Body Temperature Monitoring Research Articles

Human body temperature monitoring wireless system

To solve the problems of medical diagnostics, human body temperature measurement has become widespread. In many cases, to make a correct diagnosis, it is required to obtain results of continuous monitoring during a certain period instead of a single temperature measurement. This paper discusses a wireless body temperature monitoring system using a high-precision semiconductor sensor and the RN 4870 Bluetooth module.

Rapid Dantrolene Administration with Body Temperature Monitoring Is Associated with Decreased Mortality in Japanese Malignant Hyperthermia Events.

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a rare genetic disorder but one of the most severe complications of general anesthesia. The mortality rate of MH has dropped from 70% in the 1960s to 15% because of dantrolene, the only currently accepted specific treatment for MH. In this study, we retrospectively identified the optimal dantrolene administration conditions to reduce MH mortality further. Our database performed a retrospective analysis of patients with MH clinical grading scale (CGS) grade 5 (very likely) or 6 (almost certain) between 1995 and 2020. We examined whether dantrolene administration affected mortality and compared the clinical variables associated with improved prognosis. Furthermore, a multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify specific variables associated with improved prognosis. 128 patients met the inclusion criteria. 115 patients were administered dantrolene; 104 survived, and 11 died. The mortality rate of patients who were not administered dantrolene was 30.8%, which was significantly higher than those of patients who were administered dantrolene (P = 0.047). Among patients administered dantrolene, the interval from the first sign of MH to the start of dantrolene administration was significantly longer in the deceased than in the survivors (100 min vs. 45.0 min, P < 0.001), and the temperature at the start of dantrolene administration was also significantly higher in the deceased (41.6°C vs. 39.1°C, P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the rate of increase in temperature between the two, but there was a substantial difference in the maximum temperature (P < 0.001). The multivariable analysis also showed that the patient's temperature at dantrolene administration and interval from the first MH sign to dantrolene administration was significantly associated with improved prognosis. Dantrolene should be given as rapidly as possible once MH has been diagnosed. Beginning treatment at a more normal body temperature can prevent critical elevations associated with a worse prognosis.

A multifunctional structural coloured electronic skin monitoring body motion and temperature.

Multifunctional e-skins provide information on physiological and environmental parameters. However, the development and fabrication of such devices is challenging. Here, structural coloured electronic skins are presented, which are prepared via scalable methods that can simultaneously monitor the skin temperature and body motion when patched onto the human skin.

Thermogenic Phenotyping in Mice.

Thermogenesis mediated by brown adipose tissue (BAT) and brown-like fat plays an important role in regulating metabolic homeostasis in mammals. Accurate measurement of metabolic responses to brown fat activation, including heat generation and increased energy expenditure is essential for characterizing thermogenic phenotypes in preclinical studies. Here, we describe two methods for assessing thermogenic phenotypes in mice under non-basal states. First, we describe a protocol for measuring body temperature in cold-treated mice using implantable temperature transponders, which allow for continuous monitoring of body temperature. Second, we describe a method for using indirect calorimetry to measure β3-adrenergic agonist-stimulated changes in oxygen consumption, a proxy for thermogenic fat activation.

Employee Presence Using Body Temperature Detection and Face Recognition

Employee performance can be measured by their presence or attendance, which applies to both civil servants and non-civil servants. Because the attendance system still uses the manual technique, it is considered inefficient due to the potential for data fraud and attendance problems. In addition, the government is adopting precautions against viruses in office buildings to maintain business continuity while the pandemic is being addressed. The goal of this study was to employ a facial recognition system and temperature measurement to lower the danger of COVID 19 transmission while also minimizing paper use by using a facial recognition system as a substitute for presences. It has so far permitted the digitization of formerly manual sights. The OpenCV library allows computers to detect faces using the haar cascade classifier approach and Python as a programming language. A Logitech C930e webcam with a resolution of 1080p at 30fps was used to capture facial data, which was then processed on a Raspberry Pi 4 microprocessor. It uses an MLX90614 sensor to monitor body temperature, which is controlled by anArduino Uno microcontroller. It is well integrated into the database based on body temperature testing and facial recognition. The development of a more accurate temperature sensor reading method for distance and employee body temperature is a priority for future research.

