Boat Landing Research Articles

Reduction Of Outrigger Wide To Maximize Fishing Boat Landing Area Capacity In Prigi Fishing Port

Reduction Of Outrigger Wide To Maximize Fishing Boat Landing Area Capacity In Prigi Fishing Port

Changes in Coastal Landforms from the Poonaryn Peninsula to the Malwathu Oya (Aruvi Aru) Estuary, Northwestern Coastal Zone (NWCZ) of Sri Lanka

Changing coastal landforms are constantly occurring due to wind, waves, sea currents, tidal fluctuations, and human interference. This paper makes a special effort to ensure the correct usage, management and utilization of these landforms, which will benefit society through economic growth. A variety of peculiar coastal landforms have formed between the Poonaryn Peninsula (9°36'10.23"N, 80°03'16.74"E) and Malwathu Oya (Aruvi Aru) estuary (8°46'30.22"N and 79°56'12.85"E), which are approximately 120 km long coastal stretch. The Poonaryn Peninsula extends from Pallikuda Beach to Kalladi Yutha Kovil (9°35'53"N, 80°3'10"E). The peninsula stretches northwest to southeast, covering dunes with a maximum elevation of 17 meters. The selected study location is favourable for the coastal environment, and the coastal environment can be defined as the area lying at the interface between land and Mannar Bay, Palk Bay and a part of the Jaffna Lagoon. This area includes non-barrier delta estuaries with seasonal rivers and bar-built perennial delta estuaries. The zone of shallow water within which waves can move sediment and the area landward of this zone, including beaches, low coastal dunes and vegetation cover, are affected to some degree by the direct or indirect effects of waves, tides, winds and currents. The coastal environment itself may extend inland for many meters or kilometers. These processes make it possible to identify several coastal habitats, such as mangroves, salt marshes, covered and covered dunes, beaches, barrier beaches and spits. Lagoons, riverine estuaries, brackish water bodies, water holes, and marshes. When considering biodiversity, local and migratory avifauna, beach mangroves, seagrass beds, tidal creek system are very important for tourist attraction. Additionally, fishery harbours, boat landing sites, traditional fisheries (beach seines, koodo fishing), etc., and tourism were established in the northwestern coastal stretch owing to enticing coastal processes and landforms in the area for correct usage, management and utilization for enormous benefits of the fishing society, the environment and the economy.

Metals and Metalloid Concentrations in Fish, Its Spatial Distribution in PPC, Philippines and the Attributable Risks.

Fish is an important source of protein in human meals around the world. However, the fish that we are eating may be contaminated with toxicants such as metals and metalloids (MMs), which may pose health risks to consumers. Information on MMs content in fishes and their potential spatial distribution scenarios would provide knowledge to the community to create strategies and protect human health. Hence, this study assessed and determined the health risk levels of MMs in both brackish and marine water fish (BMF) in Puerto Princesa City (PPC), Palawan Province, Philippines. PPC has an existing abandoned open mine pit near the PPC coastline called the "pit lake". The concentrations of As, Ba, Cu, Fe, Mn, Hg, and Zn in fishes were analyzed using portable Olympus Vanta X-ray Fluorescence (pXRF), and the spatial distribution of MMs concentrations in BMF was analyzed using a GIS (geographic information system). Fishes were sampled from fishing boat landing sites and nearby seafood markets. The results revealed that the concentration of MMs in marine fish was generally higher than the brackish water fish. It was recorded that the Hg concentration in marine water fish meat was higher than in brackish water fish meat. The Mn concentration in marine water fish exceeded the permissible limits set by international bodies. An elevated concentration of Mn in BMF was detected across the northern part of PPC, and an elevated concentration of Hg in marine fishes was recorded in the southeast area, where the fish landing sites are located. Ba was also detected in BMF across the southern part of PPC. Moreover, an elevated concentration of Cu was detected in MBF in the northeast and in marine fish in the southeastern area of PPC. Further, this paper elaborates the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of these fishes to the PPC population and tourists with respect to the MMs content in fish meat.

Differential equity in access to public and private coastal infrastructure in the Southeastern United States.

