BOD Values Research Articles

Wastewater quality index (WWQI) as an indicator for the assessment of sanitary effluents from the oil and gas industries for reliable and sustainable water reuse

With the development of numerous industries, the increasing use of water resources and the discharge of pollutants into the environment, particularly industrial wastewater, has become extremely important. The purpose of this study was the assessment of sanitary wastewater treatment plants attributed to the oil and gas industries as reliable and sustainable water resources based on the wastewater quality index (WWQI). The findings revealed that the facilities under investigation effectively process and discharge their effluents following the Environmental Protection Organization's standards. Springtime has the maximum removal in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), with typical removal values of COD and BOD5 of 96.1% and 97.1%, while pH in the effluent of these WWTPs was 7.22, and DO in the range of 1–6.3 mg/L throughout this period. In addition, fecal coli removal efficiencies were 98.6%, respectively. Finally, the wastewater treatment system in the four refineries investigated has resulted in a considerable decrease in microbiological and organic pollutants in conformity with environmental regulations permitting wastewater reuse for irrigation and agriculture, as well as discharge into adsorption wells. However these treatment plants perform poorly in terms of cumulative and WWQI models (13.86–16.05), it is clear from the results and discussion of this research that the results of the treated wastewater from the under-investigation plants comply with the Environmental Protection Organization of Iran's standards required for discharge to surface water or reuse in agricultural land irrigation. Still, the treatment system should be constantly audited and improved to reach a higher rank according to the WWQI.

Study the Nexus between Indicators of Surface Water Quality on the Small River for Better Basin Management

Purpose is determination of interdependencies between hydrochemical indicators of surface water quality in the example of a small river as a limiting factor of formation of aquatic ecosystem of territories. Correlation analyses of the studied indicators of water quality was conducted on an average value of each indicator (pH, phosphates, nitrates, BOD, COD, soluble oxygen). Found a significant increase in phosphates with time, with a coefficient of correlation R=0.71, indicating contamination of the water facility. This can be explained by the arrival of various surface-active substances and, to a lesser extent, the lack of quality sewage treatment facilities. Positive changes are founded in water object that is related to a decrease in the value of BOD. This is due to a decrease in the use of oxygen on oxidation of inorganic and organic substances. In general, the use of river runoff of the river above normal, and the overall environmental state of river basin is defined as "extremely poor".

Using benthic macroinvertebrates as bioindicators to evaluate the impact of anthropogenic stressors on water quality and sediment properties of a West African lagoon

This study aimed to investigate the impact of anthropogenic stressors (landfilling, navigation for transport of goods, cooling in fossil fuel, urbanization, industrial expansion, agriculture activities, and recreational activities) on environmental variables, microbiological quality, and sediment properties using benthic macroinvertebrates as a bioindicator within Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria. Four (4) sampling stations were established with respect to their importance/anthropogenic activities within the Lagos Lagoon. Surface water, bottom substrates, and benthic macroinvertebrate fauna samples were collected bimonthly from each sampling station for a year and analyzed using appropriate standard methods and procedures. The highest pH range of 7.96–8.01 (7.98 ± 2.35) was recorded at Site IV, while the lowest range of 6.41–7.01 (6.15 ± 1.14) was observed at Site II, and there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) among the pH mean values across the sites. High values of salinity, chloride, sodium, COD, BOD, manganese, nickel, cadmium, and nitrate were recorded among the surface water physicochemical parameters, which were above WHO (2011) permissible limits, while the high concentrations of toxic metals (Pb, Cr, Zn, and Cd) was recorded in sediment. A total of 26 species of benthic macroinvertebrates were recorded during this study, which belongs to eight (8) classes. Gastropoda recorded the highest percentage contribution of 39.12%, followed by polychaeta accounting for 30.34%, while malacostraca contributed 2.63%. The highest abundance of macroinvertebrates was recorded at Site I (256 Indiv/m2), followed by Site IV (252 Indiv/m2), and the least was observed at Site II (195 Indiv/m2). Based on the results of the physico-chemical, heavy metals, microbial quality, and macroinvertebrates assemblage obtained from this study revealed the adverse effect of anthropogenic activities on water quality degradation. It plays a significant role in the distribution and diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates in an aquatic environment.