Study of perfusion based theoretical model and experimental evaluation for wearable CBT measurement

Continuous and non-invasive core body temperature (CBT) monitoring is imperative to clinical diagnosis and health monitoring. Current wearable non-invasive CBT measurements ignore the role of human thermoregulation and compromise measurement accuracy under changing environmental conditions that often occur in daily wearable scenarios. In this study, a novel wearable measurement method with optimized parameters (only 1 calibration parameter) was proposed, which could monitor CBT precisely under changing environmental conditions, by improving the sensor structure and quantifying the effect of human thermoregulation directly. Firstly, the proposed method was simulated and analyzed based on finite element method (FEM), and the mean absolute error (0.095 °C) of the model over a wide range of ambient temperatures was reduced by 98.19 % compared to the traditional model. Then, two experiments under ordinary life scenarios were designed to evaluate the method: stable and changing environment experiments had the mean absolute error of 0.04 ± 0.05 °C and 0.19 ± 0.24 °C respectively. Overall, the proposed method can suppress the estimation errors caused by human thermoregulation and has the potential to continuously monitor CBT under changing environmental conditions in daily life.

Graphene-Enhanced Polydimethylsiloxane Patch for Wearable Body Temperature Remote Monitoring Application

In this work, we designed and implemented a wearable body temperature monitoring device, which was constructed by a graphene-enhanced polydimethylsiloxane patch and a temperature measurement chip. The body temperature patch adopts a completely flexible solution in combination with near field communication component, which provides the advantages of passive wireless, overall flexibility, and being comfortable to wear. The whole device can be bent and stretched in conformal contact with skin. In order to improve the temperature conduction ability of the patch and make the patch data more accurate, we adopted graphene nanoplates to improve the thermal conductivity of polydimethylsiloxane patch with a significant thermal conductivity increase of 23.8%. With the combination of hollow sandwich structure and small dimension. it will reduce the uncomfortable situation of wearing the device for extended periods and can be served to monitor the human body temperature for a long time. Ultimately, this device is combined with a reading software for analyzing and processing on a smart mobile terminal. The real-time and past temperature range can be a pre-warning; meanwhile, the historical data can be traced and analyzed. Therefore, this device can be utilized in multiple human body temperature measurement scenarios and complex public health situations.

Highly sensitive interdigitated thermistor based on PEDOT:PSS for human body temperature monitoring

This work introduces a wearable, highly sensitive human body temperature sensor. The proposed thermistor sensor employs a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as a temperature sensing layer and interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) from Silver nanoparticles deposited on Polyimide (PI) and Epson glossy paper substrates. The IDEs were patterned using inkjet printer Drop-on-demand PiXDRO LP50. The PEDOT:PSS layer was added by drop casting technique. The sensitivity of fabricated sensors was tested for different IDE number of fingers to investigate their response to the temperature range of 28–50 °C. The sensors performed linearly in the tested temperature range. Repeatability has been verified for five temperature measurement cycles. The achieved sensitivities are −1.462% /°C and −3.202%/°C for Epson paper and PI substrates, respectively. The sensor bendability results highlight the capability of the proposed sensor to be utilized for the wearable human body temperature reading.

High‐performance flexible temperature sensor from hybrid nanocomposite for continuous human body temperature monitoring

AbstractCombining high sensitivity with fast response and high resolution remains a critical challenge for flexible temperature sensors. The present study leverages the intrinsically high surface‐to‐volume ratio of nanocomposite fibers as well as the high mechanical properties of nanomaterials for achieving conformable temperature sensors with accurate and fast detection of temperature. To achieve this, nanocomposite films of electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with embedded silver (Ag) nanoparticles were layered with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The sensor showed a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) with excellent sensitivity of −0.18%/°C and a quick response rate of 11 s. The sensor also exhibited low self‐heating errors for an activation current of 1 mA and excellent anti‐interference ability when tested for bending forces and wet environments. The nanocomposite fiber‐based sensor can be used for real‐time monitoring of human body temperature as confirmed by successful experiments. The present work lays the foundation for integrating the sensor further with a user interface to create a wearable temperature monitoring system for mobile healthcare.

