Body Organs Research Articles

Biomedical Metal–Organic framework materials on antimicrobial therapy: Perspectives and challenges

As a barrier between the structure of the human body's internal organs and the outside environment, the skin serves crucial physiological tasks like protection, regulation, and metabolism. The skin's close interaction with the outside makes it particularly vulnerable to many injuries. Bacterial infections cause wound healing to take longer, raise the risk of chronic harm, and serve as a breeding ground for drug-resistant bacteria. As a result, it is critical to eliminate bacterial species from the wound region rapidly and efficiently. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), are critically adjustable hybrid materials that integrate organic ligands with coordination metals to generate a range of topologically isomorphic structures. MOFs' creation and shape are investigated by the metal source and ligand utilized in the reaction process, and the structural benefits of this near-infinite combination of structures allow boundless potential for their surface functionalization. MOF has a large effective surface area, tunable structure, adaptability, excellent biodegradability, high drug load, adjustable release of drugs, robust targeting, etc. It can be loaded with therapeutic materials and has programmability. It is more conducive to treating complex wounds while realizing the synergistic effects of antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and pro-angiogenesis, effectively improving treatment safety. This review summarizes the most recent research advances on various MOFs for antimicrobial therapy, using diverse types of metal-ion-based MOFs as an entry point. Finally, it covers several important challenges in the antimicrobial treatment of metal-ion-based MOFs.

Wound Dressing with Electrospun Core-Shell Nanofibers: From Material Selection to Synthesis.

Skin, the largest organ of the human body, accounts for protecting against external injuries and pathogens. Despite possessing inherent self-regeneration capabilities, the repair of skin lesions is a complex and time-consuming process yet vital to preserving its critical physiological functions. The dominant treatment involves the application of a dressing to protect the wound, mitigate the risk of infection, and decrease the likelihood of secondary injuries. Pursuing solutions for accelerating wound healing has resulted in groundbreaking advancements in materials science, from hydrogels and hydrocolloids to foams and micro-/nanofibers. Noting the convenience and flexibility in design, nanofibers merit a high surface-area-to-volume ratio, controlled release of therapeutics, mimicking of the extracellular matrix, and excellent mechanical properties. Core-shell nanofibers bring even further prospects to the realm of wound dressings upon separate compartments with independent functionality, adapted release profiles of bioactive agents, and better moisture management. In this review, we highlight core-shell nanofibers for wound dressing applications featuring a survey on common materials and synthesis methods. Our discussion embodies the wound healing process, optimal wound dressing characteristics, the current organic and inorganic material repertoire for multifunctional core-shell nanofibers, and common techniques to fabricate proper coaxial structures. We also provide an overview of antibacterial nanomaterials with an emphasis on their crystalline structures, properties, and functions. We conclude with an outlook for the potential offered by core-shell nanofibers toward a more advanced design for effective wound healing.

In 2024, the amyloid-cascade-hypothesis still remains a working hypothesis, no less but certainly no more.

The amyloid-cascade-hypothesis of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) was introduced 32 years ago, in 1992. From early on, this clear and straight forward hypothesis received a lot of attention, but also a lot of substantial criticism. Foremost, there have always been massive doubts that a complex age-associated disorder of the most intricate organ of the human body, the brain, can be explained by a linear, one-dimensional cause-and-effect model. The amyloid-cascade defines the generation, aggregation, and deposition of the amyloid beta peptide as the central pathogenic mechanism in AD, as the ultimate trigger of the disease, and, consequently, as the key pharmacological target. Certainly, the original 1992 version of this hypothesis has been refined by various means, and the 'formulating fathers' followed up with a few reappraisals and partly very open reflections in 2002, 2006, 2009, and 2016. However, up until today, for the supporters of this hypothesis, the central and initial steps of the cascade are believed to be driven by amyloid beta-even if now displayed somewhat more elaborate. In light of the recently published clinical results achieved with anti-amyloid antibodies, the controversy in the field about (1) the clinical meaningfulness of this approach, (2) the significance of clearance of the amyloid beta peptide, and last but not least (3) the relevance of the amyloid-cascade-hypothesis is gaining momentum. This review addresses the interesting manifestation of the amyloid-cascade-hypothesis as well as its ups and downs over the decades.

