Body Shakes Research Articles

Effects of prenatal exposure to valproic acid on the development of juvenile-typical social play in rats.

Autism is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by qualitative impairments in social behavior, communication, and aberrant repetitive behaviors. A major focus of animal models of autism has been to mimic the social deficits of the disorder. The present study assessed whether rats exposed prenatally to valproic acid (VPA) show deficits in social play as juveniles that are consistent with the social deficits observed in autism. Dams were exposed to an acute dose of VPA on gestational day 12.5. Later, the playful interactions and associated ultrasonic vocalizations of the juveniles were examined. It was predicted that VPA-treated rats should play less than the controls. Characteristic of neurobehavioral insult at this early age, the VPA-treated juveniles showed significant increases in the frequency of body shakes and sexual mounting, but played at the same frequency as the controls. However, when playing, they were less likely to use tactics that facilitated bodily contact and vocalized less. These data suggest that prenatal VPA exposure disrupts some aspects of being able to communicate effectively and engage partners in dynamic interactions - deficits that are consistent with those observed in autism.

Test-retest reliability and predictive validity of a juvenile guide dog behavior test

Abstract The ability to measure stable and consistent behavioral traits in dogs would facilitate selection and assessment of working dogs, such as guide dogs. Ideally, these measures should predict suitability for the working role from a young age. This study assessed test-retest reliability of a juvenile guide dog behavior test and predictive validity using qualification or withdrawal from guide dog training. Ninety-three guide dog puppies (52 female; 41 male) were tested at 5 (mean 4.78; ±0.73 SD) and 8 (mean 7.98; ±0.78 SD) months of age. The dogs were exposed to a sequence of 11 stimuli designed to assess the dogs' reactions to meeting a stranger, obedience commands, body sensitivity, scavenging, and animal and human distractions. The behavior of dogs was digitally recorded and analyzed using an ethogram incorporating both frequency of behavior and specific reactions to stimuli. Test-retest reliability indicated inter-individual consistency in many of the behavioral measures such as jumping, barking, and low greeting posture, as defined in our ethogram. Behavior measures that did not show interindividual consistency between tests included obedience responses, lip licking, body shaking, and scratching. Binary logistic regression models revealed 7 behavioral measures at 5 months and 5 measures at 8 months that were significantly associated with qualification or withdrawal. Uncorrelated measures and principal component scores of correlated measures were combined in a logistic regression model that showed great potential for predicting the probability of a dog qualifying or being withdrawn from guide dog training.

Conquering Pedaphobia: A Case Study of Counselling Interventions

This paper presents a case study of a 22-year-old female client who came for counselling sessions for the purpose of overcoming her pedaphobia. Symptoms, such as, dizziness, nausea, arousal, sweating palm and body shaking were noticed to be visible not only by the presence of a real child, but also by pictures, stories and imaginations of infants. Systematic desensitization technique, a form of Exposure Therapy, was applied to treat the client. It involved relaxation and breathing techniques, and supported by the application of live modelling guided participation. Along with the interventions, Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy techniques were also applied, such as, thought recording, irrational thoughts identification and disputation, Rational Emotive Imagery (REI), coping self-statement, and forceful self-statement. By the end of the therapy, the client reported to have experienced a decline in the occurrences of symptoms and demonstrated the ability to overcome her phobia.Keywords: phobia; pedaphobia; systematic desensitization; counselling intervention; rational emotive behaviour therapy

Communication during copulation in the sex-role reversed wolf spider Allocosa brasiliensis: Female shakes for soliciting new ejaculations?

Traditional studies on sexual communication have focused on the exchange of signals during courtship. However, communication between the sexes can also occur during or after copulation. Allocosa brasiliensis is a wolf spider that shows a reversal in typical sex roles and of the usual sexual size dimorphism expected for spiders. Females are smaller than males and they are the roving sex that initiates courtship. Occasional previous observations suggested that females performed body shaking behaviors during copulation. Our objective was to analyze if female body shaking is associated with male copulatory behavior in A. brasiliensis, and determine if this female behavior has a communicatory function in this species. For that purpose, we performed fine-scaled analysis of fifteen copulations under laboratory conditions. We video-recorded all the trials and looked for associations between female and male copulatory behaviors. The significant difference between the time before and after female shaking, in favor of the subsequent ejaculation is analyzed. We discuss if shaking could be acting as a signal to accelerate and motivate palpal insertion and ejaculation, and/or inhibiting male cannibalistic tendencies in this species.

The genetic architecture of coordinately evolving male wing pigmentation and courtship behavior in Drosophila elegans and Drosophila gunungcola.

