Body's Defense System Research Articles

Development of Intelligent Application for Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Disease in Pregnant Women

Glucose intolerance during pregnancy or in women with reduced glucose tolerance after pregnancy termination is known as gestational diabetes mellitus. One of the main reasons pregnant women die is gestational diabetes mellitus (DMG). One of two factors can lead to diabetes: either insulin resistance (the body does not fully respond to insulin) or an autoimmune reaction (the body's defense system assaults the cells that make insulin). If there is an increase in both the 2-hour postprandial and fasting blood glucose levels between weeks 24 and 28 of pregnancy, DMG illness is manually diagnosed. Blood pressure and body mass index calculations are part of the physical examination in the early stages of pregnancy. Analyzing risk variables such age, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, prior history of gestational diabetes, family history of diabetes mellitus, and history of giving birth to infants weighing more than 4,000 grams (macrosomia) is essential during the anamnesis. Doctors also evaluate the results of the examination. Developing a machine learning model to identify early gestational diabetes mellitus (DMG) in expectant mothers is the aim of this study. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Backpropagation is the technique employed. Prior to being incorporated into the JST model, the dataset is cleaned and normalized. The optimal model for diagnosis is obtained by processing and testing the JST model. 94% accuracy is the resultant accuracy.

Understanding the different stages of type 1 diabetes and their management: a plain language summary

Plain Language Summary What is this summary about? Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. This means that the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the beta cells, the type of cell that makes the hormone insulin, in the pancreas. Insulin allows a person to use energy from food and controls blood sugar levels. Unless type 1 diabetes is found early and treated, it can cause serious symptoms and life-threatening complications, such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which is when acid builds up in the blood. DKA happens when there is not enough insulin in the body, and if not caught early, it can potentially cause coma and death. Type 1 diabetes can happen at any age, and currently, there is no cure. The reason why people get type 1 diabetes is not fully understood, but it seems to be partly due to genetics. The chance of getting type 1 diabetes is higher if another family member has it. However, most people diagnosed don’t have a family member with type 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes progresses silently for months, years, or even decades before symptoms develop, such as increased thirst, frequent urination (going to the bathroom a lot), and unintended weight loss. Doctors and nurses can now screen and identify people who are at early stages of type 1 diabetes (without symptoms) with blood tests that measure diabetes-related autoantibodies. Early detection through screening allows people to 1) learn about the disease before symptoms start and before they need insulin to survive; 2) receive treatments that delay type 1 diabetes getting worse, if indicated; 3) take part in research trials, if desired; and 4) not be as ill when the need for insulin happens. By finding type 1 diabetes early, people can connect with the right care team and develop the skills needed to manage later stage type 1 diabetes when insulin needs to be given. Early detection can help people avoid hospital visits and prevent life-threatening conditions. Screening for type 1 diabetes will help people get the help they need to delay type 1 diabetes onset while preparing for diabetes care. How to say (double click sound icon to play sound)… Autoantibody: aw-toh-AN-ti-bod-ee Autoimmune: aw-tuh-ih-MYOO-n Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA): dye-uh-BET-ik KEE-toe-ass-ih-DOH-sis Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c): gly-ko-SIH-lay-tid hee-muh-GLOH-bin Immune therapy: ih-MYOON THER-uh-pee Immune system: The immune system is the body's natural defense system that helps protect against infections and diseases caused by bacteria and viruses. Diabetes-related autoantibody: A diabetes-related autoantibody is a marker that appears in the blood when an attack on the beta cells in the pancreas occurs. This is an abstract of the Plain Language Summary of Publication article. View the full Plain Language Summary PDF of this article to read the full-text Link to original article here