Direct-to-consumer fertility testing: utilization and perceived utility among fertility patients and reproductive endocrinologists

Research QuestionWhat is the utilization of direct-to-consumer fertility tests (DTCFT) among fertility patients? How does the perceived utility of DTCFT differ between patients and reproductive endocrinologists (REI)? DesignInfertility patients visiting the Duke Fertility Center between December 2020 and December 2021 were sent an electronic invitation to participate in a patient survey. Members of the Society of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility were also sent e-mail invitations to participate in the REI survey. DTCFT were defined as tests not ordered by a physician or performed at a physician's office, including calendar methods of ovulation prediction, urinary ovulation prediction kits, basal body temperature (BBT) monitoring, hormone analysis, ovarian reserve testing and semen analysis. Patients and REI were asked how likely they were to recommend a given DTCFT, on a 0–10 Likert scale. ResultsIn total, 425 patients (response rate 50.5%) and 178 REI (response rate 21.4%) completed the surveys. Patients reported the utilization of calendar methods of ovulation prediction (83.8%), urinary ovulation prediction (78.8%), BBT monitoring (30.8%), hormone analysis (15.3%), semen analysis (10.1%) and ovarian reserve testing (9.2%). REI rated the utility of all DTCFT significantly lower than patients did (average discordance –4.2, P < 0.001), except for urinary ovulation prediction, which REI gave a significantly higher score (discordance +1.0, P < 0.001). Prior pregnancy was significantly associated with home ovulation prediction utilization among patients (adjusted odds ratio 3.21, 95% confidence interval 1.2–9.83). ConclusionsMethods of ovulation prediction are commonly used by fertility patients. Significant discordance exists in the perceived utility of DTCFT between patients and REI. Patient education and guidelines are needed to better inform individuals considering DTCFT.

Central Nervous System Relapse after CAR-T Cell Therapy in B-Cell Malignancies

Aims & Objectives: Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy has revolutionized the landscape of cancer therapy, obtaining significant efficacy especially in relapsed and refractory (R/R) B cell malignancies. In clinical patients, CAR-T cells are able to migrate into various organs and exert cytotoxicity on tumor cells, including the central nervous system (CNS), which serves as an immunological privileged site protected from peripheral blood. However, whether there is a possibility of the CNS relapse in patients with B-cell lymphoma who achieved complete remission (CR) after CAR-T cell therapy has not been reported yet. We aim to describe the features of the CNS relapse after CAR-T cell therapy in B-cell lymphoma, and try to identify correlated factors and propose potential management strategy in the upcoming research. Patients/Materials & Methods: We preliminarily reviewed 12 patients (5 presented) who received CAR-T cell therapy for the treatment B-cell lymphoma in our center and Shenzhen University General Hospital. We compared the baseline of patient characteristics before CAR-T cell therapy, described the clinical response and efficacy during the treatment, and reported the occurrence of CNS relapse after achieving CR. Results: All 5 patients were heavily pre-treated with multiple lines of chemotherapy prior to CAR-T cell therapy, with 2 of them received additional autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) (Table 1). All patients suffered from previous relapse in multiple peripheral lymph nodes, with 2 of them involved in other organs like liver and breast, and 1 of them involved in the CNS. Three patients received CD19-22 bispecific CAR-T product, 1 patient received CD19-20 bispecific CAR-T product, and 1 patient received CD19 CAR-T product (Table 2). All patients responded well with tolerable toxicities by monitoring body temperature, inflammation markers, cytokines, and hemogram, and all achieved CR by PET/CT after CAR-T treatment (Figure 1). All patients eventually developed isolated CNS relapse with different locations, respectfully, which was confirmed by imaging along with pathological diagnosis or targeted drug treatment (Figure 2). Discussion & Conclusion: We first reported the CNS relapse after CAR-T cell therapy in patients with B-cell lymphoma, suggesting that routine monitory is required for patients who achieved remission after CAR-T treatment to manage the CNS involvement in time. If possible, additional application of PD-1 monoclonal antibody, BTK inhibitors or other immunomodulatory drugs that can function in the CNS might prevent the CNS relapse without affecting CAR-T cell function. Conflict of Interest Statement: No conflict of interest to disclose. Figure 1. Clinical responses and hematological toxicities during CAR-T treatment among 3 patients with CNS relapse after therapy. (A) Body temperature. (B) Levels of inflammation markers including C reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, and D-dimer. (C) Levels of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-10, and interferon-γ (INF-γ). (D) Hemogram (ie. Neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelet, and hemoglobin). Figure 2. Central nervous system relapse among 3 patients after CAR-T cell therapy. (A) Patient 1 with one single focus in left lateral ventricle confirmed by CT plus puncture with pathology (not shown). (B) Patient 3 with one focus in left frontotemporal lobe confirmed by MRI plus puncture with pathology (not shown). Figure 1View largeDownload PPTFigure 1View largeDownload PPT Close modal

