Bodily Features Research Articles

The individual differences in spatial perception caused by the differences in our bodily features

The individual differences in spatial perception caused by the differences in our bodily features

Bodily Features in the Corpus Hippocraticum: On the Classification of Individuals into Groups.

Bodily Features in the Corpus Hippocraticum: On the Classification of Individuals into Groups.

Assessment of Skeletal Maturation in Concordance to Statural Height and Body Weight in 12-Year-Old Children - A Cross-Sectional Study.

To analyse the importance of bodily characteristics of growing children and its correlation towards skeletal maturity. This further aids orthodontists in proper treatment planning. The purpose of this study was to assess the correlation between cervical vertebrae maturation, statural height and body weight as measured in 12 -year-old children. Lateral cephalograms were taken as a part of treatment records in 94 children along with their statural height and body weight. The Cervical Vertebrae Maturation Index (CVMI) was used to trace the C2, C3 and C4 vertebrae respectively and the data were then correlated to the chart provided by the Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR). The overall sample showed a statistically significant correlation between CVMI and height (p=0.047). Girls showed significant correlation in their mean heights to the CVMI staging (p=0.012) while the boys exhibited a maximal mean height value in Cervical Stage (CS) 5 followed by CS3. There was no significant correlation between weight and CVMI. The mean CVMI stage seen in boys and girls were CS2 and CS3 respectively. There exists a definitive correlation between height and CVMI stages in growing children. Girls showed an advanced level of skeletal maturity in comparison to boys. CVMI staging should be used along with statural height and body weight when considering growth modification procedures.

Do Cognitive and Physical Functions Age in Concert from Age 70 to 76? Evidence from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936.

The present study concerns the relation of mental and bodily characteristics to one another during ageing. The 'common cause' theory of ageing proposes that declines are shared across multiple, seemingly-disparate functions, including both physical and intellectual abilities. The concept of 'reserve' suggests that healthier cognitive (and perhaps bodily) functions from early in life are protective against the effects of senescence across multiple domains. In three waves of physical and cognitive testing data from the longitudinal Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (n = 1,091 at age 70 years; n = 866 at 73; n = 697 at 76), we used multivariate growth curve modeling to test the 'common cause' and 'reserve' hypotheses. Support for both concepts was mixed: although levels of physical functions and cognitive functions were correlated with one another, physical functions did not decline together, and there was little evidence for shared declines in physical and mental functions. Early-life intelligence, a potential marker of system integrity, made a significant prediction of the levels, but not the slopes, of later life physical functions. These data suggest that common causes, which are likely present within cognitive functions, are not as far-reaching beyond the cognitive arena as has previously been suggested. They also imply that bodily reserve may be similar to cognitive reserve in that it affects the level, but not the slope, of ageing-related declines.

Nonverbal Elements in War Poems across Cultures: A Case Study of English and Croatian

Building on extensive study on nonverbal communication, this paper focuses on the presence of culturally referenced representations of nonverbal behaviour in poetry, specifically looking at the presence of culturally referenced nonverbal elements in war poems written during and after World War I. Written representations of such nonverbal elements are seen either as vocal-nonverbal (paralanguage) or as nonvocal-nonverbal (kinesics). As a poem’s theme derives from the actual event(s), it can be expected to contain culturally bound nonverbal elements. Analysis shows that nonverbal elements are mostly represented via descriptions of spatial signs, body adaptors and bodily characteristics, and that the presence of culturally referenced nonverbal elements is almost non-existent.

Body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in trans people: A systematic review of the literature

Body dissatisfaction plays a prominent role in gender dysphoria. In some individuals body dissatisfaction appears to manifest disordered eating in order to suppress bodily features of natal gender and accentuate features of gender identity. To date, there has been no systematic review of the literature pertaining to body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in trans individuals. Such a review may highlight important implications for clinicians working with trans people. Therefore, the aim was to critically and systematically review the available literature examining body dissatisfaction or disordered eating in a trans population, and also the literature pertaining to how body dissatisfaction and disordered eating are related in trans people. This review found three studies that explored disordered eating in trans people, five studies that explored body image and disordered eating in trans people, and 18 studies that explored body image in trans people. The findings from this review suggest that body dissatisfaction is core to the distress trans people experience and that this dissatisfaction may also put some individuals at risk of developing disordered eating. Additionally, the findings appear to suggest that gender dysphoria treatment is successful at increasing body satisfaction and improving body image. The clinical implications are discussed.

