Body Fat Variables Research Articles

Normative values for body composition in 22,191 healthy Norwegian adults 20–99 years: The HUNT4 study

BackgroundBody mass, body mass index (BMI), and body composition components are essential for health and longevity. Considering the influence of demographic factors on body composition, there is a need for tailored reference values based on age-, sex-, and geography. We aimed to construct a comprehensive reference material on body composition in healthy Norwegian adults. MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we estimated age- and sex-specific reference values for body-, fat-, and muscle mass variables using multi-frequency bioelectrial impedance analysis (such as body fat percentage, skeletal muscle mass and visceral fat area) in 22,191 healthy adults aged 20–99 years participating in the Trøndelag Health Study 4 (HUNT4). We calculated the fat mass and skeletal muscle mass index as the total fat and muscle mass relative to height squared and used general linear models to explore the associations between physical activity (PA), BMI, and age. ResultsWith a BMI (kg/m2) of 25.4 (SD 5.1) and 26.0 (4.5) for women and men, respectively, the youngest age group (20–39 yrs) had a lower BMI compared to their counterparts aged 40–59 years (26.3 [4.5] and 27.5 [3.8]) and ≥ 60 years (25.7 [4.1] and 26.5 [3.4]), respectively. Those aged 20–39 years also had the lowest values for the different body fat variables measured. Fat mass index (kg/m2) was 8.41 (4.00) and 5.81 (3.29) for women and men aged 20–39 years, respectively, compared to 9.25 (3.21) and 6.86 (2.46) for those aged ≥60 years. The oldest age group had the lowest values for the various muscle mass variables; women and men aged 60+ years had a skeletal muscle mass index (kg/m2) of 8.91 (0.85) and 10.96 (1.00), respectively. Corresponding values for those aged 20–39 years were 9.33 (0.97) and 11.49 (1.15). For all age groups and both sexes, regular physical activity was associated with lower levels of fat mass, whereas the association between muscle mass and PAwas less conclusive. When using body fat percentage as an obesity measure, we observed a much higher obesity prevalence (41.2%) in the study population compared to BMI (17.3%). ConclusionsOur study offers a comprehensive reference for body composition among healthy adults in Norway, aiding the identification of abnormal fat and muscle mass values across age groups. We also highlight that BMI often misclassifies individuals with adiposity levels in the overweight or obese category as lean. Therefore, incorporating body composition when defining obesity could enable early intervention to prevent cardiometabolic diseases.

Reference Values and Sensitivity for Different Body Fat Variables Measured by Bioimpedance Method in Female Athletes in Individual Sports: Discriminative and Comparative Study

Reference Values and Sensitivity for Different Body Fat Variables Measured by Bioimpedance Method in Female Athletes in Individual Sports: Discriminative and Comparative Study

Risk factors for hypertension and diabetes comorbidity in a Korean population: A cross-sectional study.

BackgroundHypertension and diabetes are risk factors for severe cardiovascular disease and are prevalent comorbidities. No studies have examined the associations of various risk factors related to anthropometry, bone mineral density and body composition of specific body regions with hypertension and diabetes comorbidity (HDC). This study explored the association between HDC and various risk factors related to specific body regions.MethodA total of 7,978 subjects (3,451 men and 4,527 women) aged ≥ 50 years were included in the analysis. A binary logistic regression analysis based on complex sample data analysis was conducted to examine associations between the normal and diabetes groups, between the normal and hypertension groups, and between the normal and HDC groups.ResultsAmong Korean adults aged ≥ 50 years, 11.27% of men and 10.05% of women had both diabetes and hypertension. The HDC prevalence was higher in men than in women. In men, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR, adjusted OR = 1.63 [1.22–2.18], adjusted p<0.001) exhibited a more significant association with HDC than other indices, left leg fat mass (adjusted OR = 0.61 [0.45–0.81], adjusted p = 0.0009) and right leg fat mass (adjusted OR = 0.60 [0.45–0.81], adjusted p = 0.0007) displayed strong negative associations with diabetes, and left leg lean mass (adjusted OR = 0.77 [0.67–0.89], adjusted p = 0.0002) and trunk fat mass (adjusted OR = 1.28 [1.07–1.52], adjusted p = 0.0062) were significantly associated with hypertension. In women, left leg fat mass (adjusted OR = 0.29 [0.22–0.39], adjusted p<0.0001) and right leg fat mass (adjusted OR = 0.32 [0.23–0.45], adjusted p<0.0001) exhibited strong negative associations with HDC, waist circumference (WC) (adjusted OR = 2.15 [1.40–3.30], adjusted p = 0.0005) showed a stronger association with diabetes than did other indices, and WC (adjusted OR = 1.39 [1.11–1.74], adjusted p = 0.0040) and WHtR (adjusted OR = 1.39 [1.09–1.76], adjusted p = 0.0075) were significantly associated with hypertension.DiscussionHDC was more strongly associated with fat and lean mass than diabetes and hypertension. The association between HDC and body fat variables was more robust in women than in men.