Evaluation of a Wearable in-Ear Sensor for Temperature and Heart Rate Monitoring: A Pilot Study

In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, wearable sensors are important for early detection of critical illness especially in COVID-19 outpatients. We sought to determine in this pilot study whether a wearable in-ear sensor for continuous body temperature and heart rate monitoring (Cosinuss company, Munich) is sufficiently accurate for body temperature and heart rate monitoring. Comparing with several anesthesiologic standard of care monitoring devices (urinary bladder and zero-heat flux thermometer and ECG), we evaluated the in-ear sensor during non-cardiac surgery (German Clinical Trials Register Reg.-No: DRKS00012848). Limits of Agreement (LoA) based on Bland–Altman analysis were used to study the agreement between the in-ear sensor and the reference methods. The estimated LoA of the Cosinuss One and bladder temperature monitoring were [-0.79, 0.49] °C (95% confidence intervals [-1.03, -0.65] (lower LoA) and [0.35, 0.73] (upper LoA)), and [-0.78, 0.34] °C (95% confidence intervals [-1.18, -0.59] (lower LoA) and [0.16, 0.74] (upper LoA)) of the Cosinuss One and zero-heat flux temperature monitoring. 89% and 79% of Cosinuss One temperature monitoring were within ± 0.5 °C limit of bladder and zero-heat flux monitoring, respectively. The estimated LoA of Cosinuss One and ECG heart rate monitoring were [-4.81, 4.27] BPM (95% confidence intervals [-5.09, -4.56] (lower LoA) and [4.01, 4.54] (upper LoA)). The proportion of detection differences within ± 2BPM was 84%. Body temperature and heart rate were reliably measured by the wearable in-ear sensor.

Prototype of Body Temperature and Oxygen Saturation Monitoring System Using DS18B20 and MAX30100 Sensors based on IOT

After people died from infections during the COVID-19 epidemic, this attracted a lot of attention. COVID-19 causes symptoms such as fever, headache, sore throat, shortness of breath, and others. Many deaths are asymptomatic, which makes the problem even bigger. Therefore, real-time system monitoring is needed. Monitoring will be carried out about measuring body temperature and oxygen saturation in patients. Monitoring body temperature is necessary because it can detect symptoms of COVID-19 in patients earlier. The concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) is to enable devices to send and receive data over an internet network. The monitoring system to be built uses NodeMCU ESP8266, DS18B20 sensor, and MAX30100 sensor. Data communication is used in the exchange of information using WiFi. Applications made using MIT App Inventor are used to view body temperature and oxygen saturation data. This system is expected to reduce the number of deaths due to COVID-19. DS18B20 sensor has a sensor accuracy of 99,73% and an average error of 0,27%. MAX30100 sensor has an accuracy rate of 99,18% and an average error of 0,82%. Delay test results show an average of 155,57 ms, and packet loss test results show an average of 0%. The result of a system that has been tested said that both sensors can read well.

A high-sensitive wearable sensor based on conductive polymer composites for body temperature monitoring

Temperature sensors provide new possibilities for personal health management. However, it is a challenge to fabricate high-sensitivity sensors that can respond flexibly to different temperature ranges. In this work, the acrylate copolymer (AC) with tunable temperature response in the range of 33–40 °C was synthesized. Then a highly sensitive wearable body temperature sensor (BTS) is constructed with it and carbon black (CB). The larger volume expansion of AC and the loose conductive network formed by CB can make its resistance change over 3 orders of magnitude with temperature change. Furthermore, the sensitivity (R/R0) can reach 12.5 % when the temperature varies by 0.5 °C around the body temperature and remains stable after 200 times heating cycles. The BTS is connected to light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to visualize this process. Therefore, the prepared high-sensitivity BTS has broad application prospects in the field of smart wearable electronics.

