Internal Body Organs Research Articles

Biomedical Metal–Organic framework materials on antimicrobial therapy: Perspectives and challenges

As a barrier between the structure of the human body's internal organs and the outside environment, the skin serves crucial physiological tasks like protection, regulation, and metabolism. The skin's close interaction with the outside makes it particularly vulnerable to many injuries. Bacterial infections cause wound healing to take longer, raise the risk of chronic harm, and serve as a breeding ground for drug-resistant bacteria. As a result, it is critical to eliminate bacterial species from the wound region rapidly and efficiently. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), are critically adjustable hybrid materials that integrate organic ligands with coordination metals to generate a range of topologically isomorphic structures. MOFs' creation and shape are investigated by the metal source and ligand utilized in the reaction process, and the structural benefits of this near-infinite combination of structures allow boundless potential for their surface functionalization. MOF has a large effective surface area, tunable structure, adaptability, excellent biodegradability, high drug load, adjustable release of drugs, robust targeting, etc. It can be loaded with therapeutic materials and has programmability. It is more conducive to treating complex wounds while realizing the synergistic effects of antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and pro-angiogenesis, effectively improving treatment safety. This review summarizes the most recent research advances on various MOFs for antimicrobial therapy, using diverse types of metal-ion-based MOFs as an entry point. Finally, it covers several important challenges in the antimicrobial treatment of metal-ion-based MOFs.

Level of Awareness Regarding Interventional Radiology Among Medical Students at Northern Border University in Arar, Saudi Arabia.

Introduction Interventional radiology (IR) is a highly specialized field of radiology that employs advanced imaging techniques like MRIs, CT scans, X-rays, and ultrasounds to detect and treat a variety of medical disorders. By using minimally invasive procedures, interventional radiologists can access the body's internal organs and tissues with minimal discomfort and reduced risks compared to traditional surgical techniques. Some common IR procedures include angioplasty, embolization, biopsy, and stent placement, among others. Overall, IR is an innovative and effective approach to medical care that offers numerous benefits to patients. As this specialty expands, there is a huge demand for increasing staff. However, due to a lack of awareness, this increased demand could not be fulfilled. Objective The objective is to assess medical students' knowledge regarding IR and compare this knowledge between male and female students. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study was carried out at Northern Border University's College of Medicine in Arar, Saudi Arabia. The study aimed to assess the medical students' knowledge of IR. All students enrolled in the clinical years at Northern Border University were included in the study, and a self-administered online questionnaire was used to collect data. The minimum sample size required was 169. Appropriate statistical analysis was applied to the collected data, and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results One hundred and seventy-two participants in all who met the inclusion criteria answered the study's questionnaire. The fourth-year students represented the highest percentage of the sample, with 65 participants (37.8%), followed by 54 (31.4%) fifth-year students and 53 (30.8%) sixth-year students. The study found that 66 participants (38.4%)rated their knowledge of IR as adequate, while only 8 (4.7%) considered it excellent. The participants' self-rated knowledge of IR did not significantly differ across male and female groups. Conclusion The study's findings suggest that medical students have limited knowledge of IR and that there is no discernible difference in the knowledge and interest of males and females in this subject. Further research and targeted educational interventions may be necessary to improve the medical students' overall knowledge and interest in IR.

Comparison of CNN and SVM Methods on Web-based Skin Disease Classification Process

Skin, as the outermost layer of the body, is often in contact with bacteria, germs and viruses because of its most external position. According to statistics from the 2009 Indonesian Health Profile, skin illness is the third most common ailment seen in outpatient settings across the country's hospitals. Therefore, maintaining healthy skin is important because it protects the body's internal organs from injury and attack by pathogens. The development of image classification, such as the classification of skin diseases, has become a focus in the health sector. This research analyses the performance of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) in web-based skin disease classification and overcomes the problem of imbalanced training data. With data augmentation and preprocess, this research improves data generalization and compares performance metrics such as Recall, Accuracy, and F1 Score. The results show that the average accuracy of CNN is 83.8%, while SVM reaches 81%. Although both models have high metrics for the normal class, other more complicated classes can only be handled by CNN with a value of more than 0.9. Apart from that, the CNN method also provides a higher Confidence Score than SVM, as well as a faster execution time. In conclusion, the CNN method is superior and recommended for skin disease classification based on web applications based on various performance test results.