Effects of Bionutraceuticals on the Human Body

Nutraceutical, Pharmaceutical, Vitamin D, Carotenoids, N- Acetylcysteine, Curcumin, ROS, L- Cysteine, Anti-Inflammatory. The concept of nutraceuticals is a hybrid concept that has been constantly evolving in the light of new research from past to present. From the words 'nutruent' and 'pharmaceutıcal' in 1989 DR. It was created by Stephen Defelice. Due to the current population and the health education of individuals, nutraceuticals are increasing worldwide. Nutraceuticals meet on common ground with pharmaceuticals by converting functional foodstuffs into forms such as capsules, pills, tablets, etc. Nutraceuticals reduce the need for pharmaceutical drugs by preventing or reducing diseases. In this case, the cytotoxicity value caused by pharmaceutical drugs decreases. Nutaseuticals are broadly divided into many groups. The main source of vitamin D is the epidermis. It is a fat-soluble hormaon through its conversion to biologically inactive vitamin D3, undergoing hydroxylation by 25-hydroxylase in the liver to 25(OH)D. stimulating the maturation of type II pneucytes, supporting surfactant production and increasing the innate immune response in the airways. Skin concentrations of carotenoids increase with ingestion of ingredients and decrease with oxidative stress and UV exposures. There are four main components in the carotenoid family. These are β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin, and are thought to be useful in preventing a variety of diseases, including certain cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and eye diseases. N-acetylcysteine has both oral and tropical biobenefits and is the prodrug form of L-cysteine. It reveals glutathione, the most abundant endogenous intracellular antioxidant in the body, thus playing an important role in the body's antioxidant defense system. As a result of the increase in oxidative stress, DNA damage and aging begin to occur. The anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin have the ability to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines, including chemokines, cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2, MMPs, interleukins (IL) such as IL-6 and IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor-α. At the same time, curcumin has the role of an antioxidant by suppressing ROS production, scavenging free oxygen radicals, and inhibiting lipid peroxidation.

Gingival crevicular fluid Bax, Bcl-xl, interleukin-22, and transforming growth factor beta 1 levels in stage III periodontitis.

Intrinsic apoptosis plays a critical role in immune defense and inflammation. Its dysregulation is involved in various chronic diseases. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family primarily mediates this mitochondrial pathway. This study aimed to investigate the proapoptotic Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and antiapoptotic B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xl) levels and their association with interleukin-22 (IL-22) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with periodontitis. A total of 75 systemically healthy nonsmokers were enrolled, of whom 23 had stage III periodontitis, 26 had gingivitis, and 26 were periodontally healthy. Whole-mouth clinical periodontal measurements were recorded. Bax, Bcl-xl, IL-22, and TGF-β1 levels in the GCF were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data were analyzed using nonparametric statistical tests. The periodontitis group had significantly lower GCF Bax levels than the gingivitis group (p<0.05). The periodontitis and gingivitis groups had higher GCF Bcl-xl levels than the periodontally healthy group (p<0.05). GCF IL-22 levels were similar in all groups (p>0.05). The periodontitis group had lower GCF TGF-β1 levels than the gingivitis and periodontally healthy groups (p<0.05). The diseased groups had a lower GCF Bax/Bcl-xl ratio than the healthy controls (p<0.05). IL-22 was positively correlated with Bax (p<0.05). This is the first study investigating GCF Bax and Bcl-xl levels in periodontal health and disease. Increased GCF Bcl-xl levels and a decreased Bax/Bcl-xl ratio in stage III periodontitis implicate that those apoptotic proteins may be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Further studies are needed to enlighten the possible role of Bax and Bcl-xl and their association with IL-22 and TGF-β1 in periodontal diseases. A type of cell death called intrinsic apoptosis plays an important role in the body's defense system, and its dysregulation is linked to different human diseases. The B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein (Bax) and B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xl) are apoptosis-related proteins, which promote and inhibit cell death, respectively. This study aimed to investigate Bax and Bcl-xl levels and their association with the signaling proteins interleukin-22 (IL-22) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), which accumulates around the necks of the teeth of patients suffering from gum diseases such as gingivitis and periodontitis. Clinical parameters were recorded and GCF was collected. Bax, Bcl-xl, IL-22, and TGF-β1 levels were measured by biochemical assay in periodontally healthy individuals who had healthy gums (n=26) and patients with periodontitis (n=23) and gingivitis (n=26). Periodontitis patients had lower Bax levels than gingivitis patients. Periodontitis and gingivitis patients had higher Bcl-xl levels and a lower Bax/Bcl-xl ratio than periodontally healthy individuals. IL-22 was positively correlated with Bax. The present findings suggest that the apoptotic regulatory molecules may be involved in the development of gum diseases, highlighting the need for further research in this area.