Estimating the viscoelastic anisotropy of human skin through high-frequency ultrasound elastography.

The skin is the largest organ of the human body and serves distinct functions in protecting the body. The viscoelastic properties of the skin play a key role in supporting the skin-healing process, also it may be changed due to some skin diseases. In this study, high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) elastography based on a Lamb wave model was used to noninvasively assess the viscoelastic anisotropy of human skin. Elastic waves were generated through an external vibrator, and the wave propagation velocity was measured through 40MHz ultrafast HFUS imaging. Through the use of a thin-layer gelatin phantom, HFUS elastography was verified to produce highly accurate estimates of elasticity and viscosity. In a human study involving five volunteers, viscoelastic anisotropy was assessed by rotating an ultrasound transducer 360°. An oval-shaped pattern in the elasticity of human forearm skin was identified, indicating the high elastic anisotropy of skin; the average elastic moduli were 24.90±6.63 and 13.64±2.67kPa along and across the collagen fiber orientation, respectively. The average viscosity of all the recruited volunteers was 3.23±0.93Pa·s. Although the examined skin exhibited elastic anisotropy, no evident viscosity anisotropy was observed.

Application of Industry 4.0 and digital twin in the field of smart healthcare

There is an increasing need for preventive health care as well as precise diagnosis and tailored treatment of different diseases in recent years. Providing customized treatment for each patient and maximizing accuracy and efficiency are main goals of a good healthcare system. This thesis explores the integration of digital twin technology with Industry 4.0 in healthcare. Digital twins create virtual representations of physical systems, enabling real-time monitoring and tailored treatments. Key elements include the living human body, IoT, digital twin, cloud computing, and simulation. The architecture comprises data acquisition, data munging, data storage, data simulation with analytics, and user access layers. Creating a digital twin involves precise 3D modeling, representing the entire body or specific organs. A case study demonstrates real-time monitoring using wearable sensors for blood pressure, blood sugar, and heart rate. Data is transmitted, integrated with the digital twin, and accessible via a website with alarms for abnormal readings. While Industry 4.0 and digital twin adoption in healthcare is evolving, the architecture serves as a reference. It offers real-time data for diagnosis and treatment, with potential for advanced simulations. Challenges include automated data systems and privacy concerns. Despite limitations, this integration holds promise for precision medicine and personalized healthcare.

Locke on life: the vital union and the embodied person

ABSTRACT This paper offers an interpretation of Locke's understanding of life, challenging a familiar reading which treats him as endorsing a mechanical reduction of the living body. Against the mechanists, Locke clearly states that the internal movement constitutive of life is excited from within the organism, and he also holds that the coordination of the bodily organs (their unity of function) cannot be understood mechanically. Rather, the different parts of the organism enjoy a ‘vital union', a concept that Locke borrows from Henry More and the Cambridge Platonists. In the final part of the paper, it is shown how personhood, on Locke's understanding, partakes in this vital union and how the person is thus embodied in the human organism, or ‘Man’.

A cross-sectional survey of ocular problems after COVID-19 infection among healthcare workers at a teaching hospital.

