Body Composition In Type Research Articles

Magnesium could have a part in more favorable body composition in type 2 diabetes

Rationale: Little is known about the relationship between magnesium and body composition or adiposity. Currently proposed mechanism by which magnesium may impact body composition includes its stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity and activation of protein kinase A, which can trigger lipolysis and glycolisis.

Effect of Liraglutide, Metformin, and Gliclazide on Body Composition in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease—A Randomised Trial

Objective: To compare the effects of gliclazide, liraglutide, and metformin on body composition in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods: Eighty-five subjects were randomly allocated and received gliclazide (n=27), liraglutide (n=29), or metformin (n=29) monotherapy for 24 weeks. Body composition was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Results: Liraglutide and metformin reduced weight and total, trunk, limb, android, and gynoid fat mass. However, no significant changes in weight or fat mass occurred with gliclazide. In the liraglutide and metformin arms, weight loss was mainly due to reductions in total, trunk, limb, android, and gynoid fat mass. The stable weight obtained with gliclazide resulted from identical reductions in fat mass and increases in lean tissue mass. Blood glucose concentrations and glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels improved in all treatment arms, but lower HbA1c levels were found with liraglutide and metformin. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations decreased in all treatment arms, whereas serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentrations reduced with liraglutide and metformin only. For all subjects, weight loss and total, trunk, limb, and android fat mass reductions were positively correlated with reductions in serum ALT and AST concentrations, and reductions in waist circumference were positively correlated with reductions in serum ALT concentrations. Conclusions: As compared with gliclazide monotherapy, liraglutide and metformin monotherapies resulted in greater weight loss, reductions in body fat mass, and improvements in liver function and blood glucose control among patients with T2DM and NAFLD. Disclosure W. Feng: None. Y. Bi: None. P. Li: None. T. Yin: None. C. Gao: None. S. Shen: None. L. Gao: None. C. Jiang: None. D. Zhu: None.

The effect of dulaglutide on body composition in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients on hemodialysis

AimsTo evaluate the effect of dulaglutide on body composition in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). MethodsTwenty-one T2DM patients on HD, who had been treated with insulin and newly added teneligliptin (N = 10) or dulaglutide (N = 11), were enrolled. Body composition changes, such as fat mass (FM) and skeletal muscle mass (SMM), glycated albumin (GA), and insulin doses were compared before and after six months of treatment with teneligliptin or dulaglutide. ResultsThe percentage changes of GA and insulin doses were comparable between the teneliglipin and dulaglutide groups. Conversely, although FM and SMM did not change in the teneligliptin group (from 15.7 kg to 14.1 kg, P = 0.63 and 18.6 kg to 18.9 kg, P = 0.16, respectively), those in the dulaglutide group significantly decreased (from 21.9 kg to 18.9 kg, P = 0.037 and 21.0 kg to 20.2 kg, P = 0.011, respectively). ConclusionsSix months of dulaglutide treatment significantly reduced not only FM but also SMM, although changes in GA and insulin doses were comparable with those in the teneligliptin group. Dulaglutide may have the effect of promoting sarcopenia; therefore, it may be carefully used in T2DM patients on HD.

Effects of residential summer camp on body mass index and body composition in type 1 diabetes

Body mass index (BMI) and fat mass may be higher in children with diabetes compared to healthy peers. It is not certain how diabetic children respond to exercise and diet interventions. To investigate the effect of summer camp on BMI and body composition in children with type 1 diabetes. Five hundred eighty-six children (5-19 years, 518 with type 1 diabetes, 68 without diabetes) were followed while attending camp. BMI z-scores (BMIz) and body composition (bioelectrical impedance analysis) were measured at the beginning and end of each 19-day session. Diet and activity were directly supervised, blood glucose closely monitored. A nested diabetic/non-diabetic sib pair analysis was also conducted. Changes in BMIz and percent fat mass (%FM) were the primary outcomes. Findings were confirmed by analysis of data from 612 campers (549 with diabetes) the following summer. At entry, campers with diabetes had higher BMIz and %FM. They tended to gain BMIz (0.04 ± 0.01) whereas non-diabetic campers lost (-0.16 ± 0.11, P < .0001). BMIz increases were positively correlated with precamp hemoglobin A1c values. The differences in initial values and changes in BMIz remained when campers with diabetes were compared to their siblings. All experienced a similar reduction in %FM. Similar results were obtained the following summer. Children with diabetes may, therefore, accrue more lean body tissue with increased exercise and a healthy diet than those without diabetes. This effect is greatest in those with initially poor metabolic control.

