BOD Test Research Articles

Efektivitas Fotokatalis Arang Untuk Mendegradasi COD, BOD, dan TSS Pada Limbah Tahu

The presence of tofu waste compounds in water results in pollution that can contaminate biota. A more effective, efficient, easy and cheap organic waste processing technique for the tofu industry is using the photocatalyst method. Photocatalysis is a combination reaction between photochemistry and catalyst with shell charcoal as a catalyst. This research aims to determine the levels of COD, BOD, and TSS in tofu waste before and after photocatalysis, and to determine the effectiveness of charcoal photocatalysis to degrade tofu waste. In the SEM (Scanning Electrone Mycroscope) test results, it was identified that charcoal has a fairly large and loose pore surface. The test results for the water content were 2.4% and the ash content was 11.45% and the ash content did not meet the charcoal quality standards according to SNI 01-1682-1996, the water content was 6% and the ash content was 3%. The FTIR absorption test results that appear indicate the presence of the O-H group, the C-H Streching functional group, the C ≡ N Nitrile functional group (strong), the C=C aromatic ring functional group which is a form of hexagonal charcoal, the C-O functional group and the presence of the C-H aromatic ring functional group. Test results before and after photocatalysis on Tofu waste for COD levels of 122mg/l and >>> mg/l, BOD 3567 mg/l and 2071mg/l, TSS 138 mg/l and 18 mg/l. The effectiveness of charcoal photocatalysis to degrade tofu waste was effectively used for BOD test parameters with a reduction percentage of 41.9%, TSS of 86.9% and for COD test parameters it was not effective for the photocatalyst method.

Enhanced triacyclglycerols and starch synthesis in Chlamydomonas stimulated by the engineered biodegradable nanoparticles.

Microalgae are promising feedstock for renewable fuels. The accumulation of oils in microalgae can be enhanced by nanoparticle exposure. However, the nanoparticles employed in previous studies are mostly non-biodegradable, which hinders nanoparticles developing as promising approach for biofuel production. We recently reported the engineered resin nanoparticles (iBCA-NPs), which were found to be biodegradable in this study. When the cells of green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were exposed to the iBCA-NPs for 1h, the cellular triacyclglycerols (TAG) and starch contents increased by 520% and 60% than that in the control. The TAG production improved by 1.8-fold compared to the control without compromised starch production. Additionally, the content of total fatty acids increased by 1.3-fold than that in control. Furthermore, we found that the iBCA-NPs addition resulted in increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and upregulated the activities of antioxidant enzymes. The relative expressions of the key genes involved in TAG and starch biosynthesis were also upregulated. Overall, our results showed that short exposure of the iBCA-NPs dramatically enhances TAG and starch accumulation in Chlamydomonas, which probably resulted from prompt upregulated expression of the key genes in lipid and starch metabolic pathways that were triggered by over-accumulated ROS. This study reported a useful approach to enhance energy-rich reserve accumulation in microalgae. KEY POINTS: 1. The first attempt to increase oil and starch in microalgae by biodegradable NPs. 2. The biodegradability of iBCA-NPs by the BOD test was more than 50% after 28days. 3. The iBCA-NPs induce more energy reserves than that of previously reported NPs.

Analysis of orthophosphate phytoremediation from hotel detergent waste and its effect on increasing biomass in water hyacinth plants (Eichhornia Crassipes)

This research is motivated by the high levels of phosphate, which can be in the form of orthophosphate in the waters where most of it comes from hotel waste that contains detergents which are one of the factors of water pollution. The research aims to strive for an environmental mitigation engineering system to reduce or even eliminate pollution using a plant-based waste treatment technique known as phytoremediation. Phytoremediation uses water hyacinth, which utilizes water hyacinth plants as an adsorbent of waste containing phosphate in a medium. The phosphate levels in hotel detergent waste will be reduced before the waste is released into the waters of Lake Toba. The results of this study are that the pH and temperature are still following the parameters of the predetermined threshold; namely, the pH is around 6-9, and the temperature does not change. The average TSS test results decreased from the first, fourth, and seventh days to around 21. The average BOD test results did not meet the wastewater quality standard of more than 50 mg/liter. The average Orthophosphate test results increased so that the effect of water goiter to reduce pollution is not such a big impact, and the effect of the mass of water hyacinth before and after being put into the detergent waste decreased by an average of 3.75 grams.