A Study on Minor Bodily Characteristics in the Life History Aspects in Adults with Dwarfism

A Study on Minor Bodily Characteristics in the Life History Aspects in Adults with Dwarfism

Intelligent affect regression for bodily expressions using hybrid particle swarm optimization and adaptive ensembles

This research focuses on continuous dimensional affect recognition from bodily expressions using feature optimization and adaptive regression. Both static posture and dynamic motion bodily features are extracted in this research. A hybrid particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is proposed for feature selection, which overcomes premature convergence and local optimum trap encountered by conventional PSO. It integrates diverse jump-out mechanisms such as the genetic algorithm (GA) and mutation techniques of Gaussian, Cauchy and Levy distributions to balance well between convergence speed and swarm diversity, thus called GM-PSO. The proposed PSO variant employs the subswarm concept and a cooperative strategy to enable mutation mechanisms of each subswarm, i.e. the GA and the probability distributions, to work in a collaborative manner to enhance the exploration and exploitation capability of the swarm leader, sustain the population diversity and guide the search toward an ultimate global optimum. An adaptive ensemble regression model is subsequently proposed to robustly map subjects’ emotional states onto a continuous arousal–valence affective space using the identified optimized feature subsets. This regression model also shows great adaption to newly arrived bodily expression patterns to deal with data stream regression. Empirical findings indicate that the proposed hybrid PSO optimization algorithm outperforms other state-of-the-art PSO variants, conventional PSO and classic GA significantly in terms of catching global optimum and discriminative feature selection. The system achieves the best performance for the regression of arousal and valence when ensemble regression model is applied, in terms of both mean squared error (arousal: 0.054, valence: 0.08) and Pearson correlation coefficient (arousal: 0.97, valence: 0.91) and outperforms other state-of-the-art PSO-based optimization combined with ensemble regression and related bodily expression perception research by a significant margin.

What’s in a Surname? Physique, Aptitude, and Sports Type Comparisons between Tailors and Smiths

Combined heredity of surnames and physique, coupled with past marriage patterns and trade-specific physical aptitude and selection factors, may have led to differential assortment of bodily characteristics among present-day men with specific trade-reflecting surnames (Tailor vs. Smith). Two studies reported here were partially consistent with this genetic-social hypothesis, first proposed by Bäumler (1980). Study 1 (N = 224) indicated significantly higher self-rated physical aptitude for prototypically strength-related activities (professions, sports, hobbies) in a random sample of Smiths. The counterpart effect (higher aptitude for dexterity-related activities among Tailors) was directionally correct, but not significant, and Tailor-Smith differences in basic physique variables were nil. Study 2 examined two large total-population-of-interest datasets (Austria/Germany combined, and UK: N = 7001 and 20532) of men’s national high-score lists for track-and-field events requiring different physiques. In both datasets, proportions of Smiths significantly increased from light-stature over medium-stature to heavy-stature sports categories. The predicted counterpart effect (decreasing prevalences of Tailors along these categories) was not supported. Related prior findings, the viability of possible alternative interpretations of the evidence (differential positive selection for trades and occupations, differential endogamy and assortative mating patterns, implicit egotism effects), and directions for further inquiry are discussed in conclusion.

Design analysis and improvement of Korean women's basketball and volleyball uniforms

This study aims to integrate sports uniform design into fashion as an effective communication means by analyzing the uniforms of women's pro basketball and volleyball teams in the country. As part of the research method, a literature review was conducted on the domestic pro sports background and women's basketball and volleyball uniforms. For empirical research, an analysis was performed of the uniforms of 12 teams in total: six women's pro basketball teams and six women's pro volleyball teams in the 2013~2014 league. The following results were obtained. First, in terms of formativeness, sleeveless shirts and shorts are basic in both basketball and volleyball. However, there are remarkable differences between the two. Shirts in volleyball are tighter, with the body figure visible, and shorts are shorter in length than those in basketball. Most basketball uniforms have a V-neckline and are collarless, while volleyball uniforms have a standup collar in all teams. Second, both basketball and volleyball apply the representative color of the sponsoring company and the team's typical color, but common colors, such as blue, navy, and white, are used in many teams, which fails to represent a uniquely differentiated image. Third, the logo or symbol of a sponsor is excessively applied to both basketball and volleyball uniforms. This downgrades the uniform's own esthetic features. Fourth, a fashionable uniform design, that reflects the bodily characteristics of women and the characteristics of the sports game would be a beneficial communication tool for all the tiers to become involved in participation and entertainment.