Protective Effect of Dark Chocolate on Cardiovascular Disease Factors and Body Composition in Type 2 Diabetes: A Parallel, Randomized, Clinical Trial

Background: Diabetes leads to complications such as cardiovascular diseases. There are limited data about the effect of dark chocolate on cardiovascular function in patients with diabetes. Objectives: The current study aimed at determining the effect of dark chocolate on cardiovascular health and body composition among people with diabetes. Methods: The current parallel, randomized, clinical trial was conducted on 44 patients with diabetes (Ahvaz, Iran). They were randomly assigned into the intervention (n = 21, 30 g dark chocolate daily for 8 weeks) and the control groups (n = 23). At the beginning and end of the intervention period, fasting blood samples were collected to measure nitric oxide (NO) and angiotensin II. Also, anthropometric measurement, body composition analyses, and blood pressure were compared between the 2 groups before and after the intervention. Results: A significant reduction in systolic (-6.9 ± 7.3 vs. 0.3 ± 1.9; P = 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (-5.8 ± 6.7 vs. 0.5 ± 3.9; P = 0.001), waist circumference (WC) (-0.7 ± 1.0 vs. 0.1 ± 1.2; P = 0.007), and significant increase in soft lean mass (P = 0.045) was observed in the intervention group. There were no significant changes in NO levels, but a trend close to significance for angiotensin II (P = 0.052) at end of the intervention between the 2 groups. Conclusions: The current study findings showed that dark chocolate consumption in patients with diabetes might improve their WC, body composition, and blood pressure, but had no effect on NO in this dosage.

Body Composition in Type 2 Diabetes: Change in Quality and not Just Quantity that Matters.

Background:Deranged body fat and muscle mass are aftermaths of uncontrolled diabetes. Anthropometric methods like body mass index (BMI) do not give qualitative inferences like total body fat (TBF), visceral fat (VF) or subcutaneous fat (SF) that can be given by bio-electrical impedance analysis (BIA). We studied body composition of type 2 diabetics in comparison to controls matched by age-sex, weight and BMI separately.Methods:Seventy-eight under-treatment type 2 diabetics of either sex with known glycemic and lipidemic control and equal number of controls with three patterns of matching were taken from our city. We derived parameters of body composition in both groups by Omron Karada Scan (Model HBF-510, China), using the principle of tetra poplar BIA and compared them for statistical significance.Results:We found significantly more SF (30.47% ± 7.73%), VF (11.94% ± 4.97%) and TBF (33.96% ± 6.07%) and significantly lesser skeletal muscle mass (23.39% ± 4.49%) in type 2 diabetics as compared to controls, persisting even after matching with weight or BMI. On assessing qualitatively, the risk of high VF, high TBF, low skeletal muscle mass was significantly high in type 2 diabetics, which were 10.41, 3.01, 9.21 respectively for comparable BMI and 6.78, 3.51, 11.93 respectively for comparable weight.Conclusions:BIA reveals that type 2 diabetics have more ectopic fat on the expense of skeletal muscle that persists even after matching by weight or BMI, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Measurement of body composition can be included as a primary care strategy to motivate lifestyle modifications while managing metabolic derangements of type 2 diabetes.

