Bogor Botanic Gardens Research Articles

Urgent propagation of the endemic and possibly extinct in the wild tree Cassine koordersii (Celastraceae)

Cassine koordersii Kosterm. (Celastraceae) is a narrow endemic tree species known only to Mt. Puger, Jember, Indonesia. The IUCN Red List classifies it as Critically Endangered (CR) possibly extinct in the wild. Currently, there are only two living collections at the Bogor Botanic Gardens. As an urgent measure to anticipate extinction, vegetative propagation through shoot cuttings was conducted. This study aimed to determine the effects of rooting media and Rootone-F hormone on the successfulness of shoot cuttings of C. koordersii. It was carried out at the glass house in April 2022 with a 3-months observations period. The Komatsu-FORDA Fog Cooling (KOFFCO) system was adopted. The research used a completely randomized factorial design with rooting media and Rootone-F hormone as treatments. The media were sand (M1), cocopeat+burnt husk 2:1 (M2), and perlite+vermiculite 1:1 (M3). The Rootone-F hormone treatments included control (R1) and the addition of Rootone-F (R2). Six treatment combinations and four replications by 12 units obtained a total of 288 cuttings. The results indicate that in general, M2 and R2 have the best average yield: percentage of rooted cuttings (14.58%), number of primary roots (1.7), primary root length (1.58 cm), and percentage of survival cuttings (78.12%). The interaction between rooting media and Rootone-F hormone was not significant for all parameters. Despite only few new individuals are generated, they are valuable material for ex-situ collection backup. In addition, new juvenile seedlings are designed as mother trees for clonal orchards. Their high percentage rooting is expected to support the reintroduction program to their natural habitats.

Recollection and conservation of Vatica javanica subsp. scaphifolia, a critically endangered endemic tree species in Southeastern Borneo

Vatica javanica subsp. scaphifolia (Kosterm.) P.S.Ashton (Dipterocarpaceae) is an endemic tree confined to Southeastern Borneo. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List classifies the species as Critically Endangered (CR) based on the assessment conducted 25 years ago. The species is not collected yet in any ex-situ conservation areas in the world. After more than 3 decades since the last herbarium specimen was collected in 1991, here this study reported the recollection and new locations of V. javanica subsp. scaphifolia in Bukit Bangkirai Forest, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province. The confirmation of the species involved a comparison between the newest collected specimens and living photos and the specimen type and key to the species in the protologue. The present research provides new information on the morphology of the tree species through photos of the wild living plants. Using an exploration survey method, this research recorded the population in two locations with elevation ranges of 70-95 m. The field survey located a total of 13 immature individuals with height and diameter ranges of 2.1-14.7 m and 1-9.7 cm, respectively. The study observed that forest conversion into rubber plantations (Hevea brasiliensis) and open coal mining are the main threats to the species. Conservation of the species has been done by collecting plant materials to serve as the first ex-situ living collection at the Bogor Botanic Gardens BRIN.

Population status and conservation of the threatened and endemic tree Vatica javanica subsp. javanica (Dipterocarpaceae)

Vatica javanica subsp. javanica is only found in Ciangir and Halimun in West Java, Indonesia. A ≥20-year-old evaluation led to the designation of the subspecies as Critically Endangered. Furthermore, the subspecies is currently not present in ex situ collections. To enhance the conservation of the species, in the present study, we conduct population surveys and plant materials collection. With a total of 625 individuals, we were able to locate the subspecies in both locations by using a concentrated survey strategy. The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of the subspecies were 16.26 km2 and 12 km2, respectively. The populations in both sites were dominated by individuals with dbh <5 cm. Only 45 mature specimens were seen during the surveys. The habitats of the subspecies were characterized by humid and moderate acidic soil, slope topography, and northerly aspects. A total of 125 seedlings were successfully raised from the seeds and are being grown in the Bogor Botanic Gardens as ex situ collections. Based on our research, we propose the category of Critically Endangered (CR) D as the new conservation status of the subspecies. Habitat conversion and degradation were observed to be the main threats to the subspecies. Increasing the protection level of the habitats is urgently needed.