Despite the ubiquity of coastal infrastructure, it is unclear what factors drive its placement, particularly for water access infrastructure (WAI) that facilitates entry to coastal ecosystems such as docks, piers, and boat landings. The placement of WAI has both ecological and social dimensions, and certain segments of coastal populations may have differential access to water. In this study, we used an environmental justice framework to assess how public and private WAI in South Carolina, USA are distributed with respect to race and income. Using publicly available data from State agencies and the US Census Bureau, we mapped the distribution of these structures across the 301 km of the South Carolina coast. Using spatially explicit analyses with high resolution, we found that census block groups (CBGs) with lower income are more likely to contain public WAI, but racial composition has no effect. Private docks showed the opposite trends, as the abundance of docks is significantly, positively correlated with CBGs that have greater percentages of White residents, while income has no effect. We contend that the racially unequal distribution of docks is likely a consequence of the legacy of Black land loss, especially of waterfront property, throughout the coastal southeast during the past half-century. Knowledge of racially uneven distribution of WAI can guide public policy to rectify this imbalance and support advocacy organizations working to promote public water access. Our work also points to the importance of considering race in ecological research, as the spatial distribution of coastal infrastructure directly affects ecosystems through the structures themselves and regulates which groups access water and what activities they can engage in at those sites.

Comparative Study of Fat and Oil Contaminants in the localities of the Grijalva river basin in the years 2019 and 2020 in Surface Waters of Frontera, Centla, Tabasco

At a global level, rivers serve as receptors for large amounts of waste generated by human activities such as agriculture, industrial activity and domestic activities, on the other hand, they are an important source of water supply for both agricultural, industrial and domestic. Therefore, in recent years, receptors have been affected by pollutants, in the case of Contamination by fats and oils is a problem caused by activities such as: the existence of outboard motor repair shops, boat landings, discharges of water from houses-rooms, gas stations, public markets, yards, among others. The effects of these pollutants affect the public health of the population living outside the Grijalva basin, with the respiratory and skin conditions when in direct contact with these chemicals, even causing various types of cancer. For all of the above, the development of this research project was motivated, which will allow knowing the levels of contamination of fats and oils in the years 2019 and 2020 in the study area, being Arroyo Polo 1st and 3rd sections of Frontera, Centla, Tabasco, based on the comparison of the maximum permissible limits (LMP) of the NOM-001-SEMARNAT-1996. To evaluate the behavior and projection of the data, the Minitab version 18 software was used, where the analyzed data of the years 2019 and 2020 were taken to be able to indicate if there is a significant increase in later years. A trend towards an increase in contaminating fats and oils was observed. In the first sampling, the average concentrations of fats and oil were 5.23 mg/L. In the second sampling, the concentration of fats and oils was the lowest of 5.02 mg/L and the highest concentration was 6.23 mg/L. of the third and fifth sampling point, it is observed in both cases that there is a tendency towards an increase in contaminants. At the fourth sampling point, It is observed that there is a tendency towards the decrease of this contaminant. In both samples, the concentrations of fats and oils are below what is established by NOM-001-SEMARNAT-1996, since said norm establishes the maximum permissible limit of 25 mg/L per month.

McCarthy Lake Farm, Weaver Bottoms, and Pioneer Boat Landing by Mike Schad

Recognizing the contribution art has had in the Mayo Clinic environment since the original Mayo Clinic Building was finished in 1914, Mayo Clinic Proceedings features some of the numerous works of art displayed throughout the buildings and grounds on Mayo Clinic campuses as interpreted by the author.

Larval cestodes infecting commercial fish of Alexandria coast along the Mediterranean Sea: morphology and phylogeny.