Relationship between circulating irisin, renal function and body composition in type 2 diabetes

AimsChronic kidney disease (CKD) secondary to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with multifaceted energy dysmetabolism. We aim to study the relationship between renal function, body composition and irisin, the recently identified myokine which is involved in energy regulation, in T2DM. MethodsCirculating irisin and body composition were measured in 365 T2DM subjects across a wide range of renal function. ResultsCirculating irisin was significantly decreased in T2DM with renal insufficiency (77.4 ± 13.7ng/ml in T2DM with eGFR ≥ 60ml/min/1.73m2 versus 72.5 ± 14.9ng/ml in those with eGFR<60ml/min/1.73m2, p=0.001) and the reduction in irisin was most pronounced in stage 5 CKD patients. In T2DM with preserved renal function, irisin was correlated with age (r=−0.242, p=0.001) and pulse pressure (r=−0.188, p=0.002). Among those with renal insufficiency, irisin was correlated with BMI (r=0.171, p=0.022), fat mass (r=0.191, p=0.013), percentage of fat mass (r=0.210, p=0.007) and eGFR (r=0.171, p=0.020). Multivariate linear regression models revealed that variations in circulating irisin were mainly attributable to eGFR and age in T2DM with and without renal impairment, respectively. ConclusionOur observations suggest that the level of circulating irisin may be associated with renal function in T2DM. The role of reduced irisin in energy dysmetabolism in diabetic patients with renal insufficiency deserves further investigation.

IL-15 expression in skeletal muscle by resistance exercise training in type 2 diabetic rats

Introduction: Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is reported as a myokine that potentially regulates body composition and glucose metabolism. We investigated the effect of 8 weeks of resistance exercise training on endogenous IL-15 expression in skeletal muscle and glucose tolerance with concomitant changes of body composition in type 2 diabetic rats.Methods: 6 week-old Male ZDF (Zucker diabetic fatty) and ZLC (ZDF Lean Control) rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: sedentary ZDF (Con-ZDF), exercised ZDF (Ex-ZDF), sedentary ZLC (Con-ZLC), and exercised ZLC (Ex-ZLC). Ex-ZDF and Ex-ZLC rats were trained (once every 3 days for 8 weeks) to climb a 1.1-m vertical (80° incline) ladder with weights secured to their tail for progressive workload resistance exercise (the training was started at 50% or 70% of maximal weight of the last trial). Body weight, grip strength and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) were evaluated at every week. Body composition was analyzed by PET-CT (Positron Emission Tomography – Computed Tomography) and expression of IL-15 was measured using ELISA in extracted soleus muscle and tibialis anterior muscle.Results: After 8 weeks of resistance training, substantial reduction of the body weight was observed in Ex-ZDF compared to Con-ZDF. Grip strength was also significantly increased in Ex-ZDF compared to Con-ZDF after 8 weeks of regular strength exercise indicating the efficacy of resistance training. Glucose tolerance (IPGTT) was significantly improved in Ex-ZDF (p<0.05) compared to Con-ZDF showing more delayed drop in blood glucose level between 90 min and 120 min. Concurrently, the expression of IL-15 was significantly increased (p<0.01) after training especially in soleus muscle of Ex-ZDF compared to Con-ZDF and also there was a tendency of increase in IL-15 expression in tibialis anterior muscle in Ex-ZDF as well. Accordingly, PET-CT scan showed that muscle quality tended to be higher in Ex-ZDF than Con-ZDF while no significant difference between Con-ZLC and Ex-ZLC.Discussion: 8 weeks of progressive resistance exercise significantly improved glucose tolerance with the concomitant increase of IL-15 expression in hind-limb muscles suggesting that increased level of IL-15 in skeletal muscle by resistance exercise might be a potential mediator in glucose regulation of type 2 diabetes. Further study is needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which how increased IL-15 expression in skeletal muscle by resistance exercise exerts a favorable influence on impaired glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Introduction: Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is reported as a myokine that potentially regulates body composition and glucose metabolism. We investigated the effect of 8 weeks of resistance exercise training on endogenous IL-15 expression in skeletal muscle and glucose tolerance with concomitant changes of body composition in type 2 diabetic rats. Methods: 6 week-old Male ZDF (Zucker diabetic fatty) and ZLC (ZDF Lean Control) rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: sedentary ZDF (Con-ZDF), exercised ZDF (Ex-ZDF), sedentary ZLC (Con-ZLC), and exercised ZLC (Ex-ZLC). Ex-ZDF and Ex-ZLC rats were trained (once every 3 days for 8 weeks) to climb a 1.1-m vertical (80° incline) ladder with weights secured to their tail for progressive workload resistance exercise (the training was started at 50% or 70% of maximal weight of the last trial). Body weight, grip strength and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) were evaluated at every week. Body composition was analyzed by PET-CT (Positron Emission Tomography – Computed Tomography) and expression of IL-15 was measured using ELISA in extracted soleus muscle and tibialis anterior muscle. Results: After 8 weeks of resistance training, substantial reduction of the body weight was observed in Ex-ZDF compared to Con-ZDF. Grip strength was also significantly increased in Ex-ZDF compared to Con-ZDF after 8 weeks of regular strength exercise indicating the efficacy of resistance training. Glucose tolerance (IPGTT) was significantly improved in Ex-ZDF (p<0.05) compared to Con-ZDF showing more delayed drop in blood glucose level between 90 min and 120 min. Concurrently, the expression of IL-15 was significantly increased (p<0.01) after training especially in soleus muscle of Ex-ZDF compared to Con-ZDF and also there was a tendency of increase in IL-15 expression in tibialis anterior muscle in Ex-ZDF as well. Accordingly, PET-CT scan showed that muscle quality tended to be higher in Ex-ZDF than Con-ZDF while no significant difference between Con-ZLC and Ex-ZLC. Discussion: 8 weeks of progressive resistance exercise significantly improved glucose tolerance with the concomitant increase of IL-15 expression in hind-limb muscles suggesting that increased level of IL-15 in skeletal muscle by resistance exercise might be a potential mediator in glucose regulation of type 2 diabetes. Further study is needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which how increased IL-15 expression in skeletal muscle by resistance exercise exerts a favorable influence on impaired glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The Effect of Supervised Progressive Resistance Training (PRT) on Glycemic Control and Cardio Vascular Disease (CVD) Risk Markers in Type 2 Diabetes Patients, North West Ethiopian