A green approach of vat dyeing of cotton fabric with natural reducing agents

This study focuses on an eco-friendly approach to vat dyeing of cotton fabric using natural reducing agents and compare their performance with a conventional reducing agent. Natural reducing agents derived from pineapple barks, watermelon, and carambola extracts were investigated as alternatives. The reduction potential and FTIR of these natural extracted reducing agents were evaluated to assess their dyeing capability. Different colorimetric properties, color strength, colorfastness, bursting strength and pilling resistance of the dyed fabrics were analyzed. The environmental impact of the dyeing process was assessed by measuring parameters such as BOD, COD, TDS, DO and pH values. The results indicated that the natural reducing agents exhibited comparable reduction potential to sodium dithionite. Colorimetric analysis revealed that the optimal concentrations of the reducing agents for dyeing were 500–600 ml/l. The carambola extract showed the best colorimetric properties among the three reducing agents tested. The study demonstrates the potential of natural reducing agents as eco-friendly alternatives for vat dyeing of cotton fabric, contributing to sustainable and green textile dyeing processes.

Sintesis dan Uji Kinerja Membran Selulosa Termodifikasi Polistirena dari Ampas Tebu dengan Aditif Monosodium Glutamate untuk Menurunkan Nilai BOD dan COD Limbah Cair Tahu

Tofu liquid waste, which has high BOD and COD values, can contaminate waters if it is directly disposed of without prior treatment. Therefore, waste treatment is necessary before being released into water. One method for treating this waste is by using a cellulose acetate membrane. In this research, a cellulose acetate membrane was synthesized from sugarcane bagasse fibers using the phase inversion method. The membrane was added 6% MSG as an additive to improve its performance. The membrane was applied to treat tofu waste with BOD and COD parameters. The membrane’s flux values obtained in this study were 33.56 L/(m².hour) for water and 26.85 L/(m².hour) for tofu liquid waste. SEM test result showed that the membrane with a 6% MSG additive had more pores and a denser surface compared to the membrane without the additive. The membrane was capable of decreasing BOD and COD values by 62.5% and 75.3% respectively in liquid tofu waste.

Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland Design for Domestic Wastewater Treatment for Communal Scale in DKI Jakarta Environmental Service Dormitory

To better manage Jakarta's domestic wastewater, the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government commissioned the construction of Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) in multiple locations across the city. After the results of the measurements have been determined, engineering work needs to order to address the numerous parameters more than excesses of the quality in addition, there. This study intends to develop a vertical flow CW design as an additional treatment for the DKI Jakarta Environmental Service Dormitory Communal Domestic WWTP as a recommendation for improvement so that the quality of treated water can meet domestic wastewater quality standards. This study aims to ensure that the quality of treated water can meet domestic wastewater quality standards. This redesign makes use of a variety of data sources, including primary data as well as secondary data. The necessary information is the quantity of constable water consumption and the quality of the domestic wastewater produced within the environment of the DKI Jakarta DLH Dormitory. Through a network of pipelines, wastewater from activities such as bathing and using the latrines is transported directly to the WWTP. During this time, water from activities such as washing and runoff caused by rain will enter various drainage channels to the receiving water body, the Ciliwung River. The length of the CW at WWTP 1 is 6.718 meters, and its width is 3.35 meters. Following more in-depth processing of the available data, it was discovered that the existing outlet wastewater had a low C/N ratio. When creating wetlands in the field using artificial CW, the discharge that flows into the wetland and the release that flows out of the wetland is not the same. The amount can either be decreased or increased according to the current circumstances. This needs to be considered for the presence of water in the swamp system to be managed. After being processed with VFCW, it was discovered that the total BOD value of the effluent produced was less than 30 mg/L. This suggests that the processing of VFCW can conform to the requirements of PermenLHK No. 68/2016, which is concerned with the Quality Standards for Domestic Wastewater. The ammonium-nitrogen value by comparing the molar mass value to NH3. As a result, WWTP locations 1, 2, and 3 have all achieved the required quality. The NH4 value, on the other hand, has not been able to meet the quality standard of PermenLHK No. 68/2016 concerning Domestic Wastewater Quality Standards. This is because the ammonia concentration from Domestic Communal WWTP 4 is so high. As a solution to this problem, WWTP 4 will be upgraded from four plants per square meter (ppm) to five plants per sq m (ppm), hoping to improve the rate at which plants absorb nutrients. The removal of ammonia using VFCW can range anywhere from 34 - 95 percent. Keywords: Domestic Wastewater, Planning, Constructed Wetland, WWTP

PHYSICOCHEMICAL, HEAVY METALS AND HYDROCARBONS STUDYOF SURFACE WATER AND SEDIMENT FROM ALAPE RIVER AND ITS WATERSHED IN IGBOKODA, SOUTH-WEST NIGERIA.