Members of the order Trypanorhyncha are cestode parasites that are frequently found infecting the muscles of several marine fish species, affecting fish health and resulting in consumers' rejection. Seventy-five specimens of marine fish were freshly caught from boat landing sites at the Alexandria coast along the Mediterranean Sea in Egypt, including two Carangids, the greater amberjack Seriola dumerili and the gulley jack Pseudocarans dentex; two Serranids, the Haifa grouper Epinephelus haifensis and the mottled grouper Mycteroperca rubra. Forty-five fish were infected; the infection was recorded as blastocysts embedded in fish flesh. Blastocysts were isolated and ruptured; the generated plerocerci were described morphologically, where, four different species were recovered; Callitetrarhynchus gracilis, Callitetrarhynchus speciosus, Protogrillotia zerbiae, and Grillotia brayi. The taxonomic position of these parasites was justified by multiple-sequence alignment and a phylogenetic tree was constructed following maximum likelihood analysis of the 18s rRNA sequences of the recovered worms. The accession numbers MN625168, MN625169, MN611431and MN611432 were respectively assigned to the recovered parasites. The results obtained from the molecular analyses confirmed the morphological records of the recovered parasites. Since metacestodes are found in the musculature of infected fish specimens, it is necessary to remove these areas in the commercialization of fish.

Peopling Prehistoric Coastlines: Identifying Mid-Holocene Forager Settlement Strategies in Northern Norway

In circumpolar regions, coastlines offer rich constellations of diverse resources and have long been a focus of human habitation. Despite the rich archaeological records that are located along many northern coastlines, there is a relatively limited understanding of the range of factors that informed local settlement strategies. Northern Norway has one of the world’s longest and best-preserved archaeological records of coastal habitation due to post-glacial uplift. Occupation begins in the early Holocene and appears to peak in the mid-Holocene. Our aim in this paper is to investigate the constraints and opportunities that informed the mid-Holocene settlement patterns, between c. 5000 and 0 BC. We present new data that were generated by intensive field surveys and undertake a qualitative multi-scalar analysis of site-locational choices, evaluating the influences of geography, topography and seasonal resource availability. Having identified stretches of the rugged coast as uninhabitable, we proceeded with analyses of the rest of the coastline. Our results indicate that all major settlements were sited to provide safe boat landing, good vantage points and shelter from storms. From these habitation sites, boat technology would have provided flexible access to diverse resources that were available throughout the year, and within a limited travel radius. We also demonstrate that these settlement strategies contrast with the way that the same coastlines were inhabited by pioneering groups in the early Holocene but appear to have some similarities with mid-Holocene coastal settlement patterns in Newfoundland and the Aleutian Islands. Overall, our results suggest that the multiple resources available along northern coastlines often enabled populations to occupy relatively localized areas for long periods. Longer-range mobility and interaction may instead have been primarily driven by socio-political factors rather than subsistence needs.

When subsistence fishing meets conservation issues: Survey of a small fishery in a neotropical river with high biodiversity value

The inland fisheries sector is central for subsistence in many regions worldwide. The exploitation of fish resources is expected to increase along with the growing human population, with underlying conservation issues in regions with high biodiversity value. The small fishery of the Maroni River, French Guiana, is a hotspot of biodiversity and endemism where resource depletion is suspected. We surveyed 754 boat landings in seven villages located in the upper half of the watershed, representing > 6300 fish during the study period (November 2013 - September 2014). Fishers used canoes with outboard engines almost exclusively (75 %) and fished within 32 km of their villages. Most fish were caught in trammel nets (81 %); the 20 most-landed species represented more than 87 % of catches. Depending on the village, daily catches and biomass averaged 6–14 fish and 1.7−13 kg per boat landing, respectively. Seven control sites located outside of the fishing grounds were fished to identify potential differences in catch per unit effort and fish size. Per 100 m2 of trammel net, mean catches ranged from 4 to 13 and 8–29 fish in the villages and control sites, respectively, while fish biomass ranged from 0.9 to 4 and 3.2−7 kg in villages and control sites, respectively. For all species combined, fish caught at control sites were bigger than those landed in villages. This difference was significant for nine of the most-landed species. Differences in fishing techniques and fish catches between villages illustrated the gradual disappearance of the ancestral subsistence fishing. Our results support indications that the fish community in the upper Maroni River is harvested intensively, address the issue of sustainability of the fishery there, and call attention to the need to conserve the river’s remarkable biodiversity.