Background: The effect of resistant exercise program on controlling metabolic abnormality and improving chronic complication risk factors has not been extensively studied in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients in Ethiopian context. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the effect of supervised Progressive Resistance Training (PRT) protocol on weight loss, body composition, glycemic control and cardio vascular disease (CVD) risk markers reduction to prevent and control Type 2 diabetic complications. Methodology: We did a 12-week Prospective follow-up for adult Ethiopians with Type 2 diabetes (mean age of 48.15±6.8yrs) assigned to supervise PRT at the University of Gondar Hospital, North West Ethiopia. Using convenience sampling, we select 22 DM patients. Of the 22 subjects recruited for experiment, 2 withdrew following the intervention. Glycemic control, CVD risk markers and body compositions were determined before and after the intervention. Weight, body composition, fasting blood glucose, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and total cholesterol, were used as the main outcome measures. Results: Only 20 study subjects completed the 12-week PRT (three times per week) before (Baseline) and after the intervention the PRT reduced fasting blood glucose (FBG) (28.1%), T. cholesterol (12.9%), triglycerides (33.1%), resting pulse rate( 9.9%), resting systolic blood pressure (11.4%), resting diastolic blood pressure (6.9%), weight (1.9 %), BMI (2.5%), body fat percentage (9.7%). There was an increase in muscle and bone density (1.5 %) p 0.5) Conclusion: Supervised PRT for 12 weeks resulted in a significant improvement in glycemic and blood pressure control, Dis-lipidmia and body composition of Type 2 diabetes patients. There is now suggestive evidence supporting the use of moderate intensity PRT for improving glycemic control in DM in Ethiopia.

Efeito da freqüência do exercício físico no controle glicêmico e composição corporal de diabéticos tipo 2