The COVID-19 pandemic was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV2). The impact of the pandemic is becoming more apparent now on various tissues and body organs. Limited knowledge is present about the characteristics, duration, and long-term sequelae of ocular problems post-COVID-19 infection. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate and analyze the ocular problems occurring in healthcare workers after COVID-19 infection. This was a cross-sectional survey study conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology, Patna Medical College and Hospital, Patna. The participants were healthcare workers who were exposed to COVID-19 infection ≥6 months back. A questionnaire was prepared. Responses were evaluated and analyzed. Patient consent and institutional committee permission were taken as per norms. A total of 210 healthcare workers who were infected with COVID-19 >6 months back responded with complete answers. The maximum number of respondents was between the ages of 31 and 60 (73.3%). The pre-covid ocular problems were present in 25% of the participants, especially in those having chronic diseases (such as diabetes, hypertension, or both). Post-ocular problems were faced by 60% of the participants, which was significant (P < 0.01). Dry eye, itching, and foreign body sensations were present in 60% of those facing ocular problems (P < 0.01). Ocular surface manifestations were more common. A knowledge, understanding, and awareness about ocular problems and their long-term sequelae in post-COVID-19-infected patients will help in early diagnosis and better management of such patients.

Unveiling Current Advances in Bioelectronic Medicine: A Comprehensive Review

Background: Bioelectronic medicine is an emerging therapy that makes use of neural signals and the nervous system to help in the treatment of injuries and diseases. The nervous sys-tem consists of disciplined circuits that involve the communication of every major organ of the human body as all the organs of the human body are regulated and controlled by neural circuits. Objective: The objective of this review is to overview the current implementations of bioelectron-ic medicines within the human body. The main target is to heal the body without administering a wide array of exogenous drugs. On understanding these neural circuits at a molecular level, it could be possible to understand, manipulate, and modify the body’s functioning with the help of electrical impulses to modify neural impulses. Methods: The literature related to bioelectronic medicines, and their applications was collected through different websites, academic research portals, and databases, sorted, and presented in this review. Results: Bioelectronic medicine is emerging as a cutting-edge area in healthcare, demonstrating its potential to transform the diagnosis and management of inflammation and related conditions. With established efficacy in a variety of disorders and marketed available treatments, it highlights an enormous shift toward individualized and specialized therapeutic approaches, providing prom-ise for improved outcomes and a higher quality of life for patients worldwide. Conclusion: The study focuses on potential advances in bioelectronic medicine for alleviating in-flammation and inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and spinal cord in-jury. Bioelectronic treatments provide innovative therapeutic options with the potential for con-siderable clinical effects.

Deciphering the spatiotemporal transcriptional landscape of intestinal diseases (Review).

The intestines are the largest barrier organ in the human body. The intestinal barrier plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the intestinal environment and protecting the intestines from harmful bacterial invasion. Single‑cell RNA sequencing technology allows the detection of the different cell types in the intestine in two dimensions and the exploration of cell types that have not been fully characterized. The intestinal mucosa is highly complex in structure, and its proper functioning is linked to multiple structures in the proximal‑distal intestinal and luminal‑mucosal axes. Spatial localization is at the core of the efforts to explore the interactions between the complex structures. Spatial transcriptomics (ST) is a method that allows for comprehensive tissue analysis and the acquisition of spatially separated genetic information from individual cells, while preserving their spatial location and interactions. This approach also prevents the loss of fragile cells during tissue disaggregation. The emergence of ST technology allows us to spatially dissect enzymatic processes and interactions between multiple cells, genes, proteins and signals in the intestine. This includes the exchange of oxygen and nutrients in the intestine, different gradients of microbial populations and the role of extracellular matrix proteins. This regionally precise approach to tissue studies is gaining more acceptance and is increasingly applied in the investigation of disease mechanisms related to the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, this review summarized the application of ST in gastrointestinal diseases.