Urbanization, Migration, and Adaptation to Climate Change

Climate change is reshaping the comparative advantage of regions and hence driving migration flows, principally toward urban areas. Migration has multiple benefits and costs in both origin and destination regions. Coordinated policies that recognize how and why people move can reduce future costs and facilitate adaptation to climate change both within borders and internationally.

Zoobooks

Zoobooks Justin Balog (bio) Zoobooks Now your child can visit steamy jungles, grassy plains,and the dark depths of the oceans. To meet and learnsurprising facts about the magnificent animals thatlive there! —Zoobooks Commercial Today, I've been lying 40 minutes in the grass with a book, at the quad,in between paths both running together and nowhere, purposefully expeditious, of the University I just graduated from and a man approaches me sayinghis students really are something, they make candles, Super Business Girl, have you heard of her? I buy a candle named Karma scented with frankincense and vanilla.The man tells me his name is Del Rio. [End Page 23] On selling, motivational speaker Victor Antonio makes the observationthat the fear of loss is less powerful than the desire for gain. Isn't it awful? The world we live in? every generation seems to claim.Shocking, I'm sure at the time, to see a young Margaret Hamilton disappearing in color from water and pure intention. To be honest, my first shock came from exploring the facts and pictures of Zoobooks. As advertised, every month,the scientific, natural world delivered its colorful pages. The science I never understood, but the pictures and facts were something I loved. Who knew a Polar Bear,on hind legs, could look an elephant in the eye! For the last month, I've been trying to love a girl who has, just yesterday, given up on me. Apparently, loneliness is as bad for your health as smoking cigarettes! I find this hard to believebut I'm also a hypochondriac. The French Angelfish stays with its partner for life although I'm sure it has no concept of love. She says I think I've run out of capacity.Heat capacity is the amount of energy required to heat a substance by 1 degree. Electricalcapacity, the ratio of change in electric charge to potential. [End Page 24] Partially because of my love for Zoobooks, partially because of my love of insects and my lost passions of medical school,I studied biology at the other university I graduated from where I knew there was nothing more beautifulthan $2 empanadas and Lake Mendota.I would study on that quad, where people walked their dogs down to the lake,barking after ducks near the boat landings. This is where I took one of my favorite pictures,two strangers sitting down by the dock, the sunset and the spaces between their silhouette.I captioned the picture let us never forget what love looks like shocking, though, at the time, I hadn't loved anyone in 4 years. I could say this was a reminder to myself, a reviewed and substantiated fact, where the instinct of want equals a scatter-plot of ducks,where momentary visitation equals my feet in water, the lake's gentle, cyclical resistance, but that would be disingenuous.I was lonely and thought it was a pretty picture. Who knew ducks could sleep with one eye open? [End Page 25] Today, I've learned capacity-capacityis the amount of time someone gives you until their energy runs out.In 12 hours, the average person generates as much energy as it takes to turn on a lightbulb. For my health, I'm going to start smoking a pack a day. By primal instinctwe sell. [End Page 26] Justin Balog Justin Balog is a writer and arts administrator from Beach Park, Ill. He holds a BS in biology from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. A recent graduate of the University of Michigan's Helen Zell Writers' Program with his MFA in poetry, he has received fellowships from the Vermont Studio Center and the University of Michigan. He currently serves as an assistant editor at Michigan Quarterly Review. This is his first publication. Copyright © 2020 Emerson College

Under water glued stud bonding fasteners for offshore structures

The installation of offshore wind turbines has achieved rapid and substantial progress worldwide and further increase is predicted by enhanced technologies that will reduce costs and increase service time. Secondary structures applied to the primary structure, as the transition piece of a monopole, can be e.g. cable support, boat landing or anode systems. These structures are often welded, which leads to problematic notch effects and hydrogen embrittlement, especially for underwater applications. Also the handling of technical equipment as power current or artificial housings for scuba divers for underwater welding is challenging. Adhesive bonding will lead to cost reduction as the mentioned negative aspects can be avoided. The corrosion protection coating and the primary structure will no longer be damaged and therefore do not need a subsequent coating. This article focuses on the area which is permanently exposed to water. A critical point is how the capability to form adhesion and cohesion, will be influenced by the application process under water. Therefore, stud bonding fasteners are designed that enable the injection of adhesive to the bonding area under water. The load capacities for different adhesives, surface pre-treatments and the degradation by exposure to artificial sea water were investigated. Adhesion was achieved with two different adhesives, which were able to cure and realize reasonable strength under water. Furthermore, two selected coating systems were able to improve the performance of the adhesive bond.