Diabetes and cardiovascular disease have emerged as key threats to human health, and the risk is increased in individuals with visceral obesity. The consensus is that physical exercise should be part of the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM).To compare the influence of guided and structured physical exercise programs (SPEP), three to five times per week, during a period of 20 weeks, on glycemic control and body composition of type 2 diabetic patients (DM2).The research was conducted at the Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Federal University School of Medicine in São Paulo). At the clinical visit, patients from the Control Group (CG) n=17, mean age 55.8 years, were encouraged to engage in a physical exercise program. Patients from Group 3x (G3), n=14, mean age 57.4 years, were to engage in 1 hour of physical exercise, 3x/week, and Group 5x (G5), n=9, mean age 58.8 years, followed the same protocol but 5x/week. Mean of 5 years since diagnosis in all groups. Classes consisted of a 5-minute warm-up, 30-minute treadmill walk at 70% of maximum heart rate, and 10-minute relaxation. BMI, abdominal circumference (AC), percentage of body fat (BF), capillary glycemia (CG), fasting glycemia (FG), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were assessed.A comparison was made between the baseline time point (B) and the 20th week (20th). BMI in G3 (B:29.5+/-2.9 vs. 20th: 28.3 +/- 2.2 Kg/sqm, p=0.005) and G5 (B:29.7+/-4.4 vs. 20th: 29.1 +/- 4.3 Kg/sqm, p=0.025); abdominal circumference in G5 (B:100.5+/-11.9 vs. 20th: 933 +/- 11.7 cm, p=0.001); BF in G3 (B:31+/-5.1 vs 20th: 26+/-5%, p=0.001) and G5 (B:32.4 +/- 5.4 vs. 20th: 30.3 +/- 6.9%, p=0.001); FG, G5 (B:150.8 +/- 47.5 vs. 20th: 109.2+/- 30.5 mg/dL, p=0.034), showed statistically significant differences. CG did not show statistically significant differences for these variables. CG showed a tendency to drop after physical exercise in G5. HbA1c showed no statistically significant differences in the three groups.G5 did better than G3 in most parameters assessed. However, results failed to show a decrease of HbA1c in DM2 patients.

Use of a reference four-component model to define the effects of insulin treatment on body composition in type 2 diabetes: the ?Darwin study?

To define the effects of insulin treatment on body composition and fat distribution, and investigate the potential role of body weight (BWt) gain predictors in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. Assessments of body composition, using a four-component model, and biochemical indices were obtained in 19 patients [mean (SD): age, 60 (8.3) years; BMI, 25.3 (3.3) kg/m(2)] with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes, despite maximal oral hypoglycaemic agents, receiving insulin [40 (12.2) units/day] at baseline and after 1, 3 and 6 months. Insulin therapy significantly reduced plasma glucose [-6.0 (4.3) mmol/l], improved [HbA(1)c [-1.9 (1.8)%], and reversed the BWt lost [3.3 (1.8) kg] before treatment. The 6-month BWt gain [+5.2 (2.7) kg] consisted of body fat [+2.9 (2.7) kg] and fat-free mass [FFM; +2.3 (1.8) kg], with the FFM increase due solely to total body water [TBW; +2.4 (1.5) l], as there were no detectable changes in total body protein or bone mineral, thereby increasing FFM hydration by 1.3%. More body fat was deposited centrally in patients receiving insulin alone than those receiving insulin with an oral hypoglycaemic agent (metformin). Daily insulin dose, HbA(1)c and hip circumference were independent predictors of BWt gain. Insulin treatment increased fat and FFM similarly in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes patients, with the FFM gain due entirely to TBW. The possible role of metformin in reducing central fat accumulation following insulin treatment warrants further investigation into its mechanism and potential long-term benefits.

Effect of insulin treatment on the body composition of Type 2 diabetic patients

Insulin is used commonly in Type 2 diabetes and is often accompanied by weight gain. The composition of this weight gain is poorly understood. Predominant increases in fat mass could increase cardiovascular risks. The aim of the study was to evaluate insulin-induced body composition changes. Body weight and composition of 35 Type 2 diabetic patients during their first 6 months of insulin therapy was compared with those in 34 Type 2 diabetic individuals treated with insulin for at least 1 year prior to commencing the study. Body composition was determined by the simultaneous measurement of body water spaces and body density. Over 6 months, glycaemic control improved in the new treatment group only (HbA(1c): 7.26 +/- 0.81 vs. 9.66 +/- 1.60%; P < 0.0001), remaining stable in the previously treated group (7.67 +/- 1.25 vs. 7.76 +/- 1.26%; P = NS). Weight significantly increased over time in the newly treated group (+1.7 kg; P = 0.04), but not in the previously treated group (-0.3 kg). It comprised of both fat (+0.85 kg) and fat-free mass (+0.55 kg). Total body water remained unchanged. Using bioelectrical impedance analysis, the gain in fat mass was +2.2 kg; P = 0.048. Over 6 months, insulin therapy leads to a weight gain of 1.7 kg because of an increase in both fat and fat-free mass. When body composition is determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis, the results are biased by fluctuations in hydration.