Gene Therapy for Skin Aging.

Extrinsic and intrinsic factors contribute to skin aging; nonetheless, they are intertwined. Moreover, intrinsic skin aging mirrors age-related declines in the entire human body's internal organs. There is evidence that skin appearance is an indicator of the general health of somebody. Earlier, it was apparent that the intrinsic factors are unalterable, but the sparkling of skin aging gene therapy on the horizon is changing this narrative. Skin aging gene therapy offers tools for skin rejuvenation and, natural beauty restoration, and therapy for diseases affecting the entire skin. However, skin aging gene therapy is an arduous and sophisticated task relying on precise interim stimulation of telomerase to extend telomeres and wend back the biological clock in the hopes to find the fountain of youth, while preserving cells innate biological features. Finding the hidden fountain of youth will be a remarkable discovery for promoting aesthetics medicine, genecosmetics, and healthy aging. Caloric restriction offers ultimate health benefits and a reproducible way to promote longevity in mammals, while delaying age-related diseases. Moreover, exercise further enhances these health benefits. This article highlights the potential of skin aging gene therapy and foretells the emerging dawn of the genecosmetics era.

Evaluation of toxicity studies of Sesbania grandiflora leaves extracts in Wistar albino rats

Objective: Sesbania grandiflora is a well-known medicinal plant belonging to the family Fabaceae, and it is used to treat several disorders. The current investigation aims to analyze the negative consequences of short and long-term administration of hydroalcoholic extract of S. grandiflora leaf in experimental animals. Materials and Methods: Acute and subacute toxicity were the two phases in which the entire examination was completed. In phase first, acute toxicity was performed at the dose of (2000, mg/kg) and adverse effect was recorded. However, in sub-acute toxicity the effect of different doses of (1000, 2000 and 5000 mg/kg) were studied for twenty-eight days. Animals were euthanized on the last day of the investigation, and selected internal body organs and samples of the blood were taken from each animal for histological, biochemical, and haematological analysis. Results: The result of the current investigation showed that the LD50 of S. grandiflora was observed more than 2000 mg/kg, Furthermore, experimental animals did not experience any mortality or alterations in their behavioral patterns when S. grandiflora was administered repeatedly at 1000, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg or in a single dose of 2000 mg/kg. Besides this, S. grandiflora also did not significantly modify any of the biochemical or haematological markers, or the histological analyses of selected organs. Conclusion: The results of the above research revealed that the orally administration of S. grandiflora extract did not exhibit any apparent harmful effects in experimental animals. Hence, S. grandiflora could be regarded as a safe and can be used for the therapeutic purpose in human being.

Increasing Community Knowledge Regarding Hypertension in Kanreapia Village, Gowa Regency

Hypertension is a major health problem that can affect people in developing countries, especially rural communities. This disease can result in health problems in the body's internal organs such as the heart, brain and kidneys. This activity aims to increase public knowledge regarding hypertension and implement preventive methods to prevent hypertension. Counseling regarding hypertension was carried out using the lecture method in Balanlohe Hamlet, Kanreapia Village, Kuncio Pao District, Gowa Regency. By displaying a PPT (Power Point) which contains material about hypertension. Pre and post tests were given to determine changes in knowledge before and after the counseling was given. Shows that based on the difference in pre-test and post-test results, there was an increase in knowledge from 6.7% who had good knowledge before counseling to 80% after being given counseling. Based on the results of the Paired Samples T Test, it shows that there is a significant difference in knowledge both before and after hypertension education. The results of this activity recommend that people adopt a healthy lifestyle, use iodized salt, exercise regularly, and have regular health checks at the nearest health facility.