Immune Response Elicited by Recombinant Adenovirus-Delivered Glycoprotein B and Nucleocapsid Protein UL18 and UL25 of HSV-1 in Mice.

Due to the complex pathogenic and immune escape mechanisms of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), especially the failure of induced immune responses to block the initial cell-to-cell transmission of the virus from skin cells to neurons, the body struggles to establish effective prevention and control methods, resulting in the failure of currently developed vaccines. Previous studies have highlighted the crucial roles of surface glycoproteins and nucleocapsid proteins in activating the body's immune defense system against HSV-1 infection. In this study, recombinant adenoviruses were used as vectors to generate adenoviruses carrying the nucleocapsid protein genes UL18 and UL25, as well as the surface glycoprotein gene gB. This approach aimed to mimic the protein expression process that occurs following viral infection of the host and to investigate the immune response characteristics induced by UL18, UL25, and gB proteins. The findings revealed that UL18, UL25, and gB proteins could all trigger the expression of genes associated with innate immune responses; however, the specific genes induced varied in type and level. Furthermore, all three proteins were capable of promoting the proliferation of CD8+ T cells in the lymph nodes. Notably, only UL18 and gB could elicit a Th1 cell immune response. Interestingly, among these proteins, only UL18 could also induce a relatively higher IL-4 level, indicating a Th2 cell immune response. In addition to cellular immunity, all three proteins stimulated the production of specific IgG antibodies. Notably, UL18 induced higher and more sustained levels of specific IgG antibodies in mice. By contrast, only glycoprotein gB induced lower levels of neutralizing antibodies in mice. Moreover, when these mice were challenged with HSV-1, the co-immunization with UL18 and gB provided better protection than gB alone. In conclusion, HSV-1 surface glycoproteins and nucleocapsid proteins exhibit differences in their ability to induce innate and adaptive immunity in the body, suggesting potential avenues for vaccine design by leveraging their complementary advantages.

Antioxidants and the Prevention of Neonatal Jaundice: A Narrative Review

Neonatal jaundice, characterized by elevated bilirubin levels in newborns, is a common condition that can lead to severe complications like kernicterus if not managed effectively. Emerging evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a critical role in the development of neonatal jaundice by exacerbating red blood cell breakdown and overwhelming the body's ability to process bilirubin. This review explores the potential of antioxidant supplementation as a therapeutic strategy for mitigating oxidative stress and preventing severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. The body's natural antioxidant defense systems, including enzymes like superoxide dismutase and non-enzymatic antioxidants like vitamins C and E, are often underdeveloped in newborns, particularly in preterm infants. This deficiency leaves them more vulnerable to oxidative damage, increasing the risk of jaundice. Antioxidants, which neutralize free radicals, may help reduce bilirubin levels and prevent the escalation of jaundice to dangerous levels. Keywords: Neonatal jaundice, antioxidants, bilirubin, oxidative stress, kernicterus.

Role of NADPH Quinone Reductase 1 (NQO1) Polymorphism in Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Cancers.

Most cancer deaths are related to gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. Several environmental and genetic factors are effective in the occurrence of GI cancers, such as esophageal, stomach, colorectal, liver, and pancreatic cancers. In addition to risk factors related to lifestyle, reactive oxygen species (ROS) also play a role in GI cancers, and an increase in the amount of free radicals can lead to oxidative stress and increase the probability of malignancies. NQO1 is part of the body's antioxidant defense system that protects cells against mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. NQO1 is responsible for reducing quinones to hydroquinone and preventing the generation of ROS by catalyzing the reaction. The existence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of NADPH Quinone Reductase 1 (NQO1), such as 609C>T NQO1, leads to a decrease in NQO1 enzyme activity. Some NQO1 polymorphisms may increase the risk of gastrointestinal cancer. So, the C609T polymorphism in the NQO1 gene has been found to be effective in causing gastrointestinal cancers. On the other hand, it is very important to know the role of biomarkers in the prognosis and management of cancer treatment. Therefore, this study investigated the role of NQO1 as a biomarker in the management of gastrointestinal cancers (prevention, diagnosis and treatment).