Many adaptive phenotypes consist of combinations of simpler traits that act synergistically, such as morphological traits and the behaviors that use those traits. Genetic correlations between components of such combinatorial traits, in the form of pleiotropic or tightly linked genes, can in principle promote the evolution and maintenance of these traits. In the Oriental Drosophila melanogaster species group, male wing pigmentation shows phylogenetic correlations with male courtship behavior; species with male-specific apical wing melanin spots also exhibit male visual wing displays, whereas species lacking these spots generally lack the displays. In this study, we investigated the quantitative genetic basis of divergence in male wing spots and displays between D. elegans, which possesses both traits, and its sibling species D. gunungcola, which lacks them. We found that divergence in wing spot size is determined by at least three quantitative trait loci (QTL) and divergence in courtship score is determined by at least four QTL. On the autosomes, QTL locations for pigmentation and behavior were generally separate, but on the X chromosome two clusters of QTL were found affecting both wing pigmentation and courtship behavior. We also examined the genetic basis of divergence in three components of male courtship, wing display, circling, and body shaking. Each of these showed a distinct genetic architecture, with some QTL mapping to similar positions as QTL for overall courtship score. Pairwise tests for interactions between marker loci revealed evidence of epistasis between putative QTL for wing pigmentation but not those for courtship behavior. The clustering of X-linked QTL for male pigmentation and behavior is consistent with the concerted evolution of these traits and motivates fine-scale mapping studies to elucidate the nature of the contributing genetic factors in these intervals.

Upregulation of probing‐ and feeding‐related behavioural frequencies in Bemisia tabaci upon acquisition of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus

The behaviour of insect vectors can be altered by the acquisition of plant viruses. Bemisia tabaci, which is the vector of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), causes damage to susceptible tomato cultivars. Here, the frequencies of several behavioural characteristics related to probing and feeding that are exhibited by non-viruliferous (NV) and TYLCV-viruliferous (V) adult B. tabaci were compared using a sandwich-type parafilm cage. The frequencies of behaviours such as wing flapping, leg movement, body shaking and body position change while settling and feeding on plant leaves were higher in V than in NV whiteflies. Evaluation of probing frequencies by measuring the number and size of holes punctured in parafilm by whiteflies revealed that most holes had a diameter of 7.5-26.7 µm, which is within the range of proboscis diameters of whiteflies. There were more small-sized holes than medium- and large-sized holes. Male whiteflies produced more small-sized holes, but females more mid-sized holes. V whiteflies showed increased hole numbers but decreased feeding duration relative to NV whiteflies. Adult B. tabaci showed higher frequencies of probing and feeding behaviours when infected with TYLCV. These manipulations of feeding behaviours of insect vectors may result in increased transmission of plant virus.

Clinical effect of nursing intervention and early observation in hand, foot and mouth disease severe children patients

Objective To explore the clinical effect of nursing intervention and early observation in severe children patients with hand, foot and mouth disease.Methods A total of 106 severe children patients with hand , foot and mouth disease from May 2008 to May 2013 were divided into two groups , 53 cases of the control group with routine nursing , 53 cases of observation group with the implementation of nursing intervention and early observation , the symptoms disappeared situation , hospitalization situation , secondary infection situation of two groups were compared.Results The disappeared times of fever , headache and vomiting body shaking , hospitalization time , the inci-dence of secondary infection of observation group were less than those of control group （ P〈0.05 ） .Conclusions Nursing intervention and early observation can obviously improve clinical symptoms of hand , foot and mouth disease children , and shorten the patient’s treatment time, fewer complications and high safety , which is worthy popularized. Key words: Nursing intervention; Early observations; Hand,foot and mouth disease; Severe

Salivary cortisol and behavior in therapy dogs during animal-assisted interventions: A pilot study

Animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) have been associated with positive effects on human psychological and physiological health. Although the perception of quality standards in AAIs is high, only few investigations have focused on potential welfare implications for therapy dogs linked to their performance in AAIs. The standardized program “multiprofessional animal-assisted intervention (MTI)” has been carried out in adult mental health care, significantly improving patients’ prosocial behaviors. In the present study, we monitored salivary cortisol and behavioral measures in therapy dogs that participated in MTI group therapy sessions in an in-patient substance abuse treatment facility. Work-related activity (lay, sit, stand, walk, and run), behavior (lip licking, yawning, paw lifting, body shake, tail wagging, and panting), response to human action (taking food treats and obeying commands), and salivary cortisol levels were analyzed over the course of 5 subsequent MTI working sessions in experienced therapy dogs