3D reconstruction of brain tumors from 2D MRI scans: An improved marching cube algorithm

MRI is a popular imaging technique in medicine, particularly for the diagnosis of brain malignancies. Like any other acquisition approach, it has several drawbacks in addition to its many advantages. One of these is the problem of noise, which can provide extraneous and incorrect information that can fool the human eye. Methods such as MRI and CT, produce 2D images of the body's internal organs. This research aims with the 3D reconstruction of brain tumor, as it is very crucial for surgical planning, and biological study because 2D images can never capture a tumor's true appearance. However, it is extremely difficult to visualize the tumors in MRIs due to the different complexity of tumors. This work develops an Improved Marching Cube Algorithm (IMCA) based 3D reconstruction of brain tumors under 2 phases. Phase 1 will include MF-based preprocessing, segmentation based on Modified BIRCH (M-BIRCH) and hybrid classification combining optimized CNN and optimized Bi-LSTM. The suggested Self Adaptive Chimp Optimization Algorithm (SA-CHOA) will optimize the weight of CNN and Bi-LSTM. Phase 2 involves IMC (Improved Marching Cube) based 3D reconstruction. The validation outcomes demonstrate the suggested model's superiority to other established models for 3D reconstruction.

The Design Principle of Allostatic Mechanisms: The Free Energy Principle

Homeostasis is maintained by neural reflex controls, which attempt to maintain the body's internal organs within a predetermined range. However, when deviations are significant, homeostasis may not be restored by these standard controls. Therefore, a function called allostasis is necessary to maximize the energy efficiency of bodily functions, anticipate changing needs (e.g., a future increase in body temperature or oxygen demand), and regulate the body's state before dyshomeostasis occurs. In terms of the free energy principle (FEP), the expectation to survive (i.e., to stay within established confines and to maintain homeostatic integrity over time) is realized by a hierarchical prediction mechanism. Allostasis requires the integration of exteroceptive, interoceptive, and proprioceptive signals. In this paper, the neural mechanism of allostasis is discussed in terms of the FEP.

A systematic survey on deep learning techniques for chest disease detection using chest radiographs

The lung is one of the most sensitive internal organs of the human body that gets infected by constant exposure to chemicals, particles, and infectious organisms in the atmospheric air. Due to this, the most dangerous chest diseases take place which are the leading cause of human disability and death throughout the world. These pulmonary diseases can be recognized by medical imaging techniques i.e. Chest radiography, Computed tomography, Pulmonary and bronchial angiography, Magnetic resonance imaging, Ultrasonography, and Nuclear medicine techniques. A massive amount of chest reports are generated every day that contain a large amount of anatomical and potentially pathological information, but manual detection and classification of chest abnormalities are considered a tedious and time-taking task. In addition, it also requires skilled radiologists as these reports are often difficult to read and differentiate the pathologies of the chest. To eradicate this issue and give a value-added solution; artificial intelligence and deep learning-based algorithms show excellent performance and have proven their effectiveness for object recognition and image segmentation. The primary aim of this study is to present a comprehensive analysis of the deep learning approaches used to identify various types of pulmonary pathologies on CXRs. In addition, we provide a detailed analysis of the most popular open-access CXR datasets, taxonomy of the state-of-the-art works to assist the researchers in preparing the plan for their research contribution, and discuss potential future research directions in this field. More than 350 research papers from various indexing services, including Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and IEEE, were considered for this review article. After several selection parameters, it is observed that most of the literature focuses on the DL approach with CXRs. However, few publications have focused on CT scans and Ultrasound images.

