We selected three research areas, namely, the Bohai Sea, the East China Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico, to establish a vessel dataset and applied the algorithm to the dataset. The results show that the total detection accuracy and the recall rate of the detection algorithm in our dataset are 96.84% and 96.67%, which is significantly better performance than other methods used for comparison in the experiment. The algorithm overcomes the dataset’s complex target shapes and noise conditions and achieves good results, which proves the applicability of the algorithm.

Nutrient changes in the Bohai Sea over the past two decades

With the growing problem of eutrophication in the Bohai Sea, actions have been taken to reduce nutrient inputs, but it remains to be seen whether nutrient levels and structure have been ameliorated. In this study, the nutrient trends in the Bohai Sea are re-examined based on observations from 2000 to 2019. The results suggest that dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations and DIN/DIP (dissolved inorganic phosphate) ratios gradually increased from 2000 to 2013 but dramatically decreased from 2013 to 2019. The increase and decrease rates of DIN concentrations decreased with increasing water depth, indicating that DIN concentrations in nearshore waters responded more rapidly to changes in human activities. However, DIP concentrations responded weakly to nutrient inputs, with their trends uncoupled. The DIN/DIP ratios have declined close to and in some seasons even below the canonical Redfield ratio in areas with water depths >20 m recently, implying that relative nutrient limitation in these areas may be shifting from relative phosphorus (P) limitation to absence of relative nutrient limitation or relative nitrogen (N) limitation. Atmospheric deposition, wastewater discharge, and riverine input were responsible for 66 %, 21 %, and 13 % of the variance in the decline of DIN concentration, respectively. Several environmental indicators responded positively to the decrease in DIN concentrations and DIN/DIP ratios, with varying degrees of recovery recently. Our study proves the phased success of various nutrient reduction measures taken by the Chinese government to improve the environment of the Bohai Sea over the past decade.

The Bohai Sea and Mount Penglai: In search of a maritime religiosity in imperial China

Apart from the history of the Chinese sea goddess Mazu, there are other religious themes that have also been derived from the maritime world that require more of our academic attention. This paper provides a historical overview of a sea-related theological conceptualisation that originated in the Bohai Sea: the maritime and transcultural history of Mount Penglai, a legendary immortal island of Chinese mythology. The history of Penglai is normally treated within a mere Daoist context and is not explored in its theological and philosophical implications in relation to the sea. I will suggest, by contrast, that the history of Penglai offers a unique perspective on Chinese maritime religiosity as it was conceptualised, practiced and imagined by various types of agents and individuals. In its own right, Mount Penglai represents a kind of maritime religiosity that was emanated from various approaches to it being constructed as a mythological space over the longue durée.

Analysis of Sea Ice Hazard Factors and Influence on Seaport Operations in the Bohai Sea

Analysis of Sea Ice Hazard Factors and Influence on Seaport Operations in the Bohai Sea

Cloning, Expression, Purification and Functional Study of Low-temperature Chitinase Pbchi5 Gene from Marinederived Photobacteria

BACKGROUND: Chitin is the second largest carbon source on the earth, and chitosan oligosaccharides produced by its degradation have good application prospects in medicine, cosmetics, and agricultural production. OBJECTIVE: The discovery of a chitinase with high efficiency, high stability and clear degradation mechanism is of great help to promote the research of chitin derivatives and the development of the industrial chain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this experiment, a lowtemperature chitinase-producing strain Photobacterium sp. LG-29 was isolated from deep-sea mud in the Bohai Sea, and studied by means of molecular biology, biochemistry and bioinformatics. RESULTS: Purification of chitinase yielded an enzyme solution with a concentration of 0.918 mg/mL and a specific activity of 21.036 U/mg. The optimum action temperature is 35°C, and it is still active at 4°C, showing low-temperature enzymatic activity, and also has certain thermal stability. The optimum pH is 8.0, and it maintains more than 70% of the enzyme activity at pH 11, which is very stable in an alkaline environment. Mn2+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ are the main activators of enzymes, while Fe2+, Zn2+, etc. have extremely significant inhibitory effects on enzymes. The Km and Kcat of chitinase were determined to be 269.05 μ mol/L and 0.49 min-1, respectively. Chitinase PbCHI5 has both endonuclease and exonuclease activity. The theoretical pI of the enzyme is 4.16, which is a stable hydrophilic protein. CONCLUSION: This experiment laid a theoretical foundation for the development and utilization of new low-temperature chitinases.