Oral administration of egg white ovotransferrin prevents osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats

Ovotransferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein, accounting for approximately 12 % of egg white protein, is a member of transferrin family. Our previous studies showed that ovotransferrin stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, while inhibits osteoclastogenesis and resorption activity. The work aims to study the efficacy of orally administered ovotransferrin on the prevention of osteoporosis using ovariectomized (OVX) Sprague-Dawley rats. Oral administration of ovotransferrin showed no negative effect on body weight, food intake and organ weight. After 12-week treatment, feeding ovotransferrin at a dose of 1 % (1 g ovotransferrin/100 g diet) prevented OVX-induced bone loss and maintained relatively high bone mineral density and integrated bone microarchitecture. The serum concentration of biomarkers indicating bone formation was increased in ovotransferrin administration groups, while the bone resorption biomarkers were decreased. Ovotransferrin feeding also decreased the production of serum cytokine TNF-α and IL-6, which are two stimulators for osteoclast differentiation. In addition to its direct regulatory role on bone turnover, ovotransferrin supplementation might benefit osteoporosis prevention by inhibiting adipogenesis, and regulating immune response. Our results suggested the potential application of ovotransferrin as a functional food ingredient on the prevention of osteoporosis.

Immune-enhancing effect of fermented soybean food, Cheonggukjang on cyclophosphamide-treated immunosuppressed rat

Cheonggukjang (CGJ) is a traditional food, made by the fermentation of beans, and it has different recipes for different regions in Korea. However, it has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-obesity effects, and is known to affect changes in the intestinal microbiota. In this study, we investigated the immune-enhancing effects of four type CGJs (one commercial and three transitional CGJs). In the cyclophosphamide (CP)-treated immunosuppressed rat, oral administration of CGJs for 4 weeks was used to investigate weight of body and immune organ, change of microbiota, blood and serum parameters, inflammation pathways (MAPKs and NFκB) and histology of spleen. It showed an immunity-enhancing effect through increase Bacteroidetes in gut, the recovery of complete blood count, levels of cytokines and IgG, activation of inflammatory pathways, and histology of spleen. In conclusion, these results show that the intake of a commercial brand CGJ, and traditional CGJs can maintain or promote the body's immunity.

Pengaruh Ukuran Partikel dan Suhu Terhadap Derajat Asetilasi dan Yield Pada Ekstraksi Kitin dari Belalang Melalui Green Method

Grasshoppers are insects that are pests for agriculture. In recent years, humans have begun to realize the broader economic value of insects, which are not only used as animal feed but also as sustainable biopolymers, such as chitin and chitosan. Grasshoppers' body organs contain chitin, including the digestive tract (intestine), trachea system, and exoskeleton (outer skeleton). Currently, the chitin extraction process using the green method with Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) is more popular because it reduces the use of dangerous chemicals, reduces waste, and is overall more environmentally friendly than using chemical and biological methods. In the chitin extraction process, process parameters, such as reaction time, temperature, and particle size of the raw material, are adjusted to obtain the desired properties of chitin. This research aims to determine the effect of particle size and temperature on chitin yield and degree of acetylation (DA). The research results show that the yield values ​​and DA values ​​produced in this research are not by similar references which have described the characteristics of chitin. However, there is one sample showing that the most optimal DA value is the BSC 7 150 mesh 90°C sample, at wavelengths of 1560 cm-1 and 2875 cm-1, producing a DA value of 55.79514% and DD 44.20485933%. The best yield value was BSC 2 110°C 50 mesh, with a value of 22.1%.

Evaluation of the Tissue Immune Microenvironment in the Diabetic Patients with Dental Implant

Long-term hyperglycemia in people with diabetes very frequently leads to damage and/or dysfunction of many tissues and organs of the human body, causing increased clinical morbidity. There is, however, an increased correlation between glycemic control and the onset of these consequences and in particular microvascular and macrovascular complications. The results of some studies have suggested that diabetes exerts an influence on the failure rates of implants compared to non-diabetic patients. One study demonstrates that HbA1c level (higher or lower than the threshold of 8.1) also influences the survival rate of dental implants. Biopsy fragments from 8 consecutive patients who had a titanium dental implant as well as diabetes were included in our study. The control group was represented by 4 patients with dental implants and who did not have diabetes. After the histological processing of the tissues, cell counts of CD4, CD8, CD20 and CD3 lymphocytes were performed by using QuPath. The findings characterize the composition of lymphocyte populations in the oral mucosa surrounding dental implants. In diabetic patients, poor glycemic control has been associated with a decreased CD4/ CD8, contrary to our findings in tissue. The decreased number of CD20 positive lymphocytes could be associated with the dysfunction of humoral immunity generally observed in patients with diabetes. In our study, a 2.5 x higher value of TCD4+ lymphocytes was noted compared to the average of TCD8+ type lymphocytes. These results support the involvement of these types of inflammatory cells in the potimplant bone healing processes. This process starts on the 10th day post-implant. Different studies raise, in these cases, the question of innate immune response vs adaptive immune response. Suppression of processes induced by CD8+ lymphocytes is associated with stimulation of bone formation. Our results support this hypothesis.