Differences in the obesity screening ability of 19 anthropometric parameters in young Japanese females: Comparisons of direct measurements, conventional and novel indices

Aim: The present study aimed to examine the usefulness of anthropometric parameters for obesity screening in young Japanese females by assessing their associations with indicators of adiposity obtained from a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Methods: Screening ability of 19 anthropometric parameters was examined using a total of 50 young Japanese females who completed detailed anthropometry and a whole-body DXA scan. Anthropometric parameters were categorized into 1) measured variables, 2) conventional indices, and 3) novel indices and their correlations with body fat variables obtained from DXA were investigated. Using a percentage body fat (%BF) of 30.0% as a cut-off point of obesity, the Area Under the Curve (AUC) was observed from the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis and cut-off points of anthropometric parameters were determined. Results: While body mass correlated highly with total fat tissue mass in this sample (r = 0.847), body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) correlated most strongly with trunk fat and android fat tissues respectively (r = 0.820 and 0.865). However, all body composition variables were correlated with the sum of eight skinfolds (Sum8SF) if %BF was used (r ranged 0.672 – 0.834). Among anthropometric parameters examined, Ʃ8SF showed highest AUC for %BFTotal, %BFGynoid and %BFIAAT while Ʃ2SF and abdominal circumference (AbC) showed highest AUC for %BFTrunk and %BFAndroid respectively. Conclusion: Directly measured variables and conventional indices showed moderate to strong correlations with results from DXA. However, the sum of skinfolds, particularly Sum8SF, showed stronger correlations and superior screening ability for obesity. Although many novel indices have been utilized to screen obesity and metabolic abnormalities, observed results indicated that these indices may not necessarily better than measured values or conventional indices. Further investigations to confirm proposed cut-off points are warranted.

Calcium intake is inversely associated with body fat in postmenopausal women

Calcium intake seems to be inversely associated with body fat in several populations; however, little is known about this relationship in postmenopausal women. This study aimed to associate calcium intake with body fat mass in postmenopausal women. A cross-sectional study was performed with 107 postmenopausal women who entered in a lifestyle change program. The dietary intake was estimated through three 24-h food recalls. Body fat mass was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Linear regression analyzes were performed associating body fat variables (total fat mass, body fat percentage, trunk fat, gynoid and android fat mass; and body mass index) with calcium intake. After adjustments for age; carbohydrate, protein, lipids and fiber intakes; and physical activity, it was observed that calcium intake (mg/day) was inversely associated with total fat mass (kg and percentage), trunk fat mass (kg), gynoid and android fat mass (kg). Calcium intake was not associated with body mass index, although a tendency was observed (p=0.062). Calcium intake was inversely associated with body fat mass in postmenopausal women.