Sensorimotor strategies for recognizing geometrical shapes: a comparative study with different sensory substitution devices.

The sensorimotor approach proposes that perception is constituted by the mastery of lawful sensorimotor regularities or sensorimotor contingencies (SMCs), which depend on specific bodily characteristics and on actions possibilities that the environment enables and constrains. Sensory substitution devices (SSDs) provide the user information about the world typically corresponding to one sensory modality through the stimulation of another modality. We investigate how perception emerges in novice adult participants equipped with vision-to-auditory SSDs while solving a simple geometrical shape recognition task. In particular, we examine the distinction between apparatus-related SMCs (those originating mostly in properties of the perceptual system) and object-related SMCs (those mostly connected with the perceptual task). We study the sensorimotor strategies employed by participants in three experiments with three different SSDs: a minimalist head-mounted SSD, a traditional, also head-mounted SSD (the vOICe) and an enhanced, hand-held echolocation device. Motor activity and fist-person data are registered and analyzed. Results show that participants are able to quickly learn the necessary skills to distinguish geometric shapes. Comparing the sensorimotor strategies utilized with each SSD we identify differential features of the sensorimotor patterns attributable mostly to the device, which account for the emergence of apparatus-based SMCs. These relate to differences in sweeping strategies between SSDs. We identify, also, components related to the emergence of object-related SMCs. These relate mostly to exploratory movements around the border of a shape. The study provides empirical support for SMC theory and discusses considerations about the nature of perception in sensory substitution.

Aesthetic Practice in Nepal

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v11i2.12483 Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.11(2) 2013: 109

Transsingularities: the cognitive foundations of shamanism in Northern Asia

In Tuva (Southern Siberia), people expect that each class of beings contains singular individuals that distinguish themselves by atypical bodily and behavioural features and capacities. Among humans, such beings are shamans, but Tuvans also identify shamans among animals and trees. Even in the landscape, some atypical places are strong personalities. I call ‘transsingularity’ the supposed relationship that connects all these singular beings across their different classes. This treatment of atypical beings, which is widespread among Northern Asian traditions, is based on a ‘singularity detection device’, an inferential schema that links individuality and categorial norm in a specific way. This cognitive device sheds light on representations about metamorphosis as well as on interactional strategies between clients and shamans. The singularity detection device, as opposed to categorial thinking, appears to be at the foundation of Northern Asian shamanism. Finally I suggest that it may also play a role in animist cosmologies in other regions of the world.

Infants' grip strength predicts mu rhythm attenuation during observation of lifting actions with weighted blocks.

Research has established that the body is fundamentally involved in perception: bodily experience influences activation of the shared neural system underlying action perception and production during action observation, and bodily characteristics influence perception of the spatial environment. However, whether bodily characteristics influence action perception and its underlying neural system is unknown, particularly in early ontogeny. We measured grip strength in 12-month-old infants and investigated relations with mu rhythm attenuation, an electroencephalographic correlate of the neural system underlying action perception, during observation of lifting actions performed with differently weighted blocks. We found that infants with higher grip strength exhibited significant mu attenuation during observation of lifting actions, whereas infants with lower grip strength did not. Moreover, a progressively strong relation between grip strength and mu attenuation during observation of lifts was found with increased block weight. We propose that this relation is attributable to differences in infants' ability to recognize the effort associated with lifting objects of different weights, as a consequence of their developing strength. Together, our results extend the body's role in perception by demonstrating that bodily characteristics influence action perception by shaping the activation of its underlying neural system.