A pragmatic comprehension of scientific and classical aspects of Rachana Sharir—A systematic review

Ayurveda, a flourishing traditional medical system renowned for its extensive knowledge, includes Rachana Sharir as a fundamental subject. Rachana Sharir Vigyan explores the anatomical aspects (Rachna) of the human body. The immense knowledge of the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda is not comprehensively described yet. The Samhitas and Vedas of Indian literature by different acharyas elaborate on how the human body evolved from a combination of Panchamahabhutas and Atma (Chetana). This review aims to elucidate the classical aspects of Rachana Sharir from Ayurvedic texts and establish correlations with contemporary scientific knowledge. Classical texts such as the Samhitas authored by various acharyas were systematically reviewed to gather insights into the origin, anatomical positions, numerical compositions, and classifications of human body parts, organs, tissues, and systems. The review reveals detailed principles and concepts from Ayurvedic literature, emphasizing contributions from Acharya Sushruta in the Sharir Sthana, particularly his meticulous descriptions of cadaveric studies and preservation techniques. Classical books explained the origins of human bodily parts, their anatomical placements, organs, tissues, systems, and more. These fall under human anatomy (Rachana Sharir), and this article explains its classical aspect with scientific and modern science linkages. In Sharir Sthana, one of Ayurveda’s main principles, cadaveric research and preservation, is beautifully illustrated by Acharya Sushruta. Ayurveda has scientific principles, logic, and subtle knowledge that we must explore to apply its gifts to humanity. This essay shows that Samhitas contains pragmatic and scientific knowledge. Ayurveda combines science and philosophy. Ayurvedic knowledge’s pragmatic and scientific usefulness beyond textual content must be explored and validated to maximize its benefits for humanity.

Health Impact Due to Prolonged Water Only Fast by Jain Monk: A Case Report

Background: Fasting consists of abstaining from all or part of food and drink for a given period of time. Fasting people have a therapeutic advantage, as fasting can promote weight loss, improve glycemic control, reduce the risk of heart disease, etc. The current investigation of a case was conducted on Jain monk to understand the health impact and generate myriad hypotheses based on prolonged fasting on water alone. Methods: Data were collected from a 46-years aged Tapasavi (Monk) who had started fasting on ‘water only’ for 170 days commencing from 14th January 2023 after taking consent. Blood investigations and Magnetic resonance imaging were also conducted. He was drinking only warm water of around 500 ml in the morning and 500 ml in the evening. Findings: The weight of the person in this case has been reduced from 46 KG at the time of initiation of the fasting to 40.3 KG at the end of fasting. It seems that his biological age corresponds to 18 years old person. Haemoglobin and white blood cells were in normal limit from baseline till last day of fasting. However, lymphocytes decreased. Serum urea increased to 64.88 mg/dl while uric acid increased three times from the baseline level. Serum bilirubin was elevated even during baseline and was also very high on the last day of fasting. Vitamin B12 level was in normal range even after 170 days of water only fast. Serum ketone bodies were raised. Magnetic resonance imaging findings were normal. Conclusion: In this case, blood levels for several indicators have fluctuated, which may mean that a lot of bodily organs aren't functioning properly. More so, this case study generated a number of hypotheses, and in order to create strong support for each hypothesis and long term health impact, the targeted longitudinal, case control, and cohort studies are required for generating robust evidence.