Maternal Fitness And Physical Activity Levels Decrease Infant Adiposity Up To 1 Year Of Age

Maternal obesity and excess gestational weight gain (GWG) are associated with increases in infant birth weight and childhood obesity. While greater levels of physical activity are associated with lower GWG and may contribute to reduced infant birthweight and infant adiposity, this remains to be substantiated. PURPOSE: The objective was to examine the relationships between aerobic physical activity during pregnancy, maternal cardiorespiratory fitness, GWG, and infant adiposity from birth to one year of age. METHODS: Nineteen pregnant mothers with singleton pregnancies were randomized into either aerobic intervention (N=9) or control (N=10) groups and followed for 12 months postpartum. At 12±2 weeks, 20±2 weeks and 36± 2weeks, maternal cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak ml/kg/min) was assessed using cycle ergometry, percent body fat via skinfolds, and 5-day levels of physical activity with the BodyMedia Sensewear Armband. Infant skinfolds, length, weight, and waist circumference were obtained at birth, 6 months, and 12 months postpartum. RESULTS: Higher total energy expenditure, moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), step count, and MET level were associated with lower maternal percent body fat (range r = -.59 to -.82; p<0.02) and GWG (range r = -.32 to -.40; p≤0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis with energy expenditure, MVPA, step count and MET level included in the model showed that, MVPA independently predicted 43% of the variability in maternal percent body fat and that MET level independently predicted 22% of the variability in GWG. Total time spent in physical activity during pregnancy did not associate with infant adiposity at birth or during follow-up. However, women with higher cardiorespiratory fitness participated in greater MVPA throughout pregnancy compared to those who were less fit (67.1 ± 38.3 vs. 23.8 ± 23.6min, p<0.001). At the 1 year time point, for every 1 unit increase in maternal cardiorespiratory fitness, infant waist circumference, biceps skinfolds and triceps skinfolds decreased by 1.4cm, 1.6mm, and 1.1mm, respectively (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggests that greater cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with reduced infant adiposity up to one year of age, possibly mediated by levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity throughout pregnancy.

EFFECTS OF BODY SIZE, SHAPE AND COMPOSITION ON THE POSTURAL STABILITY IN THE PRE-PUBERTAL GROWTH SPURT

Children aged 10-11 years are in going through a dynamic developmental period marked by rapid changes in body size, shape, and composition, all of which are sexually dimorphic. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of these factors on the postural stability in the pre-pubertal growth spurt. This was a cross-sectional study involving 312 children (152 boys, 160 girls), from 5th and 6th grade (10.8 ± 0.4 years), who were self-assessed as belonging to Tanner stages I and II. Postural balance control was evaluated using the single-legged flamingo balance test. It was observed a significant effect of the ectomorphy, body mass and body height on the postural stability. The variables body fat, endomorphy and mesomorphy did not have statistically significant influence. Additionally, boys and girls aged 10-11 years seem to have similar performance. Determining these anthropometric and morphological parameters effects and gender differences in postural stability is important for many practical fields such as physical education and youth sport.

Inflammation and fatness in adolescents with and without Down syndrome: UP & DOWN study.

The main objective of this study was to describe the inflammatory status of adolescents with Down syndrome (DS) and their relationship with adiposity. Ninety-five adolescents with DS (44.2% girls) and a control group of 113 adolescents (47.8% girls), aged between 11 and 18years old, from the UP & DOWN study were included in this substudy. Serum C-reactive protein, C3 and C4 complement factors, total proteins, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-α, insulin, cortisol, leptin, adiponectin, galactin-3 and visfatin were analysed; homeostatic model assessment index was calculated. In order to evaluate adiposity, we measured the following body fat variables: weight, height, waist circumference and skinfold thicknesses. Birth weight was obtained by questionnaire. In addition, body mass index, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and body fat percentage (BF%) were calculated. Down syndrome group showed higher levels of body mass index, WHtR, waist circumference, BF% and lower birth weight than controls (P<0.001). In the general linear model in the total sample, WHtR was positively associated with C3 and C4 (P<0.001) as well as with leptin levels (P=0.015). BF% was positively associated with total proteins (P=0.093) and leptin levels (P<0.001). DS was positively associated with total proteins (P<0.001), C3 (P=0.047) and C4 (P=0.019). Despite the higher levels of adiposity found in DS group, no direct association was found between BF% and leptin levels, comparing with the control group. These findings suggest that abdominal obesity should be controlled in adolescents because of its relationship with acute phase-inflammatory biomarkers but especially in DS adolescents who may show a peculiar metabolic status according to their relationship between adiposity and inflammatory biomarkers.