PHYTOREMEDIATION POTENTIAL OF Salvinia molesta FOR ORGANIC MATTER COFFEE LIQUID WASTE

Coffee liquid waste contains organic matter which can be at risk of increasing water pollution levels. The results of the preliminary research carried out showed that the level of pollution due to coffee liquid waste exceeded the quality standard, with the results of the BOD test results being 23 ppm and COD 72 ppm, so we need a way to reduce pollution. Phytoremediation is a method of natural waste handling using certain plants in collaboration with microorganisms in the media (soil, coral, water) so that it can change contaminants to be reduced or harmless. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Salvinia molesta phytoremediation in reducing BOD and COD levels. The research design used a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments with three replications. The research data were tested using the Analysis of Variety Prints and the Duncan's Multiple Distance Test continued test. The results showed that the effectiveness of Salvinia molesta in reducing BOD levels was found in P3 obtained by an average of 8.37 ppm (73% decrease) and reducing COD levels by an average of 25.37 ppm (73%). Based on these results, it can be concluded that P3 is effective in reducing BOD and COD levels of coffee liquid waste.

An Insight View on Synthetic Protocol, Surface Activity, and Biological Aspects of Novel Biocompatible Quaternary Ammonium Cationic Gemini Surfactants

AbstractIn this study, we prepared a novel series of diester‐functionalized cationic gemini surfactants (Cm‐E2O2‐Cm) containing ethylene oxide as a spacer with varying alkyl chain lengths and characterized by 1H NMR, FT‐IR, elemental analysis, and ESI‐MS. The physicochemical properties of the geminis were explored by tensiometry, fluorescence, dye solubilization, and Krafft point. These geminis acquire superior surface activity than the conventional surfactants. Fluorescence spectroscopy analysis affirmed that the micropolarity and aggregation number of micelles diminished with increase in the alkyl chain length. These geminis represent a new group of amphiphiles of considerably high biodegradability, better cleavability, and low toxicity as assessed by BOD test, FT‐IR analysis, and HC50 analysis, respectively. They also showed significant level of antimicrobial activity toward some specified bacterial strains of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative by using agar well diffusion method. Furthermore, the thermogravimetric analysis provided information regarding thermal stabilities of the newly synthesized gemini surfactants.

Impact Assessment of Urbanization and Industrialization Using Water Quality Index on Sabaramati River, Ahmedabad

The quality of river water is enfeebling day by day due act of increasing urbanization and industrialization in Ahmedabad city. The surface and sub-surface water samples were collected from different locations along the length of Sabarmati river. In this study water samples from six different sites namely Sant-sarovar, Gandhi Bridge, Vasna Barrage, Vasna-Narol Bridge, Miroli Pumping station and Vautha Bridge along the Sabarmati river basin were collected and numerous physical test like pH, turbidity, temperature, electrical conductivity, TDS and chemical test like alkalinity, chloride content, sulphate content, hardness, BOD, COD, Dissolved Oxygen and biological test such as E-coli and total Coliform were performed to determine WQI (Water Quality Index) of the Sabarmati river. WQI is one of the most effective tools to communicate information on the quality of water to the concerned citizens and policy makers or water resource managers. Water Quality Index allows for a general analysis of water quality on many levels that affect a stream’s ability to host life and whether the overall quality of water bodies poses a potential threat to various uses of water. The results of each test is graphically represented for simplification. The sites located in highly urban area showed the worst water quality followed by the station located in moderately urban area and lastly station located in a moderately rural area. Water quality index combines all the different water quality parameter and communicates the facts to the individuals concerned. The main cause of deterioration in water quality at these monitoring stations was due to the high anthropogenic activities, illegal discharge of sewage and industrial effluent, lack of proper sanitation, unprotected river sites, and urban runoff.

Analysis of water quality and hotel liquid waste in Ubud Region, Gianyar

A research on the analysis of water quality and hotel liquid waste in Ubud sub-district, Gianyar-Bali has been conducted. The analysis of raw water quality was done to discover whether the raw water can be appropriately classified as clean water. The parameters used in analyzing the raw water are its bacteriological and hardness level. Analysis on the quality of liquid waste was done discover whether the hotel liquid waste can still be categorized align with the government standard in the disposal to the surrounding environment. Based on the result of hotel raw water analysis, five samples have aligned with the clean water standard, which is possible to categorized as clean water; while for the analysis of hotel liquid waste, the parameters used are turbidity, pH, BOD, COD and bacteriological test. The analysis shows that four hotels have exceeded the reasonable level of waste, where scheduled surveillance is required in keeping the environment away from waste disposal.