Exploring nalbuphine loaded chitosan nanoparticles for effective pain management through intranasal administration: a comparative study

Background Intranasal drug delivery shows potential for brain access via olfactory and trigeminal routes. Purpose This work aimed to ensure brain availability of nalbuphine via the nasal route. Method Chitosan based nanoparticles loaded with nalbuphine were successfully prepared using ionic gelation method and characterised. Result SEM results revealed that the nanoparticles were spherical in shape, with an average size of 192.4 ± 11.6 nm. Zeta potential and entrapment efficiency was found 32.8 mV and 88.43 ± 7.75%, respectively. The X-ray diffractometry and DSC results unravel a profound understanding on the physical and thermal characteristics. The in-vitro release of nalbuphine from the nanoparticles was biphasic, with an initial burst release followed by a slow-release profile. In-vitro cell study on HEK-293 cells and microscopic images of brain tissue confirmed the safety profile of formulation. In-vivo efficacy studies on animal confirmed the effectiveness of developed intranasal formulation as compared to the standard therapy. The in-vivo pharmacokinetic studies showed that the prepared nanoparticles were able to efficiently deliver nalbuphine to the brain in comparison to the other body organs. Gamma scintigraphy images showed retention of the drug in the brain. Furthermore, the efficacy studies confirmed that the nanoparticles were found significantly more effective than the marketed formulation in pain management.

Sistem Pakar Mendiagnosa Penyakit Pada Gangguan Pernafasan Menggunakan Metode Naïve Bayes

Respiratory tract disease is a common condition that can affect anyone regardless of age. Starting from relatively mild symptoms to alarming symptoms. Although some respiratory diseases are not life-threatening, they should not be taken lightly as they can cause serious complications. What often happens is that it is difficult for a patient to see a specialist doctor because of the limited number of respiratory specialists who cannot fully serve patients, so people often have difficulty if they want to consult directly. This triggers the habit of the community to treat complaints on their own with simple drugs bought freely at drugstores or pharmacies without knowing for sure the disease they suffer, as well as the length of waiting for queues, consultation fees that are quite expensive and not everyone has a short distance to the hospital prefer not to go to a specialist. Like other organs of the human body, breathing is also prone to various diseases. Respiratory organs will be disrupted and can even cause death. By using the Naïve Bayes method above, it is known that the diagnosis of respiratory disease is that the young female patient is diagnosed with a type of respiratory disease called Farangitis (P05) with a percentage of 47.44%.

Serum proteomic profiling of physical activity reveals CD300LG as a novel exerkine with a potential causal link to glucose homeostasis