Reference standards to assess physical fitness of children and adolescents of Brazil: an approach to the students of the Lake Itaipú region-Brazil.

BackgroundThe importance of assessing body fat variables and physical fitness tests plays an important role in monitoring the level of activity and physical fitness of the general population. The objective of this study was to develop reference norms to evaluate the physical fitness aptitudes of children and adolescents based on age and sex from the lake region of Itaipú, Brazil.MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with 5,962 students (2,938 males and 3,024 females) with an age range of 6.0 and 17.9 years. Weight (kg), height (cm), and triceps (mm), and sub-scapular skinfolds (mm) were measured. Body Mass Index (BMI kg/m2) was calculated. To evaluate the four physical fitness aptitude dimensions (morphological, muscular strength, flexibility, and cardio-respiratory), the following physical education tests were given to the students: sit-and-reach (cm), push-ups (rep), standing long jump (cm), and 20-m shuttle run (m).Results and DiscussionFemales showed greater flexibility in the sit-and-reach test and greater body fat than the males. No differences were found in BMI. Percentiles were created for the four components for the physical fitness aptitudes, BMI, and skinfolds by using the LMS method based on age and sex. The proposed reference values may be used for detecting talents and promoting health in children and adolescents.

Associations between body fat variability and later onset of cardiovascular disease risk factors.

ObjectiveThere is current debate regarding whether body weight variability is associated with cardiovascular events. Recently, high body fat percentage (BF%) has been shown to be a cardiovascular risk factor. We therefore hypothesized that BF% variability would present a stronger cardiovascular risk than body weight variability.MethodsA single-center retrospective cohort study of medical check-up examinees aged 20 years or older at baseline (2005) was performed. Examinees were followed in 2007, 2009, and 2013–2014. BF% variability in 2005, 2007 and 2009 was calculated as the root-mean square error (RMSE) using a simple linear regression model. Multiple logistic regression models estimated the association between BF%-RMSE and new diagnoses of cardiovascular risk factors occurring between the 2009 and 2013–2014 visits.ResultsIn total, 11,281 participants (mean age: 51.3 years old, 48.8% were male) were included in this study. The average BF%-RMSE of our subjects was 0.63, and the average BMI-RMSE was 0.24. The high BF%-RMSE group (76-100th percentile) had a higher incidence of hypertension and a lower incidence of diabetes mellitus than the low BF%-RMSE group (1-25th percentile). This tendency was particularly evident in male participants. BMI-RMSE was not associated with any cardiovascular risks in our study.ConclusionsThis study indicates that body fat variability has contrasting effects on cardiovascular risk factors, while body weight variability has no significant effects.

Association between circulatory levels of adipokines and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women.

Epidemiological evidence indicates that excess fat may be beneficial for bone health, offering protective effects against the onset of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Experimental data suggest that this link might be due to the direct effect of adipokines on bone tissue. Confirmatory evidence of this association, however, remains limited. The levels of a panel of selected adipokines including interleukin (IL)-6, -8, -1β, adipsin, lipocalin-2/neutrophil gelatinase-associated ipocalin, tumor necrosis factor alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, hepatocyte growth factor, resistin, leptin, and adiponectin in a group of osteopenic and osteoporotic postmenopausal women were compared with those of unaffected women (n = 127). Univariate analysis revealed that leptin and adiponectin were significantly correlated with bone mineral density (BMD). In particular, leptin was positively associated with BMD of the spine (r = 0.22, P < 0.05), femoral neck (r = 0.23, P < 0.05), trochanter (r = 0.20, P < 0.05), and total hip (r = 0.27, P < 0.01), whereas adiponectin was inversely correlated with BMD at the trochanter (r = -0.21, P < 0.05). No correlations were, however, significant after adjusting for body fat variables. Stratification of the sample according to IL-6 levels revealed that adiponectin remained significantly inversely associated with BMD, regardless of fat levels and age (β=-0.29, P < 0.05; r = 0.198) in the subgroup of participants with low levels of IL-6. Our data suggest that circulating adiponectin is inversely associated with markers of bone health in postmenopausal women, and that the interaction is influenced by IL-6 levels.