Mare milk and fermented mare milk alleviate DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice by reducing inflammation and modulating intestinal flora.

Mare milk (MM) and fermented mare milk (FM) are specialized animal milks with high nutritional value, containing a variety of functionally active substances that are capable of resisting inflammatory responses and oxidative stress. However, researches on the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis have been insufficient. This study aimed to investigate the effects of MM and FM on the prevention of DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in a mouse model and to preliminarily elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that MM and FM had different degrees of protective effects against the damage of DSS and alleviated ulcerative colitis by inhibiting weight loss, reducing colon length shortening, and restoring intestinal structure. Additionally, MM and FM maintained intestinal tight junction protein levels to repair barrier function, downregulated inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and iNOS) and bolstered the body's antioxidant defense system. Moreover, MM and FM regulate the dysregulation of intestinal microenvironment by improving gut microbiota diversity and reshaping its structure, including increasing the proportion of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and the relative abundance of beneficial bacterial genera (e.g., Akkermansia). In summary, mare milk and fermented mare milk can serve as a dietary resource for preventing ulcerative colitis and maintaining intestinal homeostasis.

Identification of novel antioxidant peptides from Lateolabrax japonicus and the underlying molecular mechanisms against oxidative stress injury in Caco-2 cells

Antioxidants are crucial for balancing free radicals, activating the body's defense system, and reducing oxidative stress. Food-derived antioxidant peptides have broad applications in food and biomedical industries, yet understanding their complex composition and molecular mechanisms remains incomplete. Our previous studies have indicated that bass fish (Lateolabrax japonicus) hydrolysates (LPH) possess antioxidant properties. This study aimed to identify and analyze novel antioxidant peptides from LPH using biochemical and computer-based studies. Five novel peptides were discovered, including AGFAGDDAPR, DDWENWAK, DWENWAK, EWDNFAK, and WGEDGYIR, with DDWENWAK showing remarkable antioxidant effects. DDWENWAK protected Caco-2 cells against H2O2-induced oxidative damage and improved mitochondrial energy metabolism via Nrf2 and AMPK pathways. Molecular docking affirmed the relationship between antioxidant properties and peptide structure, highlighting key hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions mediating peptide-receptor binding. These findings provide better insight into the antioxidant peptides´ action mechanisms, aiding in the development of novel peptides for antioxidant-functional foods or pharmaceuticals.

Plain language summary: tarlatamab for patients with previously treated small cell lung cancer.

This is a summary of a phase 2 clinical study called DeLLphi-301. The study looked at how effective and safe a medicine called tarlatamab was in participants with small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Participants previously received at least two other treatments for their SCLC. Tarlatamab is a new medicine that locates a protein called DLL3 on the cancer, which allows T cells to attack the cancer. T cells belong to the body's natural defense system known as the immune system. The DeLLphi-301 study separated participants into two groups to receive tarlatamab 10mg or 100mg to determine which dose best shrank SCLC with minimal side effects. All participants received a small first dose (1mg tarlatamab) to decrease the risk of an immune system reaction called cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Tarlatamab was given through the participant's vein once every 2weeks. This method of administration is known as intravenous (IV) infusion. In the group given 10mg tarlatamab, 40% of participants responded to treatment (cancer shrank). In the group given 100mg tarlatamab, 32% of participants responded to treatment (cancer shrank). After taking tarlatamab at either dose, 59% of participants lived for at least 6months without their cancer growing or getting worse.The most common side effect was CRS, which occurred in 51% of participants in the group given 10mg tarlatamab and 61% of participants in the group given 100mg tarlatamab. Other common side effects were decreased appetite, fever, constipation, and anemia. Some participants had a type of immune reaction called immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). A small number of participants (3%) stopped taking tarlatamab because of side effects related to tarlatamab. The study found that tarlatamab given every 2weeks shrank SCLC in participants with SCLC who received previous treatments. Participants given the 10mg tarlatamab dose had fewer side effects than those given the 100mg tarlatamab dose.Clinical Trial Registration: NCT05740566 (DeLLphi-304) (ClinicalTrials.gov).