Physicochemical, heavy metals and hydrocarbon parameters of fifteen surface water samples and fourteen sediment samples from the Alape River and its watershed in Igbokoda, South-Western Nigeria have been analysed. APHA and ASTM standard methods were employed in the analysis of the samples while obtained results were compared to DPR, NESREA, NSDWQ and WHO set standards. The mean pH values of the River and its watershed were found to be 6.78 and 7.25 respectively, falling within the recommended limit. In terms of DO, the mean values of 5.25 mg/L and 5.42 mg/L obtained were equally within the acceptable range for supporting aquatic organisms. Mean values of TS and salinity were relatively low, indicating favourable conditions. However, the mean total hardness value was considerably high. The River and its watershed exhibited low levels of O&amp;G, TPH, and Cl-. The presence of organic matter was also observed, as demonstrated from the mean values of BOD and COD, suggesting some level of pollution. Furthermore, the sediments from the River contained detectable concentrations of some heavy metals; Fe, Pb, Cu, Mn, and Zn. The concentration of Fe exceeded the recommended limit set by NESREA. Overall, the research outcomes serve as valuable baseline data for future studies and offer insights to establish effective measures to prevent pollution in the event of industrialization in the area.

Synergistic effects of bacterial consortium and thermal energy on treatment of sewage by waste stabilisation pond

The low rates of biodegradation of organic pollutants in wastewater have been attributed to the daily fluctuation of temperatures, which affects microbial metabolism and activities in reactors. This work aimed to develop a method to degrade sewage pollutants using a synergistic effect of bacterial consortium and thermal energy, while a grey concrete pond served as the control. The results demonstrated that the temperature profile of ICCP showed that all through the experiment, the temperature was above 25 °C, which is a suitable temperature for mesophilic bacterial growth. A properly-stabilised effluent was achieved by the ICCP with a low biodegradation index between 0.11 and 0.14. The values of BOD (95%) and COD (74%) removal efficiencies were obtained at a 10-day retention time in ICCP, which is in accordance with standard of the United State Environmental protection Agency. Moreover, a comparison between a control and ICCP revealed that the latter emits heat energy 30% higher than the first. The temperature of 30 °C (dark) and 30.8 °C (light) produced a BOD removal > 90%. Therefore, this method could be considered to bridge the gap in daily fluctuation of temperature for enhanced biodegradation.•Designing of a thermal coated concrete pond to investigate their thermal performance during the dark and light condition•Bioremediation test for selection of mixed bacteria strain of high degradation potential used as inoculum•A detention time of 10 days under natural sunlight used for investigation for concentration balance of organic pollutant

Penerapan Teknologi Skimming dan Bioremediation pada Instalasi Pengelolaan Air Limbah di PT. Waruna Shipyard Indonesia

Water pollution causes environmental damage and is very detrimental to living things. This activity aims to improve the performance of the Wastewater Management Installation (WWTP) which functions to reduce pollutant levels in the waters. Through the collaboration of the UMSU Faculty of Engineering with PT. Waruna Shipyrad Indonesia (WSI), collaboration was also carried out to improve the performance of the wastewater management system. Wastewater management methods are carried out by applying skimming machine technology, and several sensors for the physical properties and composition of water, as well as using remediation of good bacteria from the laboratory. 6 WWTP ponds were implemented, each with dimensions of 3.7x2.8x2.17 m. The skimming machine is designed to use a drum, and the bacteria from the remediation process will suppress the growth of bacteria that damage the environment. The volume of water entering the reservoir is around 207,200 kg/m3 perweek or 207.2 Liters/week. The results of applying this technology obtained an average amount of oil taken every 2 days reaching 600 mL. The average water quality is 6-8 with a pH standard of 6-9, a COD value of 47.8 mg/L with a quality standard of 100 mg/L, and a BOD value of 21.1 mg/L with a quality standard of 30 mg/L.