Distinct taxonomic and ecological functions of microbiome in sediments of different depth in Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea

Distinct taxonomic and ecological functions of microbiome in sediments of different depth in Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea

Dissolved and particulate heavy metal pollution status in seawater and sedimentary heavy metals of the Bohai Bay

Heavy metal contamination has been the focus of many studies owing to its potential risk on the health of coastal ecosystems. The Bohai Bay (BHB) is the second largest bay of Bohai Sea and subjected to serious anthropogenic perturbations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution and pollution status of toxic heavy metals in seawater with two fractions (dissolved and suspended particulate phases) and surface sediments of this coastal system. Therefore, several hydrochemical parameters and concentration of seawater metals and sediment metals were measured at two cruises of 2020 summer and autumn. The spatial distribution and potential ecological risks were examined and their inter-element relationships were analyzed to identify potential geochemical processes. By comparing historical data since 1978, we find declining trends in contents of most trace metals in seawater and sediments, suggesting that recent pollution control in BHB have an effect on diminishing metal pollution. Dissolved metals showed no significant dependence on their particulate phase. The seawater posed a moderate to high level of ecological risk. The hydrochemical factors mainly had a greater impact on dissolved metals during summer, whereas they influenced suspended metals more significantly during autumn. These results provide fundamental information to support environmental quality management and ecological protection in coastal systems.

Hyperspectral Marine Oil Spill Monitoring Using a Dual-Branch Spatial–Spectral Fusion Model

Marine oil spills pose a crucial concern in the monitoring of marine environments, and optical remote sensing serves as a vital means for marine oil spill detection. However, optical remote sensing imagery is susceptible to interference from sunglints and shadows, leading to diminished spectral differences between oil films and seawater. This makes it challenging to accurately extract the boundaries of oil–water interfaces. To address these aforementioned issues, this paper proposes a model based on the graph convolutional architecture and spatial–spectral information fusion for the oil spill detection of real oil spill incidents. The model is experimentally evaluated using both spaceborne and airborne hyperspectral oil spill images. Research findings demonstrate the superior oil spill detection accuracy of the developed model when compared to Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) and CNN-Enhanced Graph Convolutional Network (CEGCN), across two hyperspectral datasets collected from the Bohai Sea. Moreover, the performance of the developed model in oil spill detection remains optimal, even with only 1% of the training samples. Similar conclusions are drawn from the oil spill hyperspectral data collected from the Yellow Sea. These results validate the efficacy and robustness of the proposed model for marine oil spill detection.

Impacts of autochthonous dissolved organic matter on the accumulation of methylmercury by phytoplankton and zooplankton in a eutrophic coastal ecosystem

The bioaccumulation of methylmercury (MeHg) within the pelagic food webs is a crucial determinant of the MeHg concentration in the organisms at higher trophic levels. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is recognized for its influence on mercury (Hg) cycling in the aquatic environment because of its role in providing metabolic substrate for heterotrophic organism and serving as a strong ligand for MeHg. However, the impact of DOM on MeHg bioaccumulation in pelagic food chains remain controversial. Here, we explored MeHg bioaccumulation within a pelagic food web in China, in the eutrophic Bohai Sea and adjacent seas, covering a range of DOM concentrations and compositions. Our findings show that elevated concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and phytoplankton biomass may contribute to a reduction in MeHg uptake by phytoplankton. Moreover, we observe that a higher level of autochthonous DOM in the water may result in more significant MeHg biomagnification in zooplankton. This can be explained by alterations in the structure of pelagic food webs and/or an increase in the direct consumption of DOM and particulate organic matter (POM) containing MeHg. Our study offers direct field monitoring evidence of dual roles played by DOM in regulating MeHg transfers from water to phytoplankton and zooplankton in coastal pelagic food webs. A thorough understanding of the intricate interactions is essential for a more comprehensive evaluation of ecological risks associated with MeHg exposure in coastal ecosystems.

Temporal variations of the two oxygen depleted zones in the Bohai Sea

The Bohai Sea (BS) has been experiencing prominent deoxygenation in recent years that forms a typically coastal oxygen depleted region in summer. A three-dimensional coupled physical-biogeochemical model was used in this study to investigate temporal variations of the two separately-developing oxygen depleted zones in the BS. Comparison with observations shows a good model performance for multi-year’s oxygen depletion simulation. Two separately-developing oxygen depleted cores are always identified in these years with a threshold of oxygen concentration less than 3 mg/L. The oxygen depletion in the northern core is generally more severe with larger areas and lower oxygen minima. During the evolution of oxygen depletion, the bottom oxygen concentration decreases more smoothly in the northern core, while fluctuates frequently in the southern core. Nonetheless, the oxygen depletion in both cores fades away almost simultaneously, with a sudden oxygen increase in late summer or early autumn. Oxygen budget estimation indicates that the biological oxygen consumption in the southern core is greater than that in the northern core, but compensated by the oxygen replenishment of oxygen-rich water from the Bohai Strait and vertical diffusion of the water column, which is less in the northern core, so that the oxygen depletion in the northern core is more severe. During oxygen depletion development in June and July, bottom oxygen in the southern core is more susceptible to strong winds than the northern core attributed to differences in topography, with a shallower and smoother bathymetry leading to weaker water column stability in summer. Recognition of characteristics of the two separate oxygen depleted cores would advance understanding spatial pattern of oxygen dynamics and provide a basis for statistical seasonal prediction of coastal oxygen depletion with consideration of spatial heterogeneity.