Dragonfly (Odonata) Specimens Collection of Bogor Botanical Garden

Dragonfly (Odonata) specimens that have been collected for 76 years (1929-2005) by the Bogor Botanical Gardens (BBG) and kept at the Zoologicum Bogoriense Museum (ZBM) are interesting to study because quite a number of these specimens have not been identified at the species taxon level. The research objective was to record and identify dragonfly species that once lived and were found flying in the BBG area and have become ZBM specimen collections. The research method used is by sorting, grouping, and identifying specimen collections. The identification results of dragonfly specimen collection showed that there were 1,357 specimens consisting of 7 families and 25 species. The most collected family was Libellulidae. The most collected species was Agriocnemis femina (311 specimens), followed by Crocothemis servilia (245 specimens), and Brachythemis contaminata (217 specimens). The year 1995 was the year with the highest number of specimens collected at 1,137 specimens. Garuda Park Pond, Building 9 Pond, Palace Pond, and inside the botanical garden area were the locations with the most dragonfly encounters.

Diversity and Community Structure of Butterly in Teijsmann and Soedjana Kassan Park, Bogor Botanical Garden

As a megadiversity country, Indonesia is home to a large number of flora and fauna, one of which is the butterfly. The Bogor Botanical Garden, situated at the center of Bogor City, not only serves as a green open space but also as a conservation area for plants and animals composed in it. This study aimed to assess the diversity of butterfly species in Teijsmann Park and Soedjana Kassan Park, Bogor Botanical Garden through inventory and identification. Sampling was carried out at spots that were 100 meters apart from each other on a walked-line transect defined at the two parks. The diversity parameters assessed and analyzed are relative abundance, relative frequency, Shannon-Wiener (H’) diversity index, Evenness index (E), and dominance. In a total of 202 sample individuals, there were identified 38 species of butterflies belonging to 5 families namely Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, and Hesperiidae. The highest abundance found in Teijsmann Park is Ypthima philomela from the Nymphalidae family and Zizina otis from the Lycaenidae family. Species with the highest frequency are Junonia hedonia and Ypthima philomela from the Nymphalidae family. On the other hand, the highest frequency and abundance found in Soedjana Kassan Park was Leptosia nina from the Pieridae family. Teijsmann Park showed a slightly higher value of diversity and evenness indexes (H'=2.62, E=0.84) when compared to Soedjana Kassan Park (H'=2.50, E=0.76).

Detection and Identification of Fungal Plant Associated Diseases on Begonia

Begonia species is one of the ornamental plants that have unique leaf appearance and metabolites. Research objectives are to isolate, identify and preserve microfungi on Begonia spp. Purposive sampling methods at the Begonia greenhouse of Bogor Botanical Garden, Bogor, were used to collect the microfungi in August 2022. Seven species of Begonia were checked for microfungi. Namely, Begonia blirik, B. crested, B. fiandani, B. natunaensis, and Begonia spp. Morphological character showed that microfungi found are Botrytis spp., Colletotrichum spp. and sterilia miselia. The edaphic environment data were also monitored. This is the first study of microfungi diversity on Begonia spp. in Indonesia. The microfungi will be illustrated and described in this paper.

The Influence of Digital Marketing Towards Visitation Decision in Kebun Raya Bogor

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of digital marketing on the decision to visit the Bogor Botanical Gardens. This study uses a quantitative approach and data analysis methods in this study using simple linear regression using SPSS 16.0, to see how much influence digital marketing has on visiting decisions. The sampling technique used in this research is purposive sampling. The number of samples studied in this study were 100 respondents who had visited the Bogor Botanical Gardens. The results of the study prove that there is a positive and significant effect with a significance level (Sig.) of 0.00, which is below 0.05. This analysis finds that there is an influence between Digital Marketing on Visiting Decisions.

The effect of open green space on the stress level of Bogor Botanical Garden visitors

Stress is a global phenomenon that has become a part of everyday life. Stress can be triggered by the presence of stressors. In Indonesia, the prevalence of psychological stress keeps increasing. This study aims to analyze the perceived restoration effect of green open parks on the stress levels of Bogor Botanical Gardens visitors. A survey of 100 visitors of Bogor Botanical Garden was conducted based on the Perceived Stress Scale. Data on respondent characteristics and stress levels were analyzed using descriptive analysis, the visitor's characteristics that affected their stress levels were analyzed using stepwise linear regression and analysis of variance, and the effect of having a garden and the proximity to open green space on the visitor's stress levels were identified using analysis of variance. The respondents who felt low, medium, and high-stress levels, were 22%, 73%, and 5% respectively. The majority of the respondents perceived Bogor Botanical Garden as restorative. Factors that significantly affect the stress level of respondents are age and purpose of visit. The older the respondent, the lower their stress level tends to be. Visitors who visit for exercise/health activities have significantly lower stress levels than for other visits. In this study, no significant relationship was found between garden ownership and proximity to green parks on the stress level of the respondents.