Gambaran Jumlah Leukosit pada Penderita Demam Berdarah Dengue di Klinik DR.Trisna Garut

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a public health problem in Indonesia whose number of cases continues to increase and its spread is increasingly widespread.Tests used to diagnose dengue fever include a white blood cell count test.White blood cells are cells that play a role in the body's defense system. The reason is, white blood cells help fight infections in the body, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi. In patients infected with dengue fever, the white blood cell count is usually normal but then decreases (leukopenia) and neutropenia becomes dominant. Thisresearch was conducted from March to April 2023.The aim of this study was to measure the number of white blood cells in dengue fever patients.This type of research is descriptive. The research was carried out using an automatic analysis method (blood analysis) in the laboratory ofKlinik Dr.Trisna Garut, using samples from 30 dengue fever patients who were tested. In this study, the number of white blood cells in dengue fever patients at Klinik Dr.Trisna Garut was 14 (46.7%).Wich is Normal And the white blood cell count results of dengue fever patients at Klinik Dr.Tisna Garut General Hospital decreased by 16 (54.3%).

LncRNA NRIR serves as a biomarker for systemic lupus erythematosus and participates in the disease progression.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disorder characterized by a malfunction of the body's immune defense system. The objective of the present investigation was to examine the expression and diagnostic significance of NRIR in SLE and to prove whether it is involved in the progression of SLE. The study involved 110 participants, including 55 healthy individuals and 55 SLE patients. The expression levels of NRIR, miR-31-5p, and ICAM-1 were measured using qRT-PCR. The ROC curve was performed to assess the diagnostic significance of NRIR in SLE patients. Pearson correlation analysis was utilized to explore the relationship between NRIR and other indicators. Cytokines including IL-4, IL-6, and IL-21, along with IgG levels, were assessed using ELISA. The interaction between NRIR and miR-31-5p was validated using a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Upregulated expression of NRIR was observed in individuals with SLE, serving a diagnostic function for SLE. Additionally, abnormal expression of NRIR impacted the viability of CD4+ T cells within SLE patients. NRIR could negatively modulate the expression of miR-31-5p. LncRNA NRIR may be a potential biomarker for SLE and is likely involved in the progression of SLE.

Classification of an Individual's Vaccination Status Using Ensemble Hard Voting Classifier

Vaccination is a proactive medical immunization procedure where an inactivated form of a disease-causing agent (such as a virus) is administered to boost the body's defense systems. Efficient management of vaccination status is crucial in healthcare management, disease eradication, community immunity ("herd immunity"), disease prevention, and global health security. Ensuring precise monitoring and validation of an individual's vaccination status is indispensable, especially in the context of emerging diseases and epidemics. This study evaluates the likelihood of individuals obtaining vaccination for the H1N1 virus and the seasonal flu vaccine. Ensemble methods combine the predictions of multiple base classifiers to enhance overall performance. One such method, the hard voting classifier, aggregates the votes from each base classifier and selects the class with the majority vote as the final prediction. This approach leverages the strengths of different classifiers, reducing the risk of individual model biases and improving generalization using metrics such as precision, recall, accuracy, and F1-score are employed to assess the system's effectiveness. The results demonstrate how data-driven methods can address population wellness and improve vaccination rates using an ensemble method. The proposed ensemble hard voting classifier achieved accuracies of 0.905 and 0.907 on the H1N1 and seasonal vaccine datasets, respectively. Using an ensemble approach like the hard voting classifier enhances prediction accuracy and robustness, ultimately leading to better decision making in public health initiatives.