Heartbeat and Body Temperature Monitoring System Based on Artificial Neural Networks

Heartbeat and body temperature are vital sign parameters for paramedics in strengthening the diagnosis of a disease. Medical staff generally use an electrocardiogram and thermometer to check the heart rate and body temperature. These tools are still manual and require concentration to get accurate values. This examination system is less useful because it requires a long time to collect data, increasing the burden on medical personnel and rising operational costs. To improve health services optimally, the authors propose the manufacture of heart rate and body temperature monitoring devices for the elderly based on wireless using the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method. The proposed method can assist medical personnel in diagnosing heart attacks with three conditions (normal, low risk, and high risk). This study aims to assist medical staff in monitoring patients 'health conditions and diagnosing patients' heart disease in real time. This system uses PPG HRM-2511E sensor to detect heart rate and a DS18B20 sensor to detect body temperature. The data detection process uses a raspberry pi, and the decision-making system uses the ANN method. The results of testing the success rate of detecting the heartbeat of 97.90%, and the body temperature of 99.51%. The heart rate and body temperature data processing using ANN went as expected.

Implementation of continuous temperature monitoring during perioperative care: a feasibility study

BackgroundContinuous body temperature monitoring during perioperative care is enabled by using a non-invasive “zero-heat-flux” (ZHF) device. However, rigorous evaluation of whether continuous monitoring capability improves process of care and patient outcomes is lacking. This study assessed the feasibility of a large-scale trial on the impact of continuous ZHF monitoring on perioperative temperature management practices and hypothermia prevention.MethodsA feasibility study was conducted at a tertiary hospital. Participants included patients undergoing elective surgery under neuraxial or general anesthesia, and perioperative nurses and anesthetists caring for patient participants. Eighty-two patients pre and post introduction of the ZHF device were enrolled. Feasibility outcomes included recruitment and retention, protocol adherence, missing data or device failure, and staff evaluation of intervention feasibility and acceptability. Process of care outcomes included temperature monitoring practices, warming interventions and perioperative hypothermia.ResultsThere were no adverse events related to the device and feasibility of recruitment was high (60%). Treatment adherence varied across the perioperative pathway (43 to 93%) and missing data due to electronic transfer issues were identified. Provision of ZHF monitoring had most impact on monitoring practices in the Post Anesthetic Care Unit; the impact on intraoperative monitoring practices was minimal.ConclusionsEnhancements to the design of the ZHF device, particularly for improved data retention and transfer, would be beneficial prior to a large-scale evaluation of whether continuous temperature monitoring will improve patient outcomes. Implementation research designs are needed for future work to improve the complex area of temperature monitoring during surgery. Trial registrationProspective registration prior to patient enrolment was obtained from the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) on 16th April 2021 (Registration number: ACTRN12621000438853).

PSIV-A-3 Body Temperature Monitoring Using Subcutaneously and Vaginal Sensors in Grazing Cows

Abstract Body temperature is an indicator of animal health and can be used to detect harmful physiological events in advance of clinical symptoms. Traditionally, body temperature in cattle is determined with a rectal thermometer and requires the animal to be restrained. Although systems to automatically monitor cattle health in confinement operations exist, assessing the real-time temperature of grazing cows is not common. Our object was to demonstrate an integrated sensor network for monitoring pastured cattle body temperature in comparison with temperature measured by a vaginal logger. The integrated sensor network (Mahindra &amp; Mahindra; Mumbai, India) communicates with the data obtained from a subcutaneous temperature sensor (EmbediVet, Livestock Labs Inc.; Pittsburg, PA) to a cloud-based data storage platform. The vaginal temperature was measured by an implantable temperature logger (Micro-T 16-bit; Star Oddi, Iceland). Vaginal devices were inserted into the vagina using a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) cleaned of progesterone. The subcutaneous temperature sensors were surgically implanted through a 2cm vertical incision in the neck. Data from the implantable sensor were transmitted via Bluetooth communication to a solar-powered base station. The subcutaneous sensors and vaginal loggers were deployed on 10 grazing cattle over a period of 6 months. Data from only 4 subcutaneous sensors consistently reported data. Temperature values measured by the subcutaneous sensors had no statistical relationship (P=0.595) with body temperature measured by the vaginal temperature loggers. However, the subcutaneous sensors were able to detect changes in body temperature over time within-animal, indicating that errors in predicting temperature were more likely due to frameshift issues than an inability to track true temperature. Further improvements in data-processing and higher sample size are needed to maximize the usability of this sensor network for monitoring cattle body temperature.