OPTIMISATION OF A CORROSION-PROTECTIVE COATING FOR A NEW BOAT LANDING SYSTEM USED IN OFFSHORE WIND TURBINES

Most of the maintenance operations in offshore platforms are performed by using service vessels approaching to boat landing systems, which are secondary structures attached to the main structure of the wind turbine. These systems guarantee certain structural integrity conditions thay may be jeopardised by the aggressive marine environment, which may cause corrosion processes if the structural material is not conveniently protected. The main strategy to avoid corrosion in this type of structures is to provide protective coatings, which in this particular case must have an adequate behaviour not only against the proper marine environment, but also against the abrasion and the impact loads generated by the violent contacts between the service vessel and the boat landing system. This work develops a comprehensive analysis to define a protective coating that provides simultaneously an adequate corrosion protection and a sufficient resistance against abrasion and impact loads. Based on industrial practice and a literature review, a number of tentative proposals were established, combining different metallization strategies, epoxy intermediate layers and external paints. The proposals were successively subjected to corrosion, abrasion and impact tests, discarding, after each set of tests, those providing unsatisfactory results. The final solution consists of 3 consecutive layers: thermal sprayed aluminium, a two-component polyamine cured pure epoxy, and a two-component chemically curing aliphatic acrylic polyurethane topcoat.

A Comparative Assessment of Crew Transfer Vessel Motions Between Inclined and Vertical Boat Landing Arrangements

Crew Transfer Vessels (CTVs) are an essential part of operations and maintenance activities for offshore wind farms. CTVs, which are generally multihull vessels transport crew from shore to offshore wind farm sites to carry out the scheduled maintenance and repair activities. CTVs thrust onto turbine structures from the rendered bow and push against the structure creating frictional thrust to prevent the bow from relative motions. This study presents and discusses the results from a set of model experiments and numerical calculations to allow a comparative assessment of a CTV’s landing-manoeuvre performance between inclined and vertical boat landing arrangements. The hydrodynamic performance of a CTV in open water and the “thrust-in” condition using inclined and vertical landing arrangements are presented for different vessel thrust force and different fender properties.

Assessing the Risk of a Canine Rabies Incursion in Northern Australia.

Rabies is a globally distributed virus that causes approximately 60,00 human deaths annually with >99% of cases caused by dog bites. Australia is currently canine rabies free. However, the recent eastward spread of rabies in the Indonesian archipelago has increased the probability of rabies entry into northern Australian communities. In addition, many northern Australian communities have large populations of free-roaming dogs, capable of maintaining rabies should an incursion occur. A risk assessment of rabies entry and transmission into these communities is needed to target control and surveillance measures. Illegal transportation of rabies-infected dogs via boat landings is a high-risk entry pathway and was the focus of the current study. A quantitative, stochastic, risk assessment model was developed to evaluate the risk of rabies entry into north-west Cape York Peninsula, Australia, and rabies introduction to resident dogs in one of the communities via transport of rabies-infected dogs on illegal Indonesian fishing boats. Parameter distributions were derived from expert opinion, literature, and analysis of field studies. The estimated median probability of rabies entry into north-west Cape York Peninsula and into Seisia from individual fishing boats was 1.9 × 10−4/boat and 8.7 × 10−6/boat, respectively. The estimated annual probability that at least one rabies-infected dog enters north-west Cape York Peninsula and into Seisia was 5.5 × 10−3 and 3.5 × 10−4, respectively. The estimated median probability of rabies introduction into Seisia was 4.7 × 10−8/boat, and the estimated annual probability that at least one rabies-infected dog causes rabies transmission in a resident Seisia dog was 8.3 × 10−5. Sensitivity analysis using the Sobol method highlighted some parameters as influential, including but not limited to the prevalence of rabies in Indonesia, the probability of a dog on board an Indonesian fishing boat, and the probability of a Seisia dog being on the beach. Overall, the probabilities of rabies entry into north-west Cape York Peninsula and rabies introduction into Seisia are low. However, the potential devastating consequences of a rabies incursion in this region make this a non-negligible risk.