Diversity and Abundance of Plants In Dry Climate in Mexican Park, Bogor Botanical Gardens

Diversity and Abundance of Plants In Dry Climate in Mexican Park, Bogor Botanical Gardens

PREDICTION OF SUSCEPTIBILITY FOR OLD TREES (&gt; 100 YEARS OLD) TO FALL IN BOGOR BOTANICAL GARDEN

Preservation effort to prevent tree collections loss even on aged trees (&gt; 100 years old) is one of important missions in Bogor Botanical Garden since its establishment in 1817. Abiotic factors such as global warming and biotic factors from pests and diseases can threaten the survival of aged tree collections. Their survival is also influenced by plant health’s deterioration as they age. As the BBG has many functions not only for conservation but also for human ecological activities, fallen tree accidents are becoming primary concern to prevent biodiversity loss and people’s lives. We examined 154 trees health to determine a falling probability of 1106 aged trees based on several factors that caused to fall in the past and to make model prediction generated by nine supervised machine learning algorithms. We also classify susceptibility of tree families prone to fall from the highest accuracy of algorithm prediction. Inverse Distance Weighted interpolation method was used to depict zone map of trees prone to fall. The prediction showed that Random Forest model had the highest accuracy and low false negative (FN) value which were important to minimize error calculation on aged trees was not prone to fall but it turns out to be prone to fall. It predicted 885 trees prone to fall which 358 had high probability to fall. Fabaceae, Lauraceae, Moraceae, Meliaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Sapindaceae, Rubiaceae, Myrtaceae, Araucariaceae, Malvaceae, and Anacardiaceae were tree families that were highly predicted to fall.

Analisis Daya Dukung Wisata dalam Mendukung Konsep Pariwisata Berkelanjutan di Kebun Raya Bogor

The purpose of this research is about the carrying capacity of tourism and its impact in relation to managing sustainable destination development so that it leads to environmental conservation. This research method uses primary and secondary data obtained from the results of questionnaires by tourists and interviews with management. The technique for taking samples is by non-probability sampling. The results showed for 1) tourists' perceptions of facilities at the Bogor Botanical Gardens such as food courts, parking lots, accessibility, toilets, places of worship, souvenir shops, information counters, directions, seats, cleanliness and security with an average value of 4.12. in the GOOD category, 2) for the carrying capacity of the area for weekdays the carrying capacity ratio is still below 30% of the maximum threshold and for weekends and holidays the carrying capacity ratio is between 70% - 90% of the maximum capacity of the Bogor Botanical Gardens of 28,554 tourists, 3) Land Suitability Index for tourism activities in the Bogor Botanical Gardens from the results that this area is classified as VERY APPROPRIATE (S1) with an index value of 90% which means that land suitability for tourism activities has a high level of feasibility. Suggestions are given to managers to pay attention to the capacity of tourists in accordance with the carrying capacity of the area to be used as a strategic basis for future tourism development.

Analisis Kesehatan Tajuk Pohon pada Famili Fabaceae di Kebun Raya Bogor

Bogor Botanical Garden (KRB) is an ex-situ plant conservation area with many plant types that dominated by tree. One of the family of trees collected in KRB is the Fabaceae family. This research aims to estimate the level of crown health condition in Fabaceae family in KRB using forest health monitoring (FHM) method. A total of 44 trees were observed using crown condition parameters to gain the visual crown rating (VCR), crown size index (CSI), and crown damaged index (CDI). This research showed that Fabaceae family in KRB reveal the VCR score of 6, indicated the medium health crown condition of tree. Thus, this research shows that most of the Fabaceae family’s tree at KRB are categorized in medium crown damaged rate.&#x0D; Keywords: Crown damaged index, crown health condition, crown size index, forest health monitoring, visual crown rating

Bird Sounds Psychological Restorative Effect on The Visitors of Bogor Botanical Garden