Role of Circulating S -Nitrosothiols in Control of Blood Pressure

The biological effects of nitric oxide (NO) are in large part mediated by S -nitrosylation of peptides and proteins to produce bioactive S -nitrosothiols (SNOs).1–3 The observation of abnormal SNO levels in numerous pathophysiological states2 suggests that dysregulation of SNO homeostasis may contribute to disease pathogenesis. For example, the hypotension of human sepsis is accompanied by increases in circulating levels of vasodilatory SNOs.3 Although such altered SNO levels may simply mirror NO production (eg, induction of inducible NO synthase in sepsis), they may also reflect changes specific to SNO biosynthesis and metabolism. Indeed, mice lacking a SNO-metabolizing enzyme are profoundly hypotensive under anesthesia.3 Thus, blood pressure is evidently regulated by both synthesis and turnover of SNOs. In this issue of Hypertension , Gandley et al4 extend this paradigm by proposing that a defect in SNO turnover contributes to the hypertension of preeclampsia. In the blood, S- nitrosoalbumin (SNO-albumin) and S -nitrosohemoglobin (SNO-Hb) constitute the major conduits for circulating NO bioactivity. Although both SNOs may influence blood pressure, they operate within distinct signaling circuits. SNO-Hb can be viewed as a principal regulator of SNO homeostasis, adaptively modulating NO chemistry to control NO bioactivity. SNO-Hb is formed by transfer of NO from heme-iron to Cysβ93 thiol on T to R structural transition (oxygenation) of the hemoglobin tetramer.5 SNO-Hb associates with the red blood cell (RBC) membrane via an interaction with the cytoplasmic domain of anion-exchanger 1 protein (CDAE1, Band 3); on deoxygenation (R→T) transfer of the NO group from SNO-Hb to a cysteine thiol within CDAE1 supports export of RBC vasodilatory activity.6 SNO-Hb thus serves as an O2 sensor and O2-dependent transducer of NO bioactivity. In contrast, it appears that rather than transducing a specific signal, albumin operates as a buffer to …

Factors influencing fetal body composition in type 1 diabetic pregnancies

Factors influencing fetal body composition in type 1 diabetic pregnancies

The Effects of Short Term Comprehensive Life Style Modification Program on Glycemic Metabolism, Lipid Metabolism and Body Composition in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

This study was to evaluate the effects of a short term comprehensive life style modification program on glycemic metabolism, lipid metabolism and body composition in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. A nonequivalent control group with a pre post test was designed. Data collection was done from October 2003 to June, 2004 at a hospital. Glycemic metabolism was measured by a.c., p.c. and HbA(1c), and lipid metabolism was measured by cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. Body Composition was measured by body weight, body mass index, waist, measurement waist per hip ratio, body fat, muscle weight and abdominal fat tissue(intra abdominal distance). The Experimental group, which was composed of 29 participants, was educated based on a life style modification protocol at a weekly meeting for 12 weeks and carried out exercise, diet along individual parameters and self monitoring, while 24 participants in the control group received only diet education. 1. The experimental group showed a significant lower a.c.(t=2.11, p=.04) and HbA(1c)(t=2.65, p=.01) compared to those of the control group. 2. The experimental group showed a significant lower LDL than the results of the control group(t=2.42, p=.02). 3. The experimental group showed a significant lower weight(t=3.09, p=.00), BMI(t=3.01, p=.00), body fat(t=2.94, p=.01) and abdominal fat tissue(t=3.05, p=.01) than those of the control group. The results provided evidence for the effectiveness of a short term comprehensive life style modification program composed of exercise, diet, support, self efficacy elevation and self monitoring in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Body composition assessment in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients over 15 years old.