Biodegradation in seawater of aliphatic polyesters

In order to utilize biodegradable polymers as a functional material, it is important to make the best use of their biodegradability. Biodegradation of aliphatic polyesters, such as PCL, PBSA and P3HB, in seawater was investigated. BOD test using seawater and field test were carried out. As for BOD test, several factors were investigated such as tide, preservation of seawater, sampling place, population of microorganism, and seawater temperature. Biosynthesized P3HB and PHBHH showed rapid biodegradation by BOD method. As for synthetic polyesters, PCL also degraded fast. However, PBSA which is a popular biodegradable polymer in soil was not always biodegraded by BOD method with seawater. PBS and PBAT showed much slow biodegradation. Solvent cast films were immersed in the sea at a depth of 1.5 m. After 4 weeks, the weight loss of P3HB film was about 90%. On the contrary, the biodegradation by BOD method for 4 weeks was around 50%. Synthetic polyesters also showed obvious weight loss in field test, in contrast to the BOD results.

Novel Biodegradable Potato Starch-based Compositions as Candidates in Packaging Industry, Safe for Marine Environment

About 70 % of our planet’s surface is covered by seas and oceans to which even 10 million tons of waste go every year. It makes these places the largest global landfills, containing up to 90 % of plastic waste. In this article we present the results of research on novel starch-based compositions expected to be more safe for the marine environment. For these purpose biopolymers such as, thermoplastic starch (TPS), polylactide (PLA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were reactive extruded and formed into films by high-pressure compressing. Their physical, thermal and mechanical properties were examined. Compositions were tested in seawater collected from the Gulf of Gdansk Baltic Sea. The obtained samples were completely disintegrated after 3 weeks. BOD test in the presence of bacteria pseudomonas augerinosa confirmed biodegradation of prepared compositions. The impact assessment of received materials on the marine environment was also evaluated by degradation tests in the presence of Phaeodactylum tricornutum diatom. Cells growth of Phaeodactylum tricornutum diatoms was only slightly inhibited in the presence of TPS/PLA/PVA compositions.

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH CAIR SINGKONG DAN INDUSTRI TEMPE KEDELAI SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR

Cassava and soybean industry has a high level of waste production, and yet have the technology to reduce pollution. Industrial liquid waste is discharged directly into water bodies without any processing will occur blooming (deposition of organic material at disposal), the process of decay and growth of pathogenic microorganisms. These conditions cause the stench and disease organisms. So. The problem can be be solved by the cassava and soybean liquid waste be valuable end products a manner to manage it as an organic liquid fertilizer. This research aims to determine the influence of the environment (pH and temperature), BOD and nutrient content of C and N of the effect of industry concentration EM4 with tapioca waste and industrial waste tempe on the quality of liquid fertilizer. Liquid organic fertilizer conducted 4 weeks with different concentrations of each sample (K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, K6). Fertilizer conducted facultative anaerobes which provides a 10-liter bucket, the lid is provided with a hole size of 2 mm by 1 piece, and once a week conducted physical observations of fertilizer that is pH and temperature. week 4 BOD test, and test the nutrient content of Organic C and N Total. The results showed pH measurement 3rd week suffered the smallest pH of 4.1. Measurement of the temperature reached the peak temperature also on the 3rd week of 37oC. The BOD contained in the sample K4 at 4.6 mg / l and BOD lowest in K6 sample is 3.1 mg / l. Research shows Organic C content ranged from 4.32% to 4.92%, while the content of N-total ranged from 0.88% to 1.87%. From the research of the most good nutrient used as organic manure is sampled K6 (200 ml EM4 + 300 ml + 2500 ml Cassava Waste waste tempe).

Improvement of the Overall Biodegradability of Ciprofloxacin by Pre-treatment with Photocatalytic Oxidation of Wastewaters

In this study, photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) was investigated. CIP is a widely used quinolone antibiotic. Removal of CIP in the dark is negligible. The removal efficiency by photolysis of CIP was 25.3%. The removal efficiencies after 30 min irradiation were 85%, 93.5% and 97% at pH values 3, 6 and 9 in the presence of 0.5 g/L TiO2, respectively. Modified form of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood equation has been successful as a quantitive model to describe solid-liquid interactions. Kinetic constant k is reactivity constant, K is the adsorption equilibrium constant and kap (kK) is the apparent first order reaction constant, these were determined as 0.673 mg/L min, 0.662 L/mg and 0.445 (1/min), respectively. The results showed that after 30 min irradiation of CIP, solution was degraded 95%, whereas COD removed was 40.3%. The enhancement of biodegradability, evaluation in terms of the BOD5/COD ratio, increased from 0.043 to 0.403. This increase is not sufficient for treatment in conventional activated sludge unit. Additionally, the biodegradability of CIP photo-transformation products was assessed by BOD test. k (1/d), BOD reaction rate constants were determined as 0.0857 (1/d) and 0.1778 (1/d) for untreated and treated CIP solution, respectively.