The reactivity of dissolved and suspended particulate phosphorus pools decreases with distance downstream in the Yellow River

The Yellow River is a potentially important source of terrestrially derived phosphorus to the phosphorus limited Bohai Sea. However, seasonal variation in concentrations, partitioning and bioavailability of dissolved and particulate phosphorus along the length of the Yellow River are poorly constrained. Here, we measure dissolved and suspended particulate phosphorus at 72 stations from the source to the estuary of the Yellow River during the rainy season in 2020 and dry season in 2021. Mean concentrations of total phosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus and dissolved reactive phosphorus were higher in the rainy season than the dry season. Analysis with sequential fractionation indicated that generally phosphorus associated with calcium carbonate dominated the suspended particulate pool. However, phosphorus content and the relative contribution of iron-bound phosphorus in suspended particles increased during the dry season, suggesting seasonal variations in bioavailability. Reactivity of the phosphorus pools decreased from source to estuary, suggesting low export potential of bioavailable phosphorus to the Bohai Sea.

An improved sea surface salinity retrieval algorithm for the Chinese Bohai Sea based on hyperspectral reconstruction and its applicability analysis

Salinity is regarded as a critical factor in marine systems. It is essential to monitor the long-term changes in sea surface salinity (SSS), as well as its short-term changes. Along these lines, in this work, to monitor the hourly, daily, and monthly changes in SSS in the Chinese Bohai Sea from GOCI (Geostationary Ocean Color Imager) images, the feasibility of adopting a MERIS-based SSS retrieval algorithm was systematically explored to develop a GOCI-based SSS retrieval algorithm. To avoid the influence of the atmospheric correction error on Rrs(λ) of the similar bands of MERIS (490 nm, 560 nm, and 665 nm) and those of GOCI (490 nm, 555 nm, and 660 nm), a simple linear regression model was applied based on the ρrs(λ) matchup of the similar bands by using a hyperspectral reconstruction method with the measured ρ(λ). Despite the aerosol-based scattering errors, a more reasonable result (R2 = 0.86, RMSE = 0.79 psu) over a long time scale was gained by the improved SSS retrieval algorithm, which was validated by the measured data (R2 = 0.92, RMSE = 0.72 psu). On top of that, the temporal and spatial distribution of SSS, as well as its diurnal, daily, and monthly changes, were then obtained in the Chinese Bohai Sea from April 2011 to March 2012. The impact of runoff on SSS was also analysed based on instant and lag correlations.

SeaMAE: Masked Pre-Training with Meteorological Satellite Imagery for Sea Fog Detection

Sea fog detection (SFD) presents a significant challenge in the field of intelligent Earth observation, particularly in analyzing meteorological satellite imagery. Akin to various vision tasks, ImageNet pre-training is commonly used for pre-training SFD. However, in the context of multi-spectral meteorological satellite imagery, the initial step of deep learning has received limited attention. Recently, pre-training with Very High-Resolution (VHR) satellite imagery has gained increased popularity in remote-sensing vision tasks, showing the potential to replace ImageNet pre-training. However, it is worth noting that the meteorological satellite imagery applied in SFD, despite being an application of computer vision in remote sensing, differs greatly from VHR satellite imagery. To address the limitation of pre-training for SFD, this paper introduces a novel deep-learning paradigm to the meteorological domain driven by Masked Image Modeling (MIM). Our research reveals two key insights: (1) Pre-training with meteorological satellite imagery yields superior SFD performance compared to pre-training with nature imagery and VHR satellite imagery. (2) Incorporating the architectural characteristics of SFD models into a vanilla masked autoencoder (MAE) can augment the effectiveness of meteorological pre-training. To facilitate this research, we curate a pre-training dataset comprising 514,655 temporal multi-spectral meteorological satellite images, covering the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea regions, which have the most sea fog occurrence. The longitude ranges from 115.00E to 128.75E, and the latitude ranges from 27.60N to 41.35N. Moreover, we introduce SeaMAE, a novel MAE that utilizes a Vision Transformer as the encoder and a convolutional hierarchical decoder, to learn meteorological representations. SeaMAE is pre-trained on this dataset and fine-tuned for SFD, resulting in state-of-the-art performance. For instance, using the ViT-Base as the backbone, SeaMAE pre-training which achieves 64.18% surpasses from-scratch learning, natural imagery pre-training, and VRH satellite imagery pre-training by 5.53%, 2.49%, and 2.21%, respectively, in terms of Intersection over Union of SFD.