Melanoma Detection by Automated Reconfiguration System Using Local Binary Pattern

The biggest organ in the body is the human skin. Its weight is between six and nine pounds, and its surface area is roughly two square yards. The body's internal organs and the outside world are separated from one another by the skin. Dermoscopy technology was developed to improve melanoma diagnosis, a type of cancer that often starts in skin pigment cells (melanocytes). Dermoscopy, a non-invasive skin imaging technique, is used to acquire an image of a section of skin that has been enlarged and illuminated in order to make the skin spots more visible. Skin-related conditions are the most prevalent diseases worldwide. Despite being prevalent, its diagnosis is exceedingly challenging and necessitates a wealth of expertise in the field. To precisely identify the disease, we employ a dual stage methodology that successfully blends Computer Vision on clinically assessed histological features. First, several pre-processing techniques are used to the skin disease image, and then feature extraction is done. Key Word: DIP, MATLAB, Diagnose, Melanoma

A new local structural similarity fusion-based thresholding method for homomorphic ultrasound image despeckling in NSCT domain

Ultrasound is a diagnostic imaging technique to detect various illnesses related to the body's internal organs. It is a non-invasive, safe, cost-effective, and simple imaging modality that uses high-frequency sound waves and their reflection from internal organs. However, a key drawback of using ultrasound imaging tools is that they are often contaminated by multiplicative speckle noise, which can reduce the image resolution and contrast and complicates the diagnosis of the tiny structure of lesions. Extensive studies have shown that eliminating speckle noise is a necessary pre-processing task for computer-assisted ultrasound image systems. This paper proposes a novel method for denoising, weighted thresholding, and fusion of ultrasound images in the Non-Subsampled Contourlet Transformation (NSCT) domain. The method utilizes (a) The Bayesian and Bivariate shrinkage rule in the NSCT domain, (b) A new local structural similarity-fusion-based homomorphic ultrasound image despeckling method in the NSCT domain, and (c) A weights estimation approach based on a bilateral method that helps improve noise suppression and edge preservation results. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated in terms of mean squared error (MSE), peak signal-to-noise ratio, structural similarity index (SSIM), speckle suppression index, signal-to-MSE ratio, and speckle signal-to-noise ratio. Extensive computer simulation results show that the presented method performs better in subjective visual inspection than existing state-of-the-art despeckling techniques.

SLAAHE: Selective Apex Adaptive Histogram Equalization

Medical imaging enables specialists to make diagnoses our internal body organs for detecting anomalies without being intrusive. Unfortunately, the images produced by various modalities are not only plagued by noises, but the images contrasts are also subpar, making it impossible to use them for a delicate task like diagnosis, which is directly concerned with our health. Pre-processing the image becomes obligatory to ameliorate its medical worth and contrast enhancement is a sacrosanct part of diagnostic image pre-processing. Even though some popular contrast enhancement algorithms, such as Adaptive Histogram Equalization (AHE), Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE), and Minimum Mean Brightness Error Bi-Histogram Equalization (MMBEBHE), etc., are widely used, they are insufficient for some medical imaging modalities, such as ultrasound imaging (USG). This paper, named as Selective Apex Adaptive Histogram Equalization (SLAAHE), proposes an effective and efficient contrast enhancement algorithm that dynamically selects the best window size for dividing the low contrast image into image grids and clip limit for clipping the histogram of the low contrast sub-image only. Unique feature of the proposed algorithm is that it clips the image histogram only when it is not well-distributed and ennobles the output image contrast. This makes the algorithm best concerning the contrast enhancement quality, and reduced time and space complexity. Both theoretical analysis and assessment of experimental results with statistical metrics like Universal Image Quality Index (UIQI), Absolute Mean Brightness Error (AMBE), Multi-Scale Structural Similarity Index Measure (MSSSIM), Entropy, and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) exhibit how the proposed method has gained momentous improvement over existing state-of-the-art methods. For the evaluation metrics UIQI, AMBE, MSSSIM, Entropy, and RMSE, the suggested technique received average scores of 0.79, 0.12, 0.88, 0.92, and 11.52 respectively.

Potential Application of Yoga & Ayurveda for Preventing Psychological Burden of Skin Diseases w.s.r. Psoriasis.