Asociación entre el porcentaje graso y las capacidades físicas básicas de niños de 7 a 11 años en etapa escolar de una institución educativa de Bogotá, D.C.

Introducción. La obesidad es una enfermedad de evolución rápida y constante que genera costos en salud por enfermedades consecuentes, las cuales aparecen en edades cada vez más tempranas. La disminución del rendimiento físico ocasionado por la obesidad se ha descrito en varios estudios, principalmente, asociado a la alteración de capacidad aeróbica como agente causal, pero también a la disminución de la afectación de otras capacidades físicas. Objetivo. Determinar el grado de asociación entre porcentaje graso y capacidades físicas (fuerza, flexibilidad y resistencia) en escolares. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron las capacidades físicas de escolares de segundo a quinto grado, entre 7 a 11 años, utilizando FITNESSGRAM®. También se correlacionaron las variables de porcentaje graso y capacidades físicas básicas para determinar la fuerza de asociación entre estas. Resultados. Existe asociación significativa entre porcentaje graso y nivel PACER (p=0.0001), push up (p&lt;0.0001), resistencia abdominal (p=0.0148) y flexibilidad de hombro izquierdo (p=0.03186). Sin embargo, no hubo asociación con la fuerza potencia. Conclusión. El porcentaje graso tiene alta influencia sobre las capacidades físicas en general. Se necesita desarrollar estrategias desde temprana edad para contrarrestar el sobrepeso y la obesidad, así como fomentar la actividad física para minimizar los efectos deletéreos sobre la salud.

Relative Importance of Central and Peripheral Adiposities on Cardiometabolic Variables in Females: A Japanese Population-Based Study

In epidemiological studies, there is little evidence regarding the relative impact of central adiposity and peripheral adiposity on cardiometabolic risk factors, especially in Asian populations. This study investigated associations between central-to-peripheral fat ratios and cardiometabolic variables using data from a population-based study of Japanese women. The source population was composed of 1800 women aged 50 yr or older at the 15th- to 16th-yr follow-up survey of the Japanese Population-Based Osteoporosis Cohort Study. This study analyzed cross-sectional data from 998 women for whom complete information about body fat variables according to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, cardiometabolic variables, and potential confounding factors was available. Both before and after adjusting for potential confounding factors, trunk-to-appendicular fat ratios showed significant (p < 0.05) correlations with brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity, serum lipids, and hemoglobin A1c levels. Relationships between fat ratios and cardiometabolic variables were independent of relationships between fat volumes (in whole body or in trunk) and cardiometabolic variables. Furthermore, relationships between trunk-to-appendicular fat ratios and cardiometabolic variables were observed among women in the lowest tertile of total body fat (brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity, β = 0.08; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, β = −0.32; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, β = 0.15; and hemoglobin A1C, β = 0.16; p < 0.05, respectively). Central adiposity is more related to cardiometabolic variables than peripheral adiposity. Information on central-to-peripheral fat ratios is particularly valuable for the evaluation of relatively thin Japanese women.

Association between dietary intake, physical activity, socioeconomic factors and body fat percentage among schoolchildren

The scope of this article was to assess the association between dietary intake, physical activity and socioeconomic factors associated with body fat percentage in 7 to 14-year-old schoolchildren. It is a cross-sectional study with a probability sample of 2,481 students from public and private schools in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Body fat percentage was investigated by measuring triceps and subscapular skin folds. Poisson regression was performed to test the association between excess body fat and independent variables, estimating prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals. The prevalence of excess body fat was 23.9%, though there was no significant difference between sex (p = 0.359) and age (p = 0.202). Excess body fat was associated with different factors in 11 to 14-year-old schoolchildren, namely eating less than three meals a day (OR = 1.62, CI: 1.38 to 1.91) and consumption of high-risk food more than 3 times a day (OR = 0.61 CI: 0.47 to 0.79). No significant difference was observed with physical activity. The high prevalence of excess body fat detected reveals the need for fostering the adoption of healthier behavioral practices (in relation to nutrition and physical activity) by schoolchildren.