Chemical aspects of peracetic acid based wastewater disinfection

Peracetic acid (PAA) has been studied for wastewater disinfection applications for some 30 years and has been shown to be an effective disinfectant against many indicator microbes, including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. One of the key advantages compared to, e.g., chlorine is the lack of harmful disinfection by-products. In this paper a pilot-scale study of PAA-based disinfection is presented. Indicator microbes (E. coli, total coliforms and coliphage viruses) as well as chemical parameters (pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), chemical and biochemical oxygen demand (COD and BOD), and residual PAA and hydrogen peroxide) were studied. The main aim of this investigation was to study how these selected chemical parameters change during PAA treatment. Based on the results, disinfection was efficient at C·t values of 15 to 30 (mg·min)/l which equals to a PAA dose of 1.5 to 2 mg/l and a contact time of 10 to 15 min. In this concentration area changes in pH, COD and BOD were negligible. However, hydrogen peroxide residues may interfere with COD measurements and apparent COD can be higher than the calculated theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD). Additionally PAA or hydrogen peroxide residues interfere with the BOD test resulting in BOD values that are too low. Residual PAA and ORP were found to correlate with remaining amounts of bacteria. Keywords : tertiary wastewater disinfection, peracetic acid, total coliform, E. coli , coliphages

Investigation for Improvement in Dilution Water Quality and Activity of Seed Solution in BOD Test

Investigation for Improvement in Dilution Water Quality and Activity of Seed Solution in BOD Test

Assessing the effect of oxygen and microbial inhibitors to optimize ferricyanide-mediated BOD assay

Methods for short-term BOD analysis (BODst) based on ferricyanide mediator reduction have succeeded in overcoming some problems associated with the standard BOD test analysis (BOD5) such as long-term incubations (5 days), the need to dilute samples and low reproducibility. Here we present a bioassay where a Klebsiella pneumoniae environmental strain successfully reduces ferricyanide without de-aeration of the samples with linear BOD5 ranges between 30 and 500mgL−1 or 30 and 200mgL−1, using glucose-glutamic acid solution (GGA) or OECD standards respectively. We further propose a new assay termination solution that allows higher reproducibility and standardization of the cell-based assay, employing formaldehyde (22.7gL−1) or other compounds in order to stop ferricyanide reduction without affecting the amperometric detection and therefore replace the centrifugation step normally used to stop microbial-driven reactions in ferricyanide-mediated bioassays. These improvements led to an accurate determination of real municipal wastewater samples.

Disinfecting and Stabilizing Biosolids Using E-Beam and Chemical Oxidants

Municipal sewage and sludges can harbor a variety of infectious microorganisms as well as estrogenic compounds and their metabolites. Biosolids and other residuals generated from municipal wastewater treatment facilities need to be used for beneficial purposes such as land application. To reduce the potential for adverse environmental and human impacts, it is critical that novel approaches be investigated so that municipal biosolids can be disinfected and stabilized to reduce the pathogen loads and levels of estrogenic compounds. The overall objective of this project was to demonstrate the disinfection and enhanced stabilization of municipal biosolids when high energy (10 MeV) Electron Beam (e-beam) technology is coupled with oxidants such as chlorine dioxide and ferrate.High energy E-Beam is effective as a disinfection technology. Significant reductions of all target organisms can be achieved in municipal biosolids depends on the dose that is employed. An e-beam treatment system utilizing 15 kGy e-beam dose has been designed and mathematically modeled and validated. Based on these engineering design considerations, e-beam treatment was shown to be cost-effective. There was synergistic disinfection of pathogens when e-beam is coupled with oxidants such as chlorine dioxide and ferrate. E-Beam at 8 kGy was unable to destroy estrogenic activity in the sludge samples. Ferrate (100 ppm) was capable of destroying estrogenic activity in the biosolid samples with or without the addition of e-beam irradiation. Chlorine dioxide (100 ppm) was not effective at destroying the estrogenic activity either by itself or in combination with e-beam. The combination of 100 ppm of ferrate with 8 kGy of e-beam promoted the stabilization of aerobic and anaerobic sludge samples as indicated by BOD, VSS and SOUR test results. The results demonstrate that 10 MeV e-beam is capable of cost-effectively inactivating a variety of bacterial and viral pathogens in aerobically and anaerobically digested biosolids. Overall, thes results suggest that when e-beam is combined with ferrate significant reductions of microbial pathogens, estrogenic compounds and biosolid stabilization can be achieved.This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series.ISBN: 9781843392996 (eBook)