Background:Physical activity has been associated with preventing the development of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, our understanding of the precise molecular mechanisms underlying these effects remains incomplete and good biomarkers to objectively assess physical activity are lacking.Methods:We analyzed 3072 serum proteins in 26 men, normal weight or overweight, undergoing 12 weeks of a combined strength and endurance exercise intervention. We estimated insulin sensitivity with hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, maximum oxygen uptake, muscle strength, and used MRI/MRS to evaluate body composition and organ fat depots. Muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were used for mRNA sequencing. Additional association analyses were performed in samples from up to 47,747 individuals in the UK Biobank, as well as using two-sample Mendelian randomization and mice models.Results:Following 12 weeks of exercise intervention, we observed significant changes in 283 serum proteins. Notably, 66 of these proteins were elevated in overweight men and positively associated with liver fat before the exercise regimen, but were normalized after exercise. Furthermore, for 19.7 and 12.1% of the exercise-responsive proteins, corresponding changes in mRNA expression levels in muscle and fat, respectively, were shown. The protein CD300LG displayed consistent alterations in blood, muscle, and fat. Serum CD300LG exhibited positive associations with insulin sensitivity, and to angiogenesis-related gene expression in both muscle and fat. Furthermore, serum CD300LG was positively associated with physical activity and negatively associated with glucose levels in the UK Biobank. In this sample, the association between serum CD300LG and physical activity was significantly stronger in men than in women. Mendelian randomization analysis suggested potential causal relationships between levels of serum CD300LG and fasting glucose, 2 hr glucose after an oral glucose tolerance test, and HbA1c. Additionally, Cd300lg responded to exercise in a mouse model, and we observed signs of impaired glucose tolerance in male, but not female, Cd300lg knockout mice.Conclusions:Our study identified several novel proteins in serum whose levels change in response to prolonged exercise and were significantly associated with body composition, liver fat, and glucose homeostasis. Serum CD300LG increased with physical activity and is a potential causal link to improved glucose levels. CD300LG may be a promising exercise biomarker and a therapeutic target in type 2 diabetes.Funding:South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority, Simon Fougners Fund, Diabetesforbundet, Johan Selmer Kvanes’ legat til forskning og bekjempelse av sukkersyke. The UK Biobank resource reference 53641. Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Investigator Grant (APP2017942). Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Award (DE220101226). Research Council of Norway (Project grant: 325640 and Mobility grant: 287198). The Medical Student Research Program at the University of Oslo. Novo Nordisk Fonden Excellence Emerging Grant in Endocrinology and Metabolism 2023 (NNF23OC0082123).Clinical trial number:clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01803568.

Inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium infection in mice fed with live or heat‐killed Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MWFLp‐182

The effects of both live and heat‐killed states of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MWFLp‐182 (L. plantarum MWFLp‐182) isolated from the faeces of long‐lived humans on preventing and relieving Salmonella infection were studied. Evaluation methods included RT‐qPCR measurement of inflammatory factors, histopathological analysis and non‐targeted metabolomics. The results showed that L. plantarum MWFLp‐182 in both states improved body weight loss, organ swelling and ileocolon pathological damage. They also protected against Salmonella infection by regulating key KEGG enrichment pathways and the expression levels of TNF‐a and IL‐6. It is worth noting that the function of live bacteria was better than that of heat‐killed bacteria.

Features of the microbiota for various malignant neoplasms

The development of omics technologies and sequencing has significantly expanded the understanding of the role of microorganisms that inhabit various human organs and collectively make up its microbiota in the development of cancer. The extensive literature of recent years devoted to various aspects of the participation of the microbiota in carcinogenesis substantiates the relevance of analyzing the impact of its features on the processes of carcinogenesis in various human organs. Purpose of the study. Analysis of literature data on the key issues of the relationship between the human microbiome and the risk of cancer and explore possible prospects for its use in the diagnosis, therapy and prevention of cancer. Materials and methods. A literature search was carried out in the databases NCBI MedLine (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, based on an extended list of keywords that included all the localizations of malignant neoplasms (MNs) considered in the review. Original studies, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and reviews published in recent years were used. Results. Recent studies using omics technologies have shown significant differences in the composition of microbial communities of healthy and tumor tissues and have made it possible to characterize the potential tumor microbiota in some types of cancer. The microbiota present in the various organs of the human body forms a network through which it interacts via migration or by forming metabolic axes between organs. Dysbiosis plays an important role in carcinogenesis, and its presence in one organ can negatively affect the condition of other distant organs and contribute to the development of pathological conditions in them. Conclusion. Numerous studies conducted over the past decade have revealed a complex relationship between microorganisms, tumors, and the host, reflecting the diverse effects of the microbiota on various organ- specific types of MNs. Gastrointestinal tract tumors, as well as sites outside it with significant bacterial associations, have been identified for a better understanding of the multifaceted mechanisms by which the microbiota influences cancer. The data obtained so far complement the emerging possibilities of using the microbiota in clinical practice, which represents a new approach to the prevention and treatment of malignant neoplasms.