The aim of the present study was to assess the anthropometric characteristics and body composition in type 1 diabetic patients and compare the results with a randomly selected control population. We studied 75 type 1 diabetic patients, 43 male and 32 female, recruited from consecutive diagnosed type 1 diabetic patients attending the Endocrine Unit and treated with a intensive insulin regimen, and 93 control subjects, 44 males and 49 females representative of the census of this city. We performed a dietary recall in patients and determined anthropometric characteristics, both in patients and controls, body weight, height, body-mass index, waist-hip ratio and body composition parameters: total body water, free-fat mass, body free-fat mass, fat mass and body fat by bioelectrical impedance analyser. In diabetic male patients, we observed lower waist-hip ratio than in controls, 0.84 +/- 0.06 vs. 0.88 +/- 0.07, p = 0.021, higher free-fat mass in female diabetic patients, 48.5 +/- 5.6 vs. 45.6 +/- 5.9 kg, p = 0.03, lower fat mass in male diabetic patients, 9.5 +/- 6.9 vs. 14.6 +/- 8.5 kg, p = 0.003. We did not find any correlation among the parameters of body composition and dietary macronutrient intake in patients. The present study exposes the differences in anthropometric characteristics and body composition in type 1 diabetes mellitus, especially lower waist-hip ratio in male, higher free-fat mass in female and lower fat mass in male.

Energy Expenditure and Body Composition of Type 2 Diabetics Participating in a Clinical Trial of Pharmacologic Induction of Weight Loss

Forty-four overweight subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus were enrolled in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind trial of pharmacologic induction of weight loss. All subjects received intensive nutrition counseling, an exercise prescription, instruction on behavioral management, and were randomly assigned to fenfluramine 20 mg three times daily and phentermine 37.5 mg daily (n=23) or dual placebos (n=21). Drug therapy continued until September 1997 when fenfluramine was withdrawn from the US market. Body fat composition was assessed by skinfold measurement. Resting energy expenditure was measured with a DeltaTrac metabolic monitor. Physical activity was assessed by questionnaire. Mean ± SEM baseline data for the placebo group and the active drug group, respectively, were: Weight (kg) 106 ± 4, 108 ± 4; BMI (kg/m 2) 37.7 ± 1.4, 38.5 ± 2.4; Body Fat (%) 39.1 ± 1.7,40.0 ± 2.3; REE (kcal) 2180 ± 73, 2087 ± 173; and weekly energy expenditure in physical activity (PA, kcal) 1410 ± 613, 1267 ± 367. The changes from baseline were as follows (placebo vs. active, **p< .05, *p=.05–1.0): Weight BMI Body Fat REE PA 2 Months (kg) (kg/m 2) (%) (kcal) (kcal) Placebo (n=18) −1.6±0.5 −0.5±0.2 −0.5±0.5 −13±43 344±274 Active (n=21) −7.9±1.2** −2.5±0.4** −3.0±0.7** −265±41** 938±289 6 Months Placebo (n=13) −2.7±1.4 −0.8±0.5 −0.7±0.7 −130±52 1349±503 Active (n=13) −9.6±1.5** −3.2±0.5** −2.5±1.0 −262±62 60±466* 12 Months Placebo (n=8) −2.5±2.5 −0.6±0.8 1.5±1.4 −51±49 1408±546 Active (n=8) −8.1±1.6* −2.6±0.7* −1.8±0.9* −139±27 650±319 The observed reduction in both body weight and BMI were both statistically significant at 2 and 6 months and approaching significance at 12 months in the active group. As expected, the reduction in body weight was accompanied by a reduction in REE and in percentage of body fat.

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) using bipolar foot electrodes in the assessment of body composition in Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The use of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) for determining human body composition is widely accepted as a safe, rapid, and reliable technique. Although this technique has been validated in normal and obese individuals, only limited studies have been done in special populations. The use of BIA for the measurement of body composition in Type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetic patients would be of particular interest for both clinical and investigative studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of a new bipedal BIA device for the measurement of body composition in a population of individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. The body composition of 48 male and 48 female Type 2 subjects was measured by BIA and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The percentage body fat determined by BIA was significantly correlated with % body fat determined by DXA (r = 0.89, p < 0.0001). Agreement analysis showed that BIA consistently overestimated % fat in female diabetic subjects by approximately 5% and underestimated % fat in male diabetic subjects by approximately 10% of the predicted value obtained with DXA. These differences were statistically significant but probably of minor clinical relevance. We conclude that BIA measurement by TBF 105 is a useful and reliable technique for measuring body composition in subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.