Cheese Whey Wastewater: Characterization and Value

Cheese whey is the liquid that results from the coagulation of milk during cheese manufacture. To produce 1 kg of cheese, 10 L of milk is needed, originally 9 L of cheese whey and in case disposed of without treatment. It creates a significant problem for the environment. The research aims to find out the environmental impact and the potential of whey from Yogyakarta as a useful product. The materials used in the study used cheese whey from Cangkringan Yogjakarta. The parameters of the cheese wastewater were pH, BOD5, COD, TSS, TDS, NH3-H, and the physicochemical analyses targeted the protein, lactose, and fat, based on regulatory quality standards by the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Indonesia No. 5 of 2014, concerning wastewater quality standards. The results show that TSS of 45,500 mg/L, pH of 5.9, BOD5 of 19,900 mg/L, COD of 90,000 mg/L, TDS 3440 mg/L, NH3-H 42,19 mg/L, protein 2.75%, lipid 0.054%, lactose, 4.1%. We can conclude that the value of BOD and COD, NH3-H in cheese wastewater does not contain good quality water, but on the other hand, whey had good potential for functional food ingredients indicated by protein, lipid, and lactose value. Due to its proven protein, lipid, and lactose value obtained in the study can be used as a functional food ingredient.&#x0D; Keywords: pollution, cheese whey, wastewater

Assessment of the Organic Pollution in Sawa Lake

One of the primary issues that harms both man and his environment is water pollution. This study was carried out to assess the level of organic pollutants in Sawa lake water. Water Sampling collected from October 2021 to February 2022, monthly, samples taken from three different sites. Biological oxygen demand (BOD5) measured by the BOD Sensor after calibration and processing, and some related environmental parameters were also measured. The results showed that BOD5 values ranged between (5.9-7.6) mg/l, higher value was 12.5 mg/l recorded in S1 and S2 during February, and lower concentration (3 mg/l) recorded in S2 during November. The value of BOD5 in all periods of study was 6.67 mg/l. The findings of the statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences between the sites and months (p≤ 0.05). Monthly changes in the physicochemical properties of lake water and the autochthonous organic matter may be a reason for increasing the concentration of organic content, in addition to the wastes that arrives from near area. According to the Hynes classification, the river water in all sites classified as doubtful to bad. Negative significant correlations were founds between BOD5 and DO (r= -0.75) and positive significant correlations between BOD5, EC and nitrate (r= 0.54, r=0.42), respectively.

Spatial distribution and water quality index of Lahore Canal, Pakistan

Abstract The Lahore Canal (LC) in Lahore city of Pakistan, with the discharge of 402 cusecs, runs along the city's centre. With rapid urbanization and population growth, the LC water is deteriorating. This study determined the water quality index and spatial distribution of pollutants. Three months of sampling from six separate locations were performed. Water quality parameters were analysed. The results indicated that pH, solids, turbidity, hardness, alkalinity, and chlorides were within guidelines, but DO BOD and nitrogen were beyond guidelines. Moderate BOD values (2.24–8.06 mg/L) and low DO values (0.13–3.56 mg/L) indicated a low oxygen environment. Heavy metal concentration was as follows: Fe &amp;gt; Pb &amp;gt; Cr &amp;gt; Cu. The Pearson correlation coefficient indicated ± poor to moderate (0.3–0.7) correlation. The ANOVA result supported the alternative hypothesis, i.e., the pollutants originated from the same source. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis showed three primary sources for the different pollutants based on loading of variance and Euclidean distance, respectively. The WQI of LC at all locations was above 300, indicating that LC water is not suitable for any usage. The spatial distribution of parameters indicated the effects of urbanization and commercialization (small household industries) at Location-4. The poor water quality of LC needs immediate government attention.