Race unmasked: biology and race in the twentieth century

Race Unmasked: Biology and Race in Twentieth Century By Michael Yudell (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2014) (274 pages; $40.00 cloth)In Race Unmasked: Biology and Race in Twentieth Century, historian Mike Yudell analyzes race concept and role that scientists have played in c ontributing to idea of race over twentieth century. He explores assumptions of racial science, defined as the use of science, both by scientists and laypersons alike ... as part of a greater arsenal of oppression (p. 115). Using primary sources of books, research studies, and other writings by prominent eugenicists, geneticists, and evolutionary biologists, he argues that racial rooted in biological notions of difference did not die out after World War II and, in fact, has persisted into twenty-first century. As well, has played a critical role in formulations of ideas about race and America's changing views of African Americans. Although people have tried to use to justify racial difference, science they used was no more real than saying that race is real. Science was only real to extent that scientists said it was so.Yudell traces idea of race back to eighteenth century when Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus established racial classification systems based on biological traits such as skin color or hair texture. His categories of Asiaticus, Africanus, Europeaeus, and Americanus were infused with distinct physical and behavioral characteristics. Yudell's primary interest is twentieth century, however, and his first chapters explore thinking of eugenicists such as Francis Galton and Charles Davenport. Galton examined hereditary traits both within and between humans, and he had a significant impact on formation of race as a biological concept. Supported by his Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Davenport applied Galton's eugenic doctrines to immigration policies and Black/White differences. By rooting human differences and perceived inferiorities in blood relationships, these eugenicists used scientific method to preserve White supremacy.Significantly, Yudell contextualizes this early twentieth-century work within push to formulate new immigration policies and activities of anti-Black groups such as Ku Klux Klan (KKK) in 1920s. Eugenicist Lothrop Stoddard, for example, actually advised KKK, while other eugenicists disseminated their ideas that were used to enforce segregation for some and exclusion for others based on inferior traits. Ideas about racial difference also were put on public display through American Museum of Natural History meeting in 1921. Models, diagrams, and research presentations in 131 exhibits asserted subtle but distinct differences between Blacks and Whites that reinforced immutability of bodily characteristics. Yet some biologists, geneticists, and anthropologists challenged assumptions of racial science. Columbia University anthropologist Franz Boas, for example, rebuked White supremacists and eugenicists at museum gathering. The National Association for Advancement of Colored People, formed in 1909, became more vocal in 1920s, with W.E.B. duBois attacking racial even as genetics began to replace eugenics as authority on race concept.Yudell continues thesis that biological assumptions in racial drove researchers in twentieth century by focusing on National Research Council studies that investigated impact of interbreeding between Blacks and Whites (p. 60). Contextualized in lieu of demographic shift of Blacks from South to northern cities after World War 1, studies included human intelligence testing and mechanical aptitude tests to develop an approach to organic differences regarding pathology. For example, in hopes of using intelligence testing to help people adjust better and thereby serve a positive social function, Joseph Peterson's study on Blacks was a 'gentleman's' way of articulating racism (p. …

Diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease.