Computation of mechanically coupled bodies in a seaway

ABSTRACTThe paper is concerned with the simulation of mechanically coupled bodies in seaway. While the applications of such cases are very wide, they are of particular interest for offshore operations, e.g. towing and boat landing. The focus of the present study is to supplement a viscous flow solver by appropriate mechanical models to analyse the hydrodynamics of coupled bodies due to mechanical joints. A quaternion-based motion modeller has been implemented using several basic joint elements to model their influence in a multi-body system. Examples included refer to rigid links, ropes, fenders or guide frames to restrict the motion in experiments, and aim to illustrate the predictive accuracy of the procedure and generic applications utilising all features of the computational framework including an overset grid technique.

Numerical investigation of the landing manoeuvre of a crew transfer vessel to an offshore wind turbine

ABSTRACTCrew transfer vessels are a fast and cost-effective means of transportation to bring service personnel and technical equipment to an offshore wind turbine. The landing manoeuvre of such service vessels is a complex coupled process involving the ship's motion in the seaway and the frictional contact between the fender and the boat landing. With the help of numerical simulations, we aim to identify the limit conditions under which a safe crew transfer can still be ensured, and to investigate innovative transfer concepts which serve to avoid severe accidents. In our research, we draw on a partitioned solution strategy which has already been successfully applied to other sophisticated multi-field phenomena and which allows to reuse specialised existing solvers for the solution of the involved subproblems.

Three-dimensional acoustic modeling of a complex harbor environment

Typically, we model sound propagation in the ocean viewing it as an “open” environment where the sound propagates outwards from the source. Of course, targets are reflectors, and other features such as islands and seamounts have been of interest as false targets. However, the standard acoustic models based on rays, normal modes, spectral integrals, and parabolic equations generally consider outgoing energy confined to a single bearing line. In contrast, constrained or partially closed environments such as harbors introduce special issues. Obviously, the sound can be reflected back by seawalls and ship hulls, to mention just a couple of features of harbors environments. Considering coastal environments more broadly, sound reflections also may be caused by wharves, docks, piers, boat landings, quays, floats, groins, and jetties as well as natural features such as submarine canyons. In short, we have sound refracted in the latitude/longitude plane and reflected by a variety of features. In terms of computational ocean acoustics there are few options for modeling such problems. We discuss a comprehensive 3D beam tracing approach implemented in a model called BELLHOP3D that can handle 3D effects including complete reversal of the sound. It is also capable of handling narrowband waveforms (tonals) as well as full broadband timeseries. We will demonstrate and test the model using an example location that is expected to become the site of a future sea test.

A new record of Myxobolus brachysporus and M. israelensis in the tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) collected from the Nile River, Egypt

The present study was carried out as part of an ongoing general survey for myxosporean parasites infecting tilapias in the River Nile, Egypt. In the present study, 77 Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were collected from boat landing sites at Beni-Suef governorate, Egypt and examined for the myxosporean infection. The infection was encountered as a huge number of free spores in the kidney and the spleen. The infection showed a prevalence of 51.9% (40/77) for Myxobolus brachysporus while it was 25.9% (20/77) for Myxobolus israelensis. Mature spores of M. brachysporus were ellipsoidal and measured 8.6×13.2μm. The polar capsules were subcircular with 5–6 filament turns and measured 4.7×3.6μm. Spores of M. israelensis were ellipsoidal in the frontal view and fusiform in the lateral view. Spore measurements were 13.4μm long and 8.7μm wide. The polar capsules were elongated with 6–7 filament coils and measured 8.6×3.1μm. The findings presented here proved that tilapia fishes in the Nile River are still suffering from infections with Myxobolus species. Therefore, further studies should be carried out to survey the Myxobolus infection among tilapias under culture conditions to clarify the pathological impacts of this parasite in tilapias aquaculture.