Core Temperature Estimation Using The CORETm Body Temperature Sensor During A 5 Km Running Time-trial

Monitoring of core body temperature (CT) during exercise may be useful to optimize pacing and performance and prevent heat-related illnesses. Athletes are left with very few options when it comes to the measurement of CT during out-of-doors exercise conditions. Moreover, the available technology is either expensive or invasive, both of which are a deterrent to athletes. Recently, a non-invasive, affordable, wearable, compact, light, rechargeable and wireless thermal energy transfer sensor has been introduced into the market. When paired with heart rate, the manufacturer claims that the device can estimate CT with an accuracy of ±0.21 °C. PURPOSE: Compared measurements of CT obtained with a gastrointestinal pill (GP) to those estimated with the CORETM thermal energy transfer sensor during a sitting period followed by a running time-trial. METHODS: This is an ongoing study and preliminary findings are henceforth reported. Six participants (4 men, 2 women) aged 26 ± 4 yrs, with a fat-free mass (FFM) of 55 ± 8 kg, underwent a 120 min seated resting period at 20-21 °C followed by a 5 km running time-trial at 30 °C, 50% relative humidity. Participants ingested a GP 10 h prior to reporting to the laboratory. The CORETM sensor was worn according to the manufacture’s instructions, i.e., 20 cm below the armpit, and paired with a heart rate monitor. Following 20 min of sitting, participants ingested 7.5 mL/kg FFM of cold water (~ 4 °C). Measurements of CT were taken every 20 min during the sitting period and every min during the TT. RESULTS: Whereas according to the CORETM CT increased by 0.13 ± 0.08 °C during the sitting period, a decrease of 0.18 ± 0.11 °C was detected with GP. A mean bias (CORETM - GP) of - 0.22 °C at a CT of 37 °C with each additional increase in CT of 0.1 °C associated with an error of - 0.12 °C, were observed during the sitting period. A mean bias between devices of - 0.55 °C was observed during the time-trial. The mean rates of increase in CT during exercise were respectively of 0.07 ± 0.04 and 0.08 ± 0.04 °C/min for the CORETM and GP. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that, compared with measurements derived from a GP, the CORETM 1) underestimates both CT and the rate of change in CT during a sitting period comprising cold fluid ingestion and; 2) underestimates CT but adequately estimates the rate of change in CT during a 5 km time-trial in the heat.

Guest Editorial Special Issue on Sensors for Body Temperature Measurement and Monitoring in a Time of Pandemic

Covid-19 has demonstrated how vulnerable our society remains when it comes to managing a pandemic. There is an urgent need to develop and evaluate new technologies, materials, and methods for rapid measurement and continuous monitoring of body temperature, and accurate detection of elevated body temperature as a symptom of conditions which may lead to a pandemic.

A Wearable Bioimpedance Chest Patch for Real-Time Ambulatory Respiratory Monitoring.

This paper aims to introduce a wearable solution and a low-complexity algorithm for real-time continuous ambulatory respiratory monitoring. A wearable chest patch is designed using a bioimpedance (BioZ) sensor to measure the changes in chest impedance caused by breathing. Besides, a medical-grade infrared temperature sensor is utilized to monitor body temperature. The computing algorithm implemented on the patch enables computation of breath-by-breath respiratory rate and chest temperature in real-time. Two wireless communication protocols are included in the system, namely Bluetooth and Long Range (LoRa), which enable both short-range and long-range data transmission. The breathing rate measured in static (i.e., standing, sitting, supine, and lateral lying) and dynamic (i.e., walking, running, and cycling) positions by our device yielded an accuracy of more than 97.8% and 98.5% relative to the ground truth, respectively. Additionally, the device's performance is evaluated in real-world scenarios both indoors and outdoors. The proposed system is capable of measuring breathing rate throughout a variety of daily activities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first BioZ-based wearable patch capable of detecting breath-by-breath respiratory rate in real-time remotely under unrestricted ambulatory conditions. This study establishes a strategy for continuous respiratory monitoring that could aid in the early detection of cardiopulmonary disorders in everyday life.