The Effects of PON1 (Q192R, rs662) Gene Polymorphism, Heavy metals and Oxidative Stress on Risk of Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion in Samples of Iraqi Women

Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is defined as the occurrence of two or more spontaneous pregnancy losses before reaching the midpoint of gestation. Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of RSA, serving as a key factor in its underlying causes. This research aims to investigate the connection between the Q192R polymorphisms identified in the PON1 gene, responsible for encoding an antioxidant enzyme and the vulnerability to RSA. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a critical enzyme in the body's antioxidant defence system, safeguarding cells against damage caused by reactive oxygen species and heavy metal concentrations that affect pregnancy. The most prevalent PON1 polymorphism is Q192R (rs662), known to influence the antioxidant activity and power of the PON1 enzyme. In this research, blood samples were collected from two groups: 50 women with RSA and 50 women who were apparently in good health. Following DNA extraction, high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis was used to identify the studied SNP; Elisa was used to determine DNA damage and MDA concentrations in serum and heavy metals were determined by a Graphite Furnace-Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (GFAAS). The results of this study showed significantly higher levels of 8-OHdG, MDA, arsenic and lead in serum in RSA patients than in apparently healthy women. The genotype findings indicated that the prevalence of the QR (AG) genotype in women experiencing recurrent spontaneous abortion was notably greater than that in seemingly healthy women (74% compared to 16%, respectively, with an odds ratio of 27.2). The values of allele frequency for the A allele were 0.76 and 0.51 for apparently healthy women and women with recurrent spontaneous abortion respectively. The G allele frequency was 0.24 and 0.49 for apparently healthy women and women with recurrent spontaneous abortion respectively. The heterozygous QR genotype is related to the risk of RSA and the minor allele (G allele) is increased in women with RSA.

AYURVEDIC LIFESTYLE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LIVING IN HIGH POLLU-TION AREAS - A REVIEW

Air pollution refers to the presence of harmful or excessive quantities of substances in the air that can be detrimental to human health, the environment, and the climate. These substances, often called pollutants, can originate from natural and human-made sources. Air pollution is a significant risk to public health, particularly in municipal and industrialised regions. This article explores Ayurvedic lifestyle recommendations to diminish the adverse effects of air pollution on health. Ayurved is an ancient system of natural healing. It can offer a holistic approach to strengthening the body's defence system and promoting overall well-being in polluted environments. Key recommendations include dietary modifications, herbal Rasayanas, breathing exercises, and daily routines that enhance the body's natural detoxification processes. By integrating Ayurvedic practices with modern preventive measures, individuals can better protect themselves from the harmful impacts of air pollution and improve their quality of life.

Elucidating the Significance of Zonulin in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Inflammatory Disorders: Emphasis on Intestinal Barrier Function and Tight Junction Regulation.

The intestinal barrier, a critical component of the body's defense system, plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis by preventing the translocation of harmful substances from the gut lumen into the bloodstream. Disruptions in this barrier, often characterized by increased intestinal permeability, are increasingly recognized as contributors to the development and progression of various Chronic Inflammatory Disorders (CIDs). Zonulin, a key regulator of intestinal Tight Junctions (TJs), has emerged as a pivotal player in this process. Dysregulation of zonulin, leading to increased intestinal permeability, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide range of CIDs, including Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), celiac disease, and Multiple Sclerosis (MS). This review examines the intricate relationship between zonulin and intestinal permeability, emphasizing its role in regulating TJ integrity and its association with various CIDs. Recent research has demonstrated the therapeutic potential of targeting zonulin, specifically through the use of larazotide acetate, a zonulin antagonist. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown promising results in improving gut barrier integrity and reducing inflammation in patients with CIDs. These findings underscore the significance of zonulin as a potential biomarker for intestinal barrier function and a promising therapeutic target for managing CIDs. Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms of action of zonulin antagonists and evaluate their efficacy and safety in clinical trials. A deeper understanding of the complex interplay among zonulin, intestinal permeability, and CIDs is crucial, paving the way for novel therapeutic strategies and personalized approaches to patient care.