Sympathomimetic syndrome, choreoathetosis, and acute kidney injury following “bath salts” injection

"Bath salts" is a well known street drug which can cause several cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric symptoms. However, only one case of acute kidney injury has been reported in the literature. We present a case with sympathomimetic syndrome, choreoathetosis, gustatory and olfactory hallucinations, and acute kidney injury following the use of bath salts. A 37-year-old man with past medical history of hypertension and depression was brought to the emergency center with body shaking. Three days before admission he injected 3 doses of bath salts intravenously and felt eye pain with blurry vision followed by a metallic taste, strange smells, profuse sweating, and body shaking. At presentation he had a sympathomimetic syndrome including high blood pressure, tachycardia, tachypnea, and hyperhydrosis with choreoathetotic movements. Laboratory testing revealed leukocytosis and acute kidney injury with a BUN of 95 mg/ dL and a creatinine of 15.2 mg/dL. Creatine kinase was 4,457 IU/dL. Urine drug screen is negative for amphetamine, cannabinoids, and cocaine; blood alcohol level was zero. During his ICU stay he became disoriented and agitated. Supportive treatment with 7.2 liters of intravenous fluid over 3 days, haloperidol, and lorazepam gradually improved his symptoms and his renal failure. Bath salts contain 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone, a psychoactive norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Choreoathetosis in this patient could be explained through dopaminergic effect of bath salts or uremic encephalopathy. The mechanism for acute kidney injury from bath salts may involve direct drug effects though norepinephrine and dopamine-induced vasoconstriction (renal ischemia), rhabdomyolysis, hyperthermia, and/or volume contraction.

Activation of GABAergic Neurons in the Interpeduncular Nucleus Triggers Physical Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms

Chronic exposure to nicotine elicits physical dependence in smokers, yet the mechanism and neuroanatomical bases for withdrawal symptoms are unclear. As in humans, rodents undergo physical withdrawal symptoms after cessation from chronic nicotine characterized by increased scratching, head nods, and body shakes. Here we show that induction of physical nicotine withdrawal symptoms activates GABAergic neurons within the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN). Optical activation of IPN GABAergic neurons via light stimulation of channelrhodopsin elicited physical withdrawal symptoms in both nicotine-naive and chronic-nicotine-exposed mice. Dampening excitability of GABAergic neurons during nicotine withdrawal through IPN-selective infusion of an NMDA receptor antagonist or through blockade of IPN neurotransmission from the medial habenula reduced IPN neuronal activation and alleviated withdrawal symptoms. During chronic nicotine exposure, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors containing the β4 subunit were upregulated in somatostatin interneurons clustered in the dorsal region of the IPN. Blockade of these receptors induced withdrawal signs more dramatically in nicotine-dependent compared to nicotine-naive mice and activated nonsomatostatin neurons in the IPN. Together, our data indicate that therapeutic strategies to reduce IPN GABAergic neuron excitability during nicotine withdrawal, for example, by activating nicotinic receptors on somatostatin interneurons, may be beneficial for alleviating withdrawal symptoms and facilitating smoking cessation.

허리 관절을 갖는 4족 로봇의 효율적인 걸음새 생성 방법

본 논문에서는 4족 로봇의 허리 관절을 이용하여 보행시 발생하는 몸체의 흔들림을 최소화하는 걸음새 방법을 제안한다. 제안한 방법에서는 4족 로봇의 기하학적 모델을 이용하여 몸체의 기울기에 따른 몸체의 힙(hip) 좌표를 계산하고, 이를 2자유도(Digree of Freedom: DOF)를 갖는 허리 관절을 이용하여 4족 로봇의 무게중심(Center of Gravity: CoG)을 이동시킴으로써 몸체의 흔들림을 최소화한다. 이 때, 로봇의 걸음새는 물결 걸음새(wave gate)를 이용하여 보행한다. 마지막으로, 4족 보행 로봇의 모의 실험을 통해 기존 방법과 비교함으로써 본 논문에서 제안한 방법의 효용성을 검증한다. In this paper, we propose a gait generation method for a quadruped robot using the waist joints which can minimize the body shake during the locomotion. In this proposed method, we first calculate the hip coordinate of tilted body using the geometrical model of a quadruped robot, and then move the CoG(Center of Gravity) of a quadruped robot using 2-DOF waist joints to minimizes the body shake. In addition, the gait of a quadruped robot is generated based on the wave gait method. Finally, we verify the effectiveness of the proposed method by comparing with that of the previous method through the computer simulations.