Yoga is a traditional art and subtle science of body, mind and soul. Yoga deals with psychosomatic as well as soma-psychotic aspect of the disease, which connects body and mind. The psychosomatic aspect of treatment helps to know the relationship between body and mind. In considering the skin health and disease condition, the first point is to realize that the skin is a different body organ. Covering entire body which helps internal body organ from extreme temperature, attack of the pathogens, and other infections. An organ is defined as a group of cells bundled together in order to fulfil a specific physiological function. Secondly, the health of the skin cannot be neglect from the rest of the body organs. There are many reasons of skin problems but mostly it occurs due to undisciplined lifestyle, lack of sleep, unhealthy food habits, medication, environment and some extent due to genetic factors in some cases. Study have shown, Yoga helps to reduce psychosocial stress and allostatic load through the regular practice of Asana, Pranayama, Shatkarmas and Mudras, these techniques of Yoga work as a panacea in many chronic skin diseases like Psoriasis and related co-morbid conditions like stress, anxiety, depression and improve the quality of life of psoriatic patient.

Mathematical modelling of a glucose-insulin system for type 2 diabetic patients in Chad

In this paper, we focus on modelling the glucose-insulin system for the purpose of estimating glucagon, insulin, and glucose in the liver in the internal organs of the human body. A three-compartmental mathematical model is proposed. The model parameters are estimated using a nonlinear inverse optimization problem and data collected in Chad. In order to identify insulin and glucose in the liver for type 2 diabetic patients, the Sampling Importance Resampling (SIR) particle filtering algorithm is used and implemented through discretization of the developed mathematical model. The proposed mathematical model allows further investigation of the dynamic behavior of hepatic glucose, insulin, and glucagon in internal organs for type 2 diabetic patients. During periods of hyperglycemia (i.e., after meal ingestion), whereas insulin secretion is increased, glucagon secretion is reduced. The results are in agreement with empirical and clinical data and they are clinically consistent with physiological responses.

The Human Dermis as a Target of Nanoparticles for Treating Skin Conditions.

Skin has a preventive role against any damage raised by harmful microorganisms and physical and chemical assaults from the external environment that could affect the body's internal organs. Dermis represents the main section of the skin, and its contribution to skin physiology is critical due to its diverse cellularity, vasculature, and release of molecular mediators involved in the extracellular matrix maintenance and modulation of the immune response. Skin structure and complexity limit the transport of substances, promoting the study of different types of nanoparticles that penetrate the skin layers under different mechanisms intended for skin illness treatments and dermo-cosmetic applications. In this work, we present a detailed morphological description of the dermis in terms of its structures and resident cells. Furthermore, we analyze the role of the dermis in regulating skin homeostasis and its alterations in pathophysiological conditions, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target. Additionally, we describe the use of nanoparticles for skin illness treatments focused on dermis release and promote the use of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as an integrative strategy for skin treatments.

A Review of Optical Ultrasound Imaging Modalities for Intravascular Imaging

Recent advances in medical imaging include integrating photoacoustic and optoacoustic techniques with conventional imaging modalities. The developments in the latter have led to the use of optics combined with the conventional ultrasound technique for imaging intravascular tissues and applied to different areas of the human body. Conventional ultrasound is a skin contact-based method used for imaging. It does not expose patients to harmful radiation compared to other techniques such as Computerised Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans. On the other hand, optical Ultrasound (OpUS) provides a new way of viewing internal organs of the human body by using skin and an eye-safe laser range. OpUS is mostly used for binary measurements since they do not require to be resolved at a much higher resolution but can be used to check for intravascular imaging. Various signal processing techniques and reconstruction methodologies exist for Photo-Acoustic Imaging, and their applicability in bioimaging is explored in this paper.

Effect of Vegetable Waste on Growth Performance and Hematology of Broiler Chicks.