Ethnic specific changes in body composition, lifestyle and cardio-metabolic factors in healthy South Asian and White European women across the reproductive stages

South Asian women migrating to the Western World have substantially higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared with their White counterparts. The discrepancy is becoming even greater as they grow older and especially over the age of 50 years. We sought to determine whether there are ethnic specific patterns in lifestyle and cardio-metabolic risk factors across the reproductive stages that may explain why post-menopausal South Asian women have a disproportionally greater risk of T2DM. Prospective cross-sectional study of healthy South Asian and White European women who reside in the UK. Reproductive stages were defined by the STRAW criteria. Anthropometric measures included weight, height, waist and hip circumference. Physical activity was assessed objectively with the use of accelerometers that were worn for at least four consecutive days. Cardio-respiratory fitness (VO2 maximum) was measured with the use of the Chester step test. Dietary intake was assessed with validated food frequency questionnaires. Assessed cardiometabolic risk factors included fasting glucose, insulin, lipids, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and blood pressure. Ethnic distribution did not differ in each reproductive category: 39 premenopausal South Asians and 34 Europeans; 10 perimenopausal South Asians and 14 Europeans; and 42 postmenoapusal South Asians and 39 Europeans. Body fatness variables increased with reproductive ageing to an almost similar degree in both ethnic groups (p for trend greater than 0.05 for all associations) without ethnicity modifying the gradient of the associations between menopausal state and body fatness (p for interaction with ethnicity greater than 0.05 for all associations). Moderate to vigorous physical activity and VO2max decreased in a similar fashion across the reproductive stages in both ethnic groups whereas energy intake remained unchanged. Body fatness, physical activity and fitness did not differ among the ethnic groups for each reproductive stage either. Metabolic biomarkers (insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides and blood pressure) deteriorated with reproductive ageing in both ethnic groups in a similar degree. Notably, HbA1c levels increased to a much greater degree with reproductive ageing in the South Asians than in the Europeans (p=0.02 for interaction with ethnicity). The increase in HbA1c levels in healthy women without overt T2DM during menopausal transition was much greater in the South Asians than in their White counterparts and this discrepancy was not explained by a greater deterioration in body composition or physical activity variables along with reproductive ageing.

HDL subclasses are heterogeneous in their associations with body fat, as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: The Kitakata Kids Health Study

BackgroundObesity, defined as the excessive accumulation of body fat, is frequently associated with low concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. However, HDL particles are heterogeneous in size and composition. HDL subclasses may be differentially associated with body fat. MethodsThis study investigated associations between the cholesterol concentrations of HDL subclasses, as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, and body fat variables, as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The source population was all ninth grade students who attended Shiokawa Junior High School in Japan. ResultsCross-sectional data on body fat and serum HDL subclasses were obtained for 87 students (72.5% of the source population). The cholesterol concentration of the large HDL subclass showed a significant (P<0.05) inverse relationship with whole body fat and trunk fat (r=−0.24 and −0.30), whereas the concentration of the small HDL subclass showed a significant positive relationship with these body fat variables (r=0.25 and 0.31). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the mean concentration of small HDL significantly increased from the lowest to highest tertiles of trunk fat mass index. ConclusionThese results indicate that HDL subclasses are heterogeneous in their associations with body fat variables that were accurately measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry among Japanese students.

Relationship Between Triglyceride Tolerance, Body Mass Index, and Fat Depots in Hospitalized Patients Receiving Parenteral Nutrition

Hypertriglyceridemia has been associated with adverse outcomes in patients receiving intravenous fat emulsions (IVFEs), but little is known about its prevalence and causes. The study investigated whether a relationship exists between body mass index (BMI) and triglyceride tolerance in parenterally fed patients. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 287 adults receiving parenteral nutrition to determine whether patients with very low BMI (VLBMI, <16 kg/m(2)) tolerate IVFEs better than do patients with low BMI (LBMI, 16-18.4 kg/m(2)), normal-weight patients (NBMI, 18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)), and overweight/obese patients (HBMI, ≥25 kg/m(2)). The median triglyceride concentration during IVFE was significantly lower in VLBMI patients at 107 mg/dL compared with 124 mg/dL in non-VLBMI patients (P = .016), despite higher lipid infusion rates in the VLBMI group. There was a significant association between triglycerides and BMI in the aggregate cohort (R = 0.2375, P < .0001), with the highest frequency of hypertriglyceridemia occurring in HBMI patients despite relatively lower lipid and energy supply. In a subset of VLBMI patients (n = 36) who had an abdominal computed tomography scan, there was 25- to 100-fold variability in the size of the abdominal adipose tissue depots. In this subgroup, triglyceride concentrations correlated with visceral fat but not subcutaneous abdominal fat. In summary, patients with VLBMI have lower triglyceride concentrations during IVFEs than do other individuals, but there is considerable variability in triglycerides and body fat in this group. Caution should be employed with the use of IVFEs, especially in HBMI patients.