Evaluation of Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Activity of a Passenger in Response to a Car's Lateral Acceleration While Slalom Driving

Human factors are becoming one of the most important factors that are considered for automobile design and test. However, the ride comfort of a passenger or driver is mainly dependent on a subjective assessment by a test driver or questionnaire investigation, and, therefore, a quantitative evaluation of the ride comfort is being pursued as one of the research goals in the automobile industry. In this paper, actual-vehicle and driving simulator (DS) experiments were carried out to evaluate the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle activity of a passenger in response to a car's lateral acceleration while slalom driving. Interestingly, the SCM muscle of the passenger on the side opposite the direction of the car's lateral acceleration contracts to keep the head stable against the body shaking. The electromyography (EMG) signal of the SCM muscle in a modified car was significantly lower than in a normal car, because the 1-10 Hz low-frequency vibrations of the body frame of the modified car during the slalom driving were decreased through improvements of the rigidity of car's body frame. A passenger feels more discomfort when the EMG signal of the SCM muscle increases, and less as the signal decreases. The DS experiment, with the addition of more experimental conditions, arrived at the same conclusion, which testified that the DS is a powerful tool with which to evaluate passenger discomfort. In conclusion, the EMG of the SCM muscle can be considered as an objective and effective method with which to quantify the effect of vehicle properties on human discomfort in both actual-vehicle and DS experiments for slalom driving.

Impact of Different Monochromatic LED Light Colours and Bird Age on the Behavioural Output and Fear Response in Ducks

This study was performed to observe the effect of monochromatic light emitting diode (LED) light colour and bird age on the behaviour and fear response of ducks. A total of 200 1-day-old ducklings were used in the experiment (two replications, 25 ducklings/pen), and lighting was set up as follows: white (W, control, 400-770 nm), yellow (Y, 600 nm), green (G, 520 nm) and blue (B, 460 nm) LED lights. Ducks were subjected to 23L: 1D h lighting with 0.1 Watt/m2 light intensity. Video was recorded twice per day (2 h in the morning and 2 h in the afternoon) and observed five consecutive days per week. Duration of feeding, drinking, sitting, walking, standing, preening, wing flapping, wing stretching, tail wagging, head shaking, body shaking, ground pecking, peck object, and social interaction behaviour were recorded. At 3 and 6 weeks of age, 10 birds per treatment were subjected to the tonic immobility (TI) test (three times/duck). Ducks reared in Y and W light were more active, as expressed by more walking, ground pecking, drinking and social interaction activities than those of ducks under the B light treatment (P<0.05). Ducks showed more time sitting, standing, and preening under B light (P<0.05). Feeding, sitting, standing and drinking behaviours increased, and walking and social interaction behaviours decreased with age of the ducks (P<0.05). Differences in behaviours among different light colours were observed. In addition, the TI test results indicated that B and G light reduced the fear response of the ducks.

Index of Suspicion

Index of Suspicion

Behavioral effects of auditory stimulation on kenneled dogs

KEYWORDS: dog; auditory; music; kennel; welfare Abstract Dogs are kenneled in professional facilities for a variety of reasons; however, the kennel environment, even for short periods, is a potential psychogenic stressor for most dogs. Continual stress and the resultant anxiety are undesirable for both ethical and physiological reasons. One growing area of research pertaining to the welfare of kenneled dogs is environmental enrichment, including auditory stimulation. The current study investigated the impact of music (classical, heavy metal, and specifically designed/altered classical) on activity level, vocalization, and body shaking of 117 kenneled dogs. Results suggest that classical music leads to kenneled dogs spending more time sleeping (F8,354 5 12.24, P. 0.0001) and less time vocalizing (F8,354 5 3.61, P. 0.0005) than when exposed to other music types or no music. Heavy metal music, compared with other music types, appears to increase body shaking (F8,354 5 96.97, P. 0.0001), a behavior suggestive of nervousness. It is suggested that playing classical music in a shelter environment may help mitigate some of the stress inherent for many kenneled dogs.

韓国における日本漢字 · 漢字語彙教育の研究動向

While the actual eye of a person is doing eye movement, the visual field is stable by the motion of the head and the body shake. In the environment such as FPS(First Person Shooting) computer game and FPV(First Person View) of UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), the head and eyes of the viewer are fixed and the field of view is usually shaken all the time. The view would be more stable if we apply the actual eye’s movement to the viewing camera of UAV and computer game. In this paper, the human eyes are tracked by the Pupil Eye Tracker and the eye mechanism is analyzed through the data obtained. Then, the virtual eye movements are simulated based on the data obtained from the human eye experiment.