Surface water quality assessment in the Bach Dang river basin, Vietnam: using water quality index and geographical information system methods

The study evaluates the surface water quality of the Bach Dang river basin. During the rainy season, the temperature, pH, EC, BOD5, COD, coliforms, ammonium and phosphate values were 27 °C–37 °C, 6.6–8.9, 300–2200 μS cm−1, 5–25 mg l−1, 5–26 mg l−1, 0–3000 MPN/100 mL, below 0.01 mg l−1, and 0.02 mg l−1, respective. During the rainy and dry seasons, Zn, Pb, Cr, As, Fe and Mn levels were below drinking water limits. In the rainy season, the water quality index varied from 76 to 91, signifying medium to excellent water quality. The most outstanding water quality sites were the QN12, QN18, and QN22. During the dry season, most areas had moderate to excellent (WQI values between 61 and 93), except for QN01, QN03, QN04, QN05, QN06, QN07, QN11, QN16, QN17, QN19, and QN23, where it dropped to moderate (61–73). The temperatures were greater and higher EC values in the southeast. The DO concentrations were higher in the northwest and southeast in both seasons. The southern and southeastern regions exhibited more excellent COD and BOD5 values than the western, southwest, north, and northeast regions. The ammonium concentrations were higher in the southeast. During the dry season, the phosphate levels exceeded the permissible limit in the west, southeast, east, and northeast. Coliforms were below acceptable in both seasons, with greater levels in the northwest and northeast during the dry season. In addition, the Zn and Pb are favorably associated with the As, Mn, ammonium and phosphate in the rainy season. The COD positively correlated with the coliforms and BOD5. In the dry season, the pH inversely correlated with the Pb and Fe positively. The ammonium correlated negatively with the DO and positively with the phosphates. The pH negatively connected with the alkalinity, while the As positively correlated with the BOD5 and COD.

Degradation of the Aquatic Environment in Tujuh Muara Lake, Pamulang District, South Tangerang Affected by Urban Liquid Waste

Water is a natural resource requirement needed for every living thing. Water pollution will affect water availability, so efforts are needed to fix it. The purpose of this study is to determine the quality of the water, analyze the degradation that occurs and provide recommendations for efforts that can be made to improve the ecosystem of Lake Tujuh Muara. The research location was Tujuh Muara Lake, Pamulang District, South Tangerang. The method used in this research is by using storet. Water quality data were collected at two monitoring points: the inlet and outlet areas. Observation of environmental degradation is carried out using field observations. Parameters observed in this study were biological dissolved oxygen (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), detergent and coliform group. The analysis results show Tujuh Muara Lake's water quality exceeds the class II quality standard based on Government Regulation 22 of 2021. Two parameters exceed the quality standards: BOD and COD at the inlet point of 5.60 mg/L and 27.29 mg /l. The resulting BOD and COD values at the outlet point were 16.80 mg/L and 53.50 mg/L. Degradation of the aquatic environment is known by the abundance of water hyacinth plants that thrive and the turbidity and silting of the bottom of the lake waters. Efforts that can be made to improve the lake environment are by constructing constructed wetlands, building WWTPs, and implementing sustainable ecotourism

Color Adsorption Performance of Bone Biocomponent for Textile Dyeing Effluent Treatment in Ethiopia

The continued expansion of industrial growth has contributed significantly to the economic development of many countries. However, untreated discharge from the textile factory significant impacts freshwater and public health. The aim of this study is to explore the economical-local wastewater treatment for local textile industries. The experiment used the waste bones as a source of calcium-phosphate nanopowder (CNP) biocomponent, adsorbent for azo dye effluent treatment. An isolated biocomponent was analyzed using FTIR and UV-VIS, and its adsorption isotherm was also calculated. The FTIR analysis of CNP showed carbonates, amide, and high-intensity phosphate peaks of 1008 cm−1 and 1337 cm−1. The effect of contact time analyzed by UV-VIS absorption spectra revealed that 70% of color removal was achieved within 30 minutes and 60 minutes for disperse red 1 dye (DR1D) and DCT reactive blue 109 dyes (RB109D), respectively. In addition, the effects of the condition parameters on percentage color removal were analyzed using DOE response surface methodology. The maximum color removal performances are 98.65% and 96%, respectively, for DR1D and RB109D at neutral pH. The Langmuir isotherm was observed in the adsorption of RB109D effluent with an R2 value of 0.994 and the Freundlich isotherm in the adsorption of DR1D with an R2 value of 0.993. Finally, the gauge of the effectiveness of treatment was analyzed by COD, BOD, and TSS values before and after treatment. The maximum deduction percentages of COD, BOD, and TSS were 82, 87, and 70% from RB109D; 89, 90, and 89% from DR1D; and 82, 89, and 71% from the industry sample, respectively. Generally, the study showed that the current adsorbent was a good substitute for synthetic adsorbents.