Diagnosis and management of Crohn’s disease is based on clinical signs and symptoms combined with laboratory tests, endoscopy and imaging techniques. Endoscopy is the gold standard for the evaluation of patients with Crohn’s disease. Nevertheless, a correct diagnosis requires radiological examinations to define the extent and stage of the disease and especially to diagnose transmural complications including fistulae, abscesses and phlegmons. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are currently indicated in the study of the gastrointestinal tract. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of these two methods are similar and both also present certain limitations. CT is widely used and execution time is short, whereas MRI is much less common and requires a longer execution time. However, patients with Crohn’s disease are often young, and the frequency with which they have to undergo radiological examinations should be taken into account, as several trials have suggested that a total exposure to radiation exceeding 50 mSv carries a risk of neoplastic disease. Over the past decade, ultrasound (US) has gradually been introduced to support clinical examination in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with Crohn’s disease. Several trials have assessed the diagnostic accuracy of US compared to that of CT and MRI, and the results have led to the recommendations contained in the updated guidelines (2013) of the European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation (ECCO). The role of endoscopy and biopsy as first-line procedures in patients with suspected Crohn’s disease is reaffirmed, and CT and MRI still remain the gold standard imaging methods in the diagnosis of intestinal involvement and transmural lesions. However, US is recommended for assessing the extent of the disease and possible inflammation of the intestinal wall, particularly referred to bowel segments, which are not reachable by the endoscope owing to strictures. Furthermore, thanks to the widespread availability and short examination time, US imaging is useful also in emergencies to obtain immediate and important diagnostic information required for management decisions. The ECCO guidelines also focus attention on the role of US in the diagnosis of extramural complications. Abscesses, fistulas and phlegmons are frequent and sometimes fatal, but they are easily detected by US with a sensitivity of over 90 %. Several applications are still being assessed, and some studies show a greater diagnostic efficacy of contrast enhanced US (CEUS) and small intestine contrast ultrasonography (SICUS) associated with power Doppler in the diagnosis of the disease and its complications. These results, as well as the encouraging results obtained by US imaging for predicting the risk of recurrence after surgery, require further confirmation. However, the obtained data suggest that US imaging could be further implemented in the study of Crohn’s disease and that this diagnostic method might become a procedure of choice in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The limitations of US imaging, which are linked to the patient’s bodily features and the difficult visualization of some portions of the GI tract, are not relevant to the study of Crohn’s disease. US has become one of the most user- and patient-friendly methods for assessment of the gastrointestinal tract thanks to the elevated dynamism and usability of US as well as the continuous training of increasingly specialized US operators. In line with the multidisciplinary approach, which is characteristic of SIUMB, the society and JUS have therefore requested some of the greatest experts to write a series of articles on the role of US in the study of various medical, surgical and radiological aspects of Crohn’s disease, comparing US with other diagnostic methods. We thank the Authors for the time they have dedicated to this task and for the completeness and originality of the articles. In our opinion, the result is very good. We hope you will enjoy the reading.

Living Stones

This article investigates the metaphor of the “living house” and its concrete ramifications on everyday life in late medieval and early modern Europe. For premodern Europeans, the house was an actor that occupied an important and natural role in their social life and in the urban space in which they lived. Human attributes were explicitly assigned to the house: it had a name and life story, displayed bodily features, and was invested with a specific individuality. This article examines the historical origins of this metaphor and why it became particularly powerful in the early modern period. The author then surveys the various expressions of the anthropomorphic understanding of the house, as reflected both in the architectural theory and the popular discourse of the time. The final part addresses the question of why and when this notion of the house as actor began to decline.

Wordsworth's Spots of Time in Space and Time

With rare exceptions, William Wordsworth uses word to designate a geographical place. His often are exceptionally good locations. They include pre-Napoleonic French rich in all things that can soothe and please (October 1803 8), so calm and green and the deep and quiet of Peter Bell (365, 376), chosen in know an aged man (21), calmest fairest on earth of Recluse (1.73), favoured that he distinguishes from rest of whole earth in 1805 Prelude (10.701), pregnant of ground, dear appropriated spot, and hallowed of earth in Excursion (5.371, 945; 6.802), and many more. are also places where natural or human pleasure or pain has occurred, and they are invested with events that have occurred there. They include spot [...] made by Nature for herself' in Poems on Naming of Places (To M.H. 15) and natal of briar-rose in The Waterfall and Eglantine (23). Human Passion rivets to in Descriptive Sketches (298); Margaret's overgrown cottage garden has become a cheerless spot, and her cottage is a wretched in Ruined Cottage (60, 487); and where Martha Ray spends her days crying, Oh misery, in The Thorn is The to which she goes (92; also 91, 97, and 99). And so on. Spot is a common word in poetry. It is plain speech, entering language by 1200 CE, when it meant moral stain, blot, or blemish; a stigma or disgrace (OED), a meaning that resonates in Margaret's, Martha Ray's, and many other Wordsworthian spots. Its semantic range expands to include A small space or of ground; a particular or locality of limited extent around 1400. In as now, word often connotes spiritual, mental, bodily characteristics: a on one's face, on one's reputation, etc. Wordsworth, though, places these characteristics onto or into land. Critical accounts of spots of emphasize other issues than their complex placedness. Often they prioritize trauma that has occurred at (or in relation to) spots, as when Geoffrey Hartman shows that Wordsworth raise [s] himself from his obsession with specific place to deal with a Nature that assumes a tutelary role after he has violated it (212-4); or as when Peter Larkin shows that Wordsworth's of time' occupy a fault-line between trauma and aspiration (30). They highlight contradictions and conflicts in formulation of spots of time, as when Eugene Stelzig calls phrase famous[ly] paradoxical (533); or as when Alan Richardson observes that 'spots of time' is an oxymoron: an enigma designed to halt reading process and challenge conventional categories of literary experience (15; also Wedd 225-6). But contemporaries might have seen in phrase language that is apposite to common 18th century expressions of spatial-temporal connections. In 1990, Jack Stillinger observed that American educator Emma Willard used phrase spots of in her 1822 Ancient Geography, as Connected with Chronology and that, while she could not have read lines on spots, first published in 1850, her sentences are a veritable anthology of Wordsworthian concepts (Willard vii; Stillinger 71). Because of similarity between Willard and Wordsworth, Stillinger [s] that somewhere [...] there exists a pre-Wordsworthian discussion of of time in geographical or geographical-historical terms (72). Along these lines, I propose that spots of time, which first appeared in 1799 two-part Prelude, emerge from his decade-long contact with representations, conceptualizations, and theorizations of space and precursors of space-time. In spots of passages, Wordsworth engages with space-oriented writings and conversations of figures such as Isaac Newton, David Hartley, Common Sense philosopher Thomas Reid, and Tom Wedgwood. …