Behavioral responses underpinning resistance and susceptibility of honeybees to Tropilaelaps mercedesae

Behavioral responses of Apis cerana, Apis dorsata, and Apis mellifera to the ectoparasitic mite, Tropilaelaps mercedesae, were compared using two laboratory bioassays: cohorts of 50 caged worker bees and individual-caged worker bees, all of unknown ages. For the group bioassays, ten T. mercedesae were placed on the bodies of bees in each cohort. After 6 h, nearly 2/3 of the mites placed on A. cerana had fallen from the bees onto sticky traps that were placed under the cages, compared to only about 1/3 for A. dorsata and A. mellifera. The majority of fallen mites fell within 24 h from A. cerana (93.3±2.3%), 36 h from A. dorsata (92.2± 1.9%), and 48 h from A. mellifera (91.3±1.4%). Higher proportions of injured mites were observed among the mites that fell from A. cerana (38.3±12.9%) and A. dorsata (33.9±17.4%) than among those that fell from A. mellifera (19.5±7.2%). The rapid fall of mites from the bodies of A. cerana may be due to a combination of auto- grooming and rapid body shaking of the bees. In individual bee assays, where individual bees were challenged with one female T. mercedesae, A. cerana and A. dorsata exhibited faster behavioral responses to the presence of mites than did A. mellifera (39.4±13.2, 44.9±19.2, and 188.4±63.9 s, respectively). Phoretic T. mercedesae were mostly observed attaching to the propodeum/petiole region of all three bee species, although some mites also occupied the wing base area of A. dorsata and A. mellifera.

Effect of P-Chlorophenylalanine Pretreatment on Sodium Valproate and Dexfenfluramine Induced Wet Dog Shake Behavior in Rats

INTRODUCTION: Sodium valproate, a broad spectrum antiepileptic drug elevates the brain gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) levels by various mechanisms. Behavioral studies in animals have provided additional evidence for interaction between the GABAergic and DAergic systems. Valproate at 200-500mg/kg induces wet dog shake (WDS) behavior in rats. The WDS behavior in rats and head twitch responses (HTR) in mice is evoked by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin), the 5-HT precursor, the directly acting non-selective 5-HT receptor agonists and 5-HT releasers. METHOD: In order to determine the GABAergic and 5-HTergic involvement in the induction of WDS behavior in rats the study was taken up to investigate the effect of clomipramine a 5HT depletor, pretreatment on sodium valproate, dexfenfluramine and 5-hydroxytrytamine (5-HTP) induced WDS behavior in rats. OBSERVATION: It was observed that Valproate in the dose range of 200-500mg/kg induced dose dependent WDS in rats. RESULTS: It was observed that pretreatment with PCPA significantly decreased the number of head and whole body shakes in rats caused by valproate and dexfenfluramine. This indicates that the induction of WDS behavior by valproate depends on the availability of brain 5HT and that valproate acts indirectly by releasing 5HT from the 5HTergic neurons.

Effects of oxcarbazepine on monoamines content in hippocampus and head and body shakes and sleep patterns in kainic acid-treated rats

The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of oxcarbazepine (OXC) on sleep patterns, "head and body shakes" and monoamine neurotransmitters level in a model of kainic-induced seizures. Adult Wistar rats were administered kainic acid (KA), OXC or OXC + KA. A polysomnographic study showed that KA induced animals to stay awake for the whole initial 10h. OXC administration 30min prior to KA diminished the effect of KA on the sleep parameters. As a measure of the effects of the drug treatments on behavior, head and body shakes were visually recorded for 4h after administration of KA, OXC + KA or saline. The presence of OXC diminished the shakes frequency. 4h after drug application, the hippocampus was dissected out, and the content of monoamines was analyzed. The presence of OXC still more increased serotonin, 5-hidroxyindole acetic acid, dopamine, and homovanilic acid, induced by KA.

Whole body shaking due to intracranial blood flow steal

Unilateral limb shaking has been described as brief, repetitive jerking movements of arm and leg, resembling seizures and attributed to transient cerebral ischemia. We report a patient with numerous episodes of whole body shaking in the setting of bilateral carotid occlusions as well as vertebral stenoocclusive disease. These episodes of whole body shaking occurred in the presence of bilateral intracranial blood flow steal phenomenon. After angioplasty of the vertebral artery and initiation of aggressive medical therapy and non-invasive ventilatory correction, intracranial blood flow improved and whole body shaking episodes were resolved during 6-months follow-up.