Modelling the simultaneous processes occurring during the BOD5 test using synthetic waters as a pattern

Synthetic waters imitating BOD(5) test conditions have been studied to model the progress curves of cell growth, organic matter consumption and oxygen demand. Glucose and glutamic acid were used as organic matter and Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida as microorganisms. The concentrations of all the products were measured simultaneously over time and were fitted to the Logistic and Monod models. Following this, the goodness of fit was analysed. Discrimination between models allowed us to conclude that the Logistic model has acceptable accuracy to describe the kinetic behaviour inside a BOD(5) bottle, while the extra parameter in the Monod model would not be statistically justified. Thus, the logistic parameters were determined under different conditions by non-linear regression and their biological meaning was interpreted.

Multivariate statistical analysis of a high rate biofilm process treating kraft mill bleach plant effluent

This study reports on a multivariate analysis of the moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) wastewater treatment system at a Canadian pulp mill. The modelling approach involved a data overview by principal component analysis (PCA) followed by partial least squares (PLS) modelling with the objective of explaining and predicting changes in the BOD output of the reactor. Over two years of data with 87 process measurements were used to build the models. Variables were collected from the MBBR control scheme as well as upstream in the bleach plant and in digestion. To account for process dynamics, a variable lagging approach was used for variables with significant temporal correlations. It was found that wood type pulped at the mill was a significant variable governing reactor performance. Other important variables included flow parameters, faults in the temperature or pH control of the reactor, and some potential indirect indicators of biomass activity (residual nitrogen and pH out). The most predictive model was found to have an RMSEP value of 606 kgBOD/d, representing a 14.5% average error. This was a good fit, given the measurement error of the BOD test. Overall, the statistical approach was effective in describing and predicting MBBR treatment performance.

Biodegradability of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen: Adaptation of the BOD Test

Biodegradability of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen: Adaptation of the BOD Test

Evaluation of wastewater characterization methods

Wastewater contains various organic components with different physical and biochemical characteristics. ASM No. 1 distinguishes two categories of biodegradable organic matter in wastewater, rapidly and slowly biodegradable. In general there are two methods for wastewater characterization: based on filtration in combination with a long-term BOD test or based on a respirogram. By comparing both approaches, we showed that in wastewater three categories of organic compounds with different biodegradation rates can be distinguished. These categories are referred to as readily biodegradable, rapidly hydrolysable and slowly hydrolysable organic matter. The total biodegradable COD can be found from a long-term BOD-test combined with a curve-fit and the readily biodegradable and rapidly hydrolysable from a respirogram. The slowly hydrolysable is the difference between total biodegradable COD and the sum of readily biodegradable and rapidly hydrolysable COD. Simulation with characterization based on filtration for a pre-anoxic reactor with a certain N-removal compared with the N-removal of the same plant with wastewater according to the modified characterization shows different results of each wastewater, especially with regard to the effluent nitrate concentration.

Performance evaluation of mixed and pure microbial inocula as surrogate culture in a BOD 5 test

The use of activated sludge (AS) to assess the environmental impact of chemicals and wastewaters suffers from several drawbacks related to the heterogeneity, absence of standardization and health risk associated with such a mixed sewage population. To search for reliable testing inoculum alternatives, the potential of a standardized soil inoculum and a pure culture (Pseudomonas sp.), as reference material in a 5-day BOD test, was evaluated using the dilution and manometric methods and testing the standard glucose-glutamic acid solution. The results obtained for the BOD5 of the standard solution fall in the range referred for the AS in the standards of the cited methods, demonstrating the potential of these inocula as an alternative to AS in the BOD5 test. Moreover, testing on real wastewater samples showed highly significant correlations (P < 0.001) between the BOD5 values obtained with these two inocula and with the standard inoculum. Analysis of metabolic patterns also pointed to a similar catabolic profile between soil inoculum and AS and to the potential of a mixed Pseudomonas-soil inoculum as an AS surrogate culture.