PANoptosis and cardiovascular disease: The preventive role of exercise training.

Regulated cell death, including pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, is vital for the body's defense system. Recent research suggests that these three types of cell death are interconnected, giving rise to a new concept called PANoptosis. PANoptosis has been linked to various diseases, making it crucial to comprehend its mechanism for effective treatments. PANoptosis is controlled by upstream receptors and molecular signals, which form polymeric complexes known as PANoptosomes. Cell death combines necroptosis, apoptosis, and pyroptosis and cannot be fully explained by any of these processes alone. Understanding pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis is essential for understanding PANoptosis. Physical exercise has been shown to suppress pyroptotic, apoptotic, and necroptotic signaling pathways by reducing inflammatory factors, proapoptotic factors, and necroptotic factors such as caspases and TNF-alpha. This ultimately leads to a decrease in cardiac structural remodeling. The beneficial effects of exercise on cardiovascular health may be attributed to its ability to inhibit these cell death pathways.

Immunological Response of Interleukin-6 on Cantang Hybrid Grouper (Ephinephelus sp.) By Induction Of Protein Brachionus sp.

This study examines the role of Brachionus sp protein on the interleukin-6 pro-inflammatory immune system in Cantang grouper infected with Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN). The purpose of this study was to determine the protein content of Brachionus sp. which has the potential as an antivirus and to find out the benefits of Brachionus sp. on the expression of Interleukin-6 as an indicator of increased fish body defense system against VNN. Testing of Brachionus protein by injection at doses of 35 µl, 105 µl, and 170 µl /150 gram Cantang grouper. The results showed that the lowest decrease was at a dose of 105 µl/150-gram Cantang groupers. In addition, Brachionus sp. contains 3 protein bands with molecular weights of 122.73 kDa, 75.49 kDa, and 13.77 kDa.

PENINGKATAN PENGETAHUAN MENGENAI PERAN NUTRISI DALAM SISTEM IMUN

The pandemic began with the emergence of a new coronavirus in Wuhan, China. One way to prevent the transmission of this virus is by consuming nutritious foods that can boost the body's immunity. The immune system or the body's defense system is the body's ability to fight infections against bacteria or virulent factors. Consuming food rich in nutrients such as vitamins and minerals is important for enhancing the immune system. This community service aims to provide education to the community about food that can help improve the immune system. The youth of Nyamplung village have diverse educational backgrounds. Most have worked in several factories located in Yogyakarta. High interaction allows for exposure to bacteria and viruses, so it is necessary to boost immunity by consuming foods rich in minerals and vitamins. This community service activity is carried out with a community-based approach through directed discussion forums. The target is the youth in Nyamplung Village, Srimulyo Village, Piyungan District, Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta. The initial stage involves giving a pre-test to measure the level of knowledge. The expected outcome of the activity is an increase in the youth's knowledge about the influence of nutrition on the immune system, scientific articles, and activity reports.

The cGAS-STING Pathway: A New Therapeutic Target for Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Acute Myocardial Infarction?

The innate immune system is the body's natural defense system, which recognizes a wide range of microbial molecules (such as bacterial DNA and RNA) and abnormal molecules within cells (such as misplaced DNA, self-antigens) to play its role. DNA released into the cytoplasm activates the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway to initiate an immune response. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) after acute myocardial infarction refers to the phenomenon where myocardial tissue suffers further damage upon the restoration of blood flow. This issue is a significant clinical problem in the treatment of myocardial infarction, as it can diminish the effectiveness of reperfusion therapy and lead to further deterioration of cardiac function. Studies have found that the cGAS-STING signaling pathway is closely related to this phenomenon. Therefore, this review aims to describe the role of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in ischemia-reperfusion injury after myocardial infarction and summarize the current development status of cGAS-STING pathway inhibitors and the application of nanomaterials to further elucidate the potential of this pathway as a therapeutic target.