Comprehensive Analysis of Physiochemical Parameters in Lake Goverdhan Sagar: A Study on Water Quality Assessment

Abstract: This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the physicochemical parameters in Lake Goverdhan Sagar, aiming to provide valuable insights into its current environmental status. Water samples were collected from various predetermined sampling sites across the lake during Jan 2023 to April 2023 different sampling stations and depths. A set of physicochemical parameters including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and major ion concentrations (such as chloride, sulfate, calcium, and magnesium) were analyzed using standard methods and instruments. The average Temperature of water was 28.57 °C, Colour and Odour disagreeable, and pH of lake was found with mean value of 8.7. During the study the mean value of BOD 3.96 ppm and COD 45.88 ppm was observed. The mean value of dissolved Oxygen (DO) 5.48 was found and satisfactory for the survival and growth of aquatic organisms. Similarly the mean value of nitrogen was determined as 7.24 ppm, which is under permissible limit. The hardness is mainly due to calcium and magnesium ions. During the study, mean value of total hardness, Calcium hardness and Magnesium hardness was observed as 30.82 ppm, 7.40 ppm and 23.43 ppm respectively, which are under permissible limits. Finding of lake water which recorded mean value of total alkalinity 253.58 ppm. During the study mean value of chloride content observed as 165.20 ppm which is below the permissible limit and Fluoride content 0.58 ppm was found as a mean value. According to study the high value of pH, EC and TDS characteristics of Goverdhan Sagar Lake shows its nutrient rich and alkaline nature. The water quality indicated that the water of lake is suitable for the fishery and gardening purpose. However, water of the lake was not found suitable for potable and domestic uses as the high value of bacterial load, bio-chemical oxygen demand and Chemical oxygen demand showed its high pollution status

Soil and Water Physicochemistry in The Hiding Habitat of Mangrove Crabs (Scylla serrata) in the Mangrove Ecosystem on the Coast of Lampu Satu, Merauke Regency, South Papua Province

Research with the aim of knowing the physicochemistry of soil and water where mangrove crabs hide in the mangrove ecosystem at Lampu Beach, Merauke District, Merauke Regency. The research was conducted for 3 months using the purposive sampling technique survey method. Soil analysis, soil COD, soil BOD, was conducted at Surakarta state university. The results of the fishing carried out for 1 month obtained the number of crabs 15 with details of 9 crabs from station 1 and 6 crabs from station II. Processed the depth of the Hideout 12 – 62cm. with a surface circumference of 5 – 19cm. The results of analysis of soil fractions with three times of testing obtained dusty loam and sandy loam types. The results of the physical and chemical analysis of the soil and water on the substrate obtained a water temperature of 27 - 290C, a water salinity of 0.5 - 1 ppt, a water pH of 6.1 - 7.2 at station 1 and 6.6 - 7.2 at station II. Soil pH at station I was 6.2 – 2.4 mg/l at station II 6.3 – 6.8 mg/l. Soil BOD values were 2.4 – 4.1 mg/l at station I and at station II, 2.4 – 6.1mg/l. COD values at station 1. 4.98 – 6.11mg/l at station II value The COD obtained is 4.71 – 6.8 mg/l. Both soil texture and physico-chemistry of the substrate and water are suitable for the survival of mangrove crabs.