Stress can be defined as psychological and physical tension caused by physical, emotional, social, economic, and occupational, events, or experiences that are difficult to manage or endure. Bird sounds can be a potential solution to reduce stress levels. This study aimed to analyze the effect of bird sounds as a stress restorative on Bogor Botanical Garden visitors. A survey of 100 visitors of Bogor Botanical Garden was conducted based on the Perceived Stress Scale and Perceived Restorativeness Soundscape Scale. Data on respondent characteristics were analyzed using descriptive analysis, the relationship between stress levels and perceived stress restorative effect of bird sound was analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis. The analysis showed that 78% of respondents had moderate to high perceived stress levels and 98% of respondents rated the degree of restoration from bird sounds to be moderate to high. The correlation analysis revealed a negative relationship between the stress level and bird sounds' perceived restorative effect. The older the respondents and the more frequently they visited Bogor Botanical Garden, the higher the perceived stress restorative effect from bird sound.

Etlingera (Zingiberaceae) in Bogor Botanic Gardens: Potential Benefits and Its Conservation Status

Indonesia is one of mega biodiverse countries in the world, with a high global biodiversity index and many vascular plant species. However, not all plant species are known in terms of their uses, potential benefits, and conservation status. One of example is genus Etlingera, where further studies are required. Therefore, this study aimed to provide information on the potential benefits and uses of the genus Etlingera and to investigate its conservation status. The study was conducted using the method of literature study, an inventory of potential uses, and an inventory of the genus Etlingera living in Bogor Botanic Gardens through direct observation. Six species of the genus Etlingera were collected from the Bogor Botanic Gardens, namely Etlingera brevilabrum, E. elatior, E. hemisphaerica, E. loerzingii, E. megalocheilos, and E. walang, conservation status of three species (E. brevilabrum, E. hemisphaerica, and E. megalocheilos) is Least Concern (LC), two species (E. elatior and E. walang) are Data Deficient (DD), and one species (E. loerzingii) is Vulnerable (VU). All species are commonly used as spices, condiments, cosmetics, and traditional medicine to cure various diseases, possibly also as ornamental plants. The secondary metabolites present in some species, namely E. brevilabrum, E. elatior, and E. hemisphaerica can be used as antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant agents.

A STUDY OF THE CONCEPT OF HETEROTOPIAN SPACE IN THE DUTCH CEMETERY AT THE BOGOR BOTANICAL GARDEN

A cemetery is a land that is used as a place for burial of bodies. However, despite its obvious function, in European Christian culture which lasted for centuries, the view of the true cemetery was always changing, so that the function of the cemetery was often mixed with other completely unrelated functions of space. This phenomenon is highlighted by Foucault in his theory of heterotopia space (1967). In this regard, this study intends to look at other spaces based on the phenomena found in the Dutch Cemetery at the Bogor Botanical Garden. This cemetery is interesting to study using Foucault's heterotopia theory because of its relatively different location from the Dutch cemeteries in the Dutch East Indies at that time, which were generally located in a church environment or in an open field. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that in the Bogor Botanical Garden cemetery, there are other spaces which are manifested in three heterotopological principles, namely: the concept of heterotopia space of crisis and deviation, changes in the function of the cemetery, and the incorporation of other unrelated spaces.

Rediscovery and conservation of Actinodaphne quercina Blume (Lauraceae), an endemic and Critically Endangered tree last collected in 1841

Actinodaphne quercina Blume (Lauraceae) is a narrow endemic tree, known only from the sterile type specimens collected in 1841 from Banten Province, Indonesia. Since its first collection, there have been no additional records of the species, and it is not present in any ex situ conservation. According to the IUCN Red List, the conservation status of A. quercina is Critically Endangered. Therefore, this study aimed to report on the rediscovery of A. quercina 180 years after its last collection. The current status of the species distribution, habitat preferences, and population size and structure was presented. The species description based on the morphology was created and taxonomic position was also defined based on a DNA barcoding analysis. Furthermore, the conservation status of the species according to the IUCN Red List Category and Criteria was updated. Plant materials were collected to serve as ex-situ living collections for the first time at the Bogor Botanic Gardens to enhance the conservation of the species.