Active commuting throughout adolescence and central fatness before adulthood: prospective birth cohort study.

BackgroundActive commuting is a good opportunity to accumulate physical activity (PA) across the lifespan that potentially might influence central body fat. We aimed to examine the prospective associations of active commuting at 11, 15 and 18 years of age with central body fat at 18 years.MethodsParticipants were part of a large birth cohort study in Pelotas, Brazil (n = 3,649 participants). Active commuting, leisure-time PA and income were self-reported at 11, 15 and 18 years. Waist circumference and trunk fat mass were collected at 18 years with the use of a 3-dimensional photonic scanner and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, respectively.ResultsActive commuting at 11 years was not prospectively associated with central body fat. However, we found that active commuting at 15 and 18 years were prospectively and cross-sectionally associated with central body fat variables, respectively, in boys but not in girls. Also, boys in the highest tertile of accumulated active commuting (i.e., average of active commuting at 11, 13 and 18 years) were associated with −2.09 cm (95%CI: −3.24; −0.94) of waist circumference and −1.11 kg (95%CI: −1.74; −0.48) of trunk fat mass compared to boys in the lowest tertile. Analyses on changes in tertiles of active commuting from 11 and 15 years to 18 years with central body fat variables at 18 years showed that boys who remained consistently in the highest tertile or moved to a higher tertile had lower levels of central body fat compared to those consistently in the lowest tertile.ConclusionsActive commuting throughout adolescence in boys, especially during middle and late adolescence, is associated with lower levels in central fatness before adulthood.

Body Fat Variability Between Skinfold and Hydrostatic Weighing Techniques is Moderately Correlated to Peak Anaerobic Power, VO2max, and Isokinetic Peak Torque

Body Fat Variability Between Skinfold and Hydrostatic Weighing Techniques is Moderately Correlated to Peak Anaerobic Power, VO2max, and Isokinetic Peak Torque

Oxygenation and ventilation characteristics in obese sedated dogs before and after weight loss: A clinical trial

This prospective clinical study examined the effect of obesity and subsequent weight loss on oxygenation and ventilation during deep sedation in pet dogs. Data from nine dogs completing a formalised weight loss programme were evaluated. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to quantify body fat mass prior to and after weight loss. Dogs were deeply sedated and positioned in dorsal recumbency. Sedation was scored using a semi-objective scheme. As part of the monitoring of sedation, arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) and arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2) were measured after 10min in dorsal recumbency. Oxygen saturation of haemoglobin (SpO2) was monitored continuously using pulse oximetry, starting oxygen supplementation where indicated (SpO2<90%) via a face mask. Morphometric measurements were taken from DEXA images and compared before and after weight loss. Several oxygen indices were calculated and correlated with body fat variables evaluated by DEXA.All body fat variables improved significantly after weight loss. PaO2 increased from 27.9±19.2kPa to 34.8±24.4kPa, while FiO2 decreased from 0.74±0.31 to 0.66±0.35. Morphometric measurements improved significantly after weight loss. PaO2/FiO2 (inspired oxygen fraction) and Pa/AO2 (ratio of PaO2 to alveolar PO2) also improved significantly, but there was no change in f-shunt and PaCO2 after weight loss. On multiple linear regression analysis, all oxygen indices were negatively associated with thoracic fat percentage. In conclusion, obesity decreases oxygenation in dogs during deep sedation. Oxygenation status improves with successful weight loss, but ventilation is not influenced by obesity.