Vegetable waste (spinach, potato, and cauliflower) is a rich and natural source of nutrients, potentially good for supplying minerals, essential amino acids, and antioxidants to the birds. Relatively, its cost very low, easily to accessible, easily process & pose little risk of illness. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of vegetable waste (VW) as feed supplement on growth performance and hematology of broiler chicks. For this purpose, a total of 200 (4 days old) vaccinated chicks were acquired from a commercial hatchery Multan which was acclimated for three weeks (21 days) on basal starter feed after that 25-day-old chicks with uniform body weight were allocated according to a CRD (completely randomized design) into four dietary treatments with three replicates of each contained 15 chicks in 12 pens. In dietary treatments, chicks were feed with basal feed (BF) and supplemented feed with vegetable waste (VW) of spinach, potato, and cauliflower. For this purpose, the dietary treatments included control treatment (T1) (100% BF+0% VW) and other dietary treatments (T2) (75% BF+25% VW), (T3) (50% BF+50% VW), and (T4) (25% BF+75% VW). The body weight, feed intake, food conversion ratio (FCR), and mortality were checked on weekly and daily basis. For hematology analysis, after the 1st experimental week (25-day-old chicks) and the last 5th experimental week (56-day-old chicks), the samples of blood were gathered from the wing's veins of two birds from each treatment in random way. At the end of five weeks (35 days), birds with uniform average body weight were selected per treatment with three replicates (2 bird/replicate) and then were manually slaughtered according to the Halal method to analyze the weight of internal body organs of broilers by physical and statistical analysis (ANOVA). There was no significant effect (P > 0.05) on feed intake and FCR among all the dietary treatments. But in average, body weight and BWG were higher in treatment (T2) (P < 0.01) than all other dietary treatments (T3) and (T4) and control treatment (T1). The blood constituents in this study showed that broilers in control treatment (T1) and other dietary treatments (T2), (T3), and (T4) fed on different doses were significantly (P < 0.01) different from each other. The week 5 (W5) shows higher values of blood constituents (P < 0.01) than week 1 (W1). The carcass yield of the chicks fed on different doses showed that they were significantly different (P < 0.01) among the dietary treatments. The VW inclusion 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% had positive effect on blood constituents and carcass yield of the broiler chicks; they were significantly (P < 0.01) different among the treatments.

Kawaii Affective Assemblages

Kawaii Affective Assemblages

A microexplosive shockwave-based drug delivery microsystem for treating hard-to-reach areas in the human body

Implantable drug-delivery microsystems have the capacity to locally meet therapeutic requirements by maximizing local drug efficacy and minimizing potential side effects. The internal organs of the human body including the esophagus, gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory tract, with anfractuos contours, all manifest with endoluminal lesions often located in a curved or zigzag area. The ability of localized drug delivery for these organs using existing therapeutic modalities is limited. Spraying a drug onto these areas and using the adhesion and water absorption properties of the drug powder to attach to lesion areas can provide effective treatment. This study aimed to report the development and application of microsystems based on microshockwave delivery of drugs. The devices comprised a warhead-like shell with a powder placed at the head of the device and a flexible rod that could be inserted at the tail. These devices had the capacity to deposit drugs on mucous membranes in curved or zigzag areas of organs in the body. The explosive impact characteristics of the device during drug delivery were analyzed by numerical simulation. In the experiment of drug delivery in pig intestines, we described the biosafety and drug delivery capacity of the system. We anticipate that such microsystems could be applied to a range of endoluminal diseases in curved or zigzag regions of the human body while maximizing the on-target effects of drugs.

Classification Facial Skin and Treatment Suggestions for Good Skin Using Deep Learning with Region of Interest (ROI) Patches

Skin is the outermost layer of the human body. It serves as a protective layer for the internal organs of the human body. We should keep that healthy by knowing the respective skin type of ourselves rather than using different skin type products for skin without knowing our skin type can lead to damage to skin cells and maybe be responsible for epidermal diseases. There are four different skin types: Normal skin, Oily skin, dry skin, combination skin. We have taken two skin types: Normal skin, Oily skin of faces. The main objective of this paper is to classify facial skin as normal skin or oily skin. After classification, this paper suggests treatment for respective skin. For this task we used deep learning and open CV. In order to enhance performance, we exploit knowledge related to the human face structure. We train our model by employing automatically created facial regions of interest (ROI) to this end. By jointly learning the network parameters and optimized network output combination weights, each facial region appropriately contributes to the final classification result