Trait dominance promotes reflexive staring at masked angry body postures.

It has been shown that dominant individuals sustain eye-contact when non-consciously confronted with angry faces, suggesting reflexive mechanisms underlying dominance behaviors. However, dominance and submission can be conveyed and provoked by means of not only facial but also bodily features. So far few studies have investigated the interplay of body postures with personality traits and behavior, despite the biological relevance and ecological validity of these postures. Here we investigate whether non-conscious exposure to bodily expressions of anger evokes reflex-like dominance behavior. In an interactive eye-tracking experiment thirty-two participants completed three social dominance tasks with angry, happy and neutral facial, bodily and face and body compound expressions that were masked from consciousness. We confirmed our predictions of slower gaze-aversion from both non-conscious bodily and compound expressions of anger compared to happiness in high dominant individuals. Results from a follow-up experiment suggest that the dominance behavior triggered by exposure to bodily anger occurs with basic detection of the category, but not recognition of the emotional content. Together these results suggest that dominant staring behavior is reflexively driven by non-conscious perception of the emotional content and triggered by not only facial but also bodily expression of anger.

일본 마이너리티문학 연구의 현재와 과제 내셔널리즘, 우생사상 그리고 궁극의 문학

This purpose of this thesis was to review of the literature pertaining to Hansen’s disease (also known as leprosy) and homosexuality as minority literature with the view of improving and supplementing results and addressing the insufficiency of domestic Japanese minority literature. As a precondition of review, minority and minority literature were fluidly and comprehensively defined as the “discriminated minority” and “literature of discriminated minority”, respectively. Although “minority literature” cannot be equivalent to “literature by minority”, there is a degree of overlap, because the “minority literature” embraces all the “literature by minority.” The research field with the most abundant relative outcome in conventional studies was the literature relating to ethnic Koreans in Japan and feminism. The former of these two research fields was designated as active, because the national and ethnic minority referred to as “ethnic Koreans in Japan” was accentuated along with post?colonialism and diaspora studies, whereas the latter field was acknowledged because of the recent upsurge in studies concerning female writers, or the sexual minority, and work was stressed even though the critical mind of feminism is not thorough. However, these two research fields differed in the way they advocated attendance of “minority literature”. Thus, this report concentrated on patients with Hansen’s disease and homosexuals, who are discriminated against and outcast as a result of their “minor bodily characteristics”, and their literature. Modern nationalism suppressed and isolated modern physical bodies and managed minds through the creation and division of space under the allocation of roles. One of these core logics was Eugenic Ideas. Based on Eugenic Ideas, Hansen’s disease patients, or those with recessive genes, were isolated and discontinued, and homosexuals, who are not able to fulfill their duty towards the community in terms of biological reproduction, became subjects of abomination and discrimination. Therefore, they form a minority of minorities, or the ultimate minority. Even the difference created between the visible minority of Hansen’s disease patients, on the one hand, and the potential, less obvious, minority of homosexuals, on the other hand, the two types of literature were found to be closely connected, and this is where the inevitability of being discussed together lies.