After the Storm: Ojibwe Treaty Rights Twenty-Five Years after the Voigt Decision

After the Storm:Ojibwe Treaty Rights Twenty-Five Years after the Voigt Decision Patty Loew (bio) and James Thannum (bio) In April 2009, when Ojibwe tribal members Neil and Chris Peterson traveled to Trout Lake to spear walleye pike in a centuries-old tribal tradition, the boat landing was quiet.1 There were no rock-throwing crowds, no gauntlets of angry demonstrators to walk, and no television reporters to dodge. No one attempted to swamp their boat. Absent were signs that read "Save a Fish, Spear an Indian." Twenty-five years ago, when Ojibwe spearfishers, like the Peterson brothers, attempted to harvest their walleyes, northern Wisconsin boat landings were battlegrounds of chaos and violence. The struggle involved the exercise of hunting, fishing, and gathering rights reserved in three mid-nineteenth-century land cession treaties the Ojibwe negotiated with the federal government. In 1974 the Ojibwe initiated a successful lawsuit against the state of Wisconsin, arguing that the state had systematically suppressed those rights throughout the twentieth century. However, when the modern Ojibwe walleye harvest began in 1985, angry mobs attempted to prevent tribal spearers from exercising their treaty rights in what one tribal member described as a "war-like, siege-like occupation."2 It became clear to the Ojibwe that opposition to their court-affirmed treaty rights was not limited to the recent actions of treaty opponents in northern Wisconsin. It was part of an ongoing nationwide struggle typified by the "fish-ins" of the 1960s, when Indian nations in the Northwest reaffirmed their treaty fishing rights along the Columbia River. As in the Northwest, antitreaty groups in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota failed to understand that when tribes ceded land and retained off-reservation harvesting rights on those lands and waters, they had established [End Page 161] contractual obligations with the United States. This failure to acknowledge that the age of a contract does not impact its validity laid the foundation for ongoing conflict throughout the Great Lakes region in the coming decades. In 1999 the struggle culminated in the US Supreme Court's affirmation of Ojibwe treaty rights in its historic Minnesota v. Mille Lacs decision, a judgment legal observers described as a clear victory for proponents of Indian sovereignty. This article examines the socioeconomic, political, and cultural factors that contributed to the spearfishing crisis twenty-five years ago and the state of relations between Native and non-Native residents in the ceded territory today. It focuses on Wisconsin, where the most virulent protests occurred. Because most residents learned about the controversy through newspaper and television news accounts, the article pays special attention to media coverage of the boat landing struggles. It argues that the relative calm that exists today is attributable to increased public awareness about treaty rights and sovereignty, largely due to education efforts and better reporting by the media. It also argues that the contributions of the Ojibwe bands themselves over the past twenty-five years to maintain and improve the natural resources within the ceded territory has also had a positive effect. Today, few would describe Wisconsin as the "Mississippi of the North," as the national media did twenty-five years ago.3 The boat landings are silent. The walleye resource has remained stable. Tourism has not collapsed, as treaty opponents had predicted, and nearly all counties within the ceded territory have seen growth rates in per capita income that far exceed that of the state as a whole.4 Concepts like "treaty rights" and "Indian sovereignty" no longer elicit feelings of panic. Although some tribal members suggest that the bigotry that fueled the violent protests twenty-five years ago still lurks under the surface, most agree that overt racism is gone. The Treaties The contemporary struggles had their roots in four treaties signed in 1836, 1837, 1842, and 1854 in which the Ojibwe ceded millions of acres in the Great Lakes region. Historian David Wrone estimated that the treaties brought to the United States about 170 billion board feet of timber, 150 billion tons of iron ore, and 15,000 lakes as well as rivers, ports, and [End Page 162] power sites.5 In exchange, the Ojibwe insisted upon the right to hunt, fish...