Assessment of Marine Coastal Water Pollution from Karachi Harbour Pakistan

In Pakistan, marine pollution is a major problem that is caused by the waste from industrial, municipal, agronomy, and oil leak sources. The pollutant loads along with the coastline areas near Karachi is received from terrestrial contaminants including discharges from Karachi Harbour located on the estuary of the Lyari river. Karachi generates 472 Million Gallon per Day (MGD) of wastewater out of which only 55 MGD is treated and the rest is discharged in the sea. The prevailing sewage treatment plants are functioning at reduced capacity due to the insufficient transmission capacity of interceptors. Water sampling was carried out from the Lyari River and five different selected coastal point around Karachi harbour for physicochemical parameters and selected heavy metals. Results show that the Karachi Harbour area is noticeably polluted, whereas; the coastal environment in the vicinity of Karachi is also under the stress of pollution. High COD and BOD5 values were noticed at the Lyari river samples and the sampling locations close to the Lyari river outfall area. The Pb, Cd, Ni, and Hg heavy metals that pollute marine water are found. This situation is due to the discharge of mixed effluents of industrial and domestic wastes as well as dredging, cargo handling, dumping of ship waste and other coastal activities. The highest value of pollution observed at Karachi Harbour which is near Lyari river mouth, where the domestic and industrial effluents with organic and inorganic wastes have a greater influence on the water quality and the marine environment. At present, there is no effective controlling mechanism for industries to treat their waste, nor has any investigation to assess increasing marine pollution been carried out. As a result, there is an adverse impact on fish habitat and mangroves, corrosion of cargo ships, naval vessels and the residents living in the coastal area. Therefore, the government agencies and industrial sectors should work together to avert marine pollution and attain total environmental sustainability.

Design of a Batik Coloring Waste Treatment Tool Using the Electrocoagulation Method with a Capacity of 50 Liters

Batik coloring still uses synthetic dyes, so the disposal of coloring waste should not be careless. Most batik craftsmen process their batik waste by settling the waste liquid for a long time. The process is very ineffective. The purpose of this research is to design a batik processing tool that is cheap and effective. The research method uses the electrocoagulation method. The electrocoagulation method is an electrochemical water treatment. The design of this batik waste treatment tool consists of five parts including: (1) Electrocoagulation Tub, (2) Skimmer, (3) Electrode, (4) Sand Filter, and (5) Studge Drying Bed. This tool works with 900 watts of power with an output of 20-40 volts DC. The capacity of liquid waste is 50 liters. Duration of waste treatment for 2 hours. The electrocoagulation method is able to reduce the values of BOD5, COD, TSS, and TDS in batik dye waste. The pH of wastewater which is still high can be reduced by giving alum.

Enhancement of a Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System by Applying a Bio-tower - A Project for Improving our Environmental Footprint

To investigate if decentralized wastewater treatment systems impact on the environment performance can be improved, a Field Bio-tower Tank Septic system was designed, installed on an existing 1,500-gal (5678 l) decentralized wastewater treatment system. The system was started up during a 14-day start-up phase, followed by a 130-day test phase. The system was operated at an average hydraulic retention time of 16.7 days based on a 90 gal (204.4 l) daily influent wastewater flow.&#x0D; The systems recirculation flow for the bio-tower was 22.6 l/min (6 gal/min) for the start-up phase and 40.0 l/min (10.6 gal/min) for the test period with a corresponding recirculation of the entire septic tank from 5.7 to 10.1 times a day respectively.&#x0D; During the testing period a daily average temperature of 19.3°C (66.7°F) and an average rainfall of 5 l/m² was observed. The FBST system operated at an average influent pH level and temperature of 8.6 and 22.0°C. The average effluent pH and temperature was 8.5 of 20.9°C.&#x0D; The installed system reduced on average the influent TS from 79151 mg/l to 43021 mg/l and showed an average reduction of the TDS from 36424 mg/l to 21965 mf/l. The TSS and VSS was reduced on average from 94.1 mg/l to 69.9 mg/l and 89.0 mg/l to 64.9 mg/l.&#x0D; NH3-N content was reduced from 57.5 mg/l in the influent to 53.4 mg/l in the effluent. The average BOD and COD was reduced from the average influent value of 88.2 mg/l and 318.2 mg/l to 66.8 mg/l and 256.2 mg/l respectively. However, at the end of the 130-day test period BOD and COD values were the lowest at 15.5 mg/l and 56.0 mg/l respectively, indicating bacteria cultures are well established and the system operation of the FBTS system is mostly constant.&#x0D; This research showed that the FBST system can improve operations of a DWWTS system significantly reducing the effluent load over 10 times compared to the influent load of the system.