Relationship Between Tree Height-Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and Crown Diameter-DBH of Fruit Trees in Bogor Botanical Gardens

Ex-situ conservation of Bogor Botanical Gardens (BBG) represents a collection of predominantly Indonesian species and constitutes an exceptional tropical garden. The gardens’ living collections, which include fruit trees, were mostly native to the forest and uncultivated, preserving their original characteristics. The study’s aim was to examine the relationship between tree height and breast height diameter and breast height diameter and canopy diameter of fruit trees at BBG. Three individuals from each of the fifteen selected fruit species were measured for their diameter breast height (DBH), crown diameter, and tree height. The highest mean of all parameters was for Durio zibethinus, while the lowest mean of all parameters was for Garcinia mangostana. Mostly fruit tree species have a positive and strong correlation. The highest and the lowest relationship between tree height and DBH was for C. burmanii (R2=99.88%) and for C. nucifera (R2=1.21%). The highest and the lowest relationship between crown diameter and DBH was for C. burmanii with linear regression (R2=99.94%) and for A. catechu with logarithmic regression (R2=24.06%). There was a positive relationship between DBH and tree height and between crown diameter and DBH for the growth prediction of fifteen fruit trees in BBG.

Preferensi Pemilihan Daerah Tujuan Wisata oleh Wisatawan Masa Pandemi Covid-19 di Jawa Barat

The Coronavirus desease-19 pandemic since the beginning of 2020 has had a negative impact on the tourism sector, not only reducing the number of visits but also changing the trend of choice of tourist destinations. This study aims to assess people's preferences towards tourist destinations during the pandemic. A survey using a questionnaire was conducted on 90 visitors to the National Flower and Animal Love Day exhibition at the Bogor Botanical Garden. The results of the study found that natural tourism became a trend during the pandemic, reaching 48.9% with the main objective of enjoying a pristine environment, a quiet and calm atmosphere, and cool and fresh air. Botanical gardens have the highest selection index for residents over the age of 50, while zoos, safari parks, national parks and natural parks have the highest selection index for the age group of adolescents to 20 years. Zoos and safari parks were favored by informants from the city, botanical gardens were favored by informants from the village, while national parks and natural parks were favored by both. Extreme tourism activities are preferred by the 31–40-year age group, moderate activities are preferred by the 41–50-year age group, while special interest tourism is preferred by the age group of 50 years and over. There is a trend of male informants liking natural tourism and modern tourism, while female informants like cultural, culinary and religious tourism. Due to changes in preferences for selecting tourist destinations and types of tourist activities, tourism managers are advised to carry out various product innovations or tour packages, visitor services, promotion/marketing, improve visitor facilities adapted to new normal conditions, and continue to implement health protocols.

Rediscovery and conservation of Lithocarpus kostermansii Soepadmo (Fagaceae), an endemic and endangered tree species in Java, Indonesia

Lithocarpus kostermansii Soepadmo (Fagaceae) is an endemic tree confined to the western part of Java Island, Indonesia. The IUCN Red List classifies the species as Endangered (EN) based on the assessment conducted more than 20 years ago. The species is not known to be present in ex-situ collections. After more than 5 decades since the last herbarium specimen was collected in 1964, here we reported the rediscovery of L. kostermansii in Sawarna, Lebak Regency, Banten Province. The species identity was confirmed by comparing the herbarium and living specimens newly collected with the type specimen image and protologue description. This study contributes new information on the tree morphology through photos of living plants made in the field. It also updates the threats to its natural habitat and provides additional locality information for the species. To enhance the conservation of the species, we collected and cultivated saplings of the species and these are growing in Bogor Botanic Gardens as part of their ex-situ conservation collections. Based on our findings, we proposed a new IUCN Red List assessment for L. kostermansii of EN A2c, B1 + 2ab(i,ii) as it is considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild due to forest degradation and land conversion.

PENGARUH FASILITAS WISATA DAN KUALITAS PELAYANAN TERHADAP KEPUASAN WISATAWAN NUSANTARA DI KEBUN RAYA BOGOR

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of facilities and service quality on tourist satisfaction at the Bogor Botanical Gardens, especially domestic tourists. This study was designed with a quantitative approach and accidental sampling as a sampling technique to obtain data by using a questionnaire as a data collection tool. As for testing the effect of the variables studied, the author uses multiple regression analysis techniques. From the test results, the value of the coefficient of determination (R2) is 58.5 which shows that there is an influence of tourist facilities and service quality on tourist satisfaction, while the other 41.5% is a variable that is not included in the study. The implication of this research is that the management of the Bogor Botanical Gardens needs to pay attention to and maintain tourist facilities and service quality in order to create loyalty as a form of tourist satisfaction.