BN Group Research Articles

Hemodynamic and Analgesic Effects of Intrathecal Clonidine and Neostigmine on Bupivacaine Spinal Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Cesarean Section

Background: Clonidine is well known to stimulate both peripheral and central alpha-2 adrenergic receptors. After intrathecal administration, a marked analgesic effect and side effects of hypotension, bradycardia, sedation and dryness of mouth would be observed. Unlike direct acting agonists, neostigmine inhibits the breakdown of an endogenous neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, which was shown to cause analgesia. Neostigmine revealed dose-dependent analgesia and also dose-dependent side effects, chiefly nausea, vomiting and motor weakness. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of intrathecal neostigmine and clonidine in patients with cesarean delivery under bupivacaine spinal anesthesia. Methods: Eighty healthy parturients were divided randomly into 4 groups; Group B (n = 20) received 1.6 ml (8 mg) of 0.5% bupivacaine plus 0.55 ml of normal saline. Group BN (n = 20) received 1.6 ml (8 mg) of 0.5% bupivacaine plus 0.05 ml (25) of neostigmine plus 0.5 ml of normal saline. Group BC (n = 20) received 1.6 ml (8 mg) of 0.5% bupivacaine plus 0.5 ml clonidine (75) plus 0.05 ml of normal saline. Group BNC (n = 20) received 1.6 ml (8 mg) of 0.5% bupivacaine plus 0.05 ml of neostigmine (25) plus 0.5 ml of clonidine (75). The maximum sensory block level, duration of motor block and analgesia, side effects (hypotension, nausea and vomiting, sedation), and visual analog pain score during rest and movement were recorded. Results: Maximum spread segment, time for maximal segment spread, and the incidence of side effects were similar among the all groups. The duration of analgesia was significantly prolonged in the BNC group compared with other groups (BNC; 165 40 min, B; 81 24 min, BN; 91 26 min, BC; 129 28 min, P ＜ 0.05). The duration of motor block was significantly prolonged in the BC and BNC groups than the B group (P ＜ 0.05). Visual analogue pain scores at 2 hours after operation were significantly lower in the BNC group than the B and BN groups at rest, and than the B, BN and BC groups during movement. Conclusions: Intrathecal neostigmine (25) and clonidine (75) prolonged the duration of analgesia and motor block in spinal anesthesia with 0.5% bupivacaine.

Effect of a platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist on hyperacute xenograft rejection; evaluation in a pig kidney-human blood xenoperfusion model.

In pig to human discordant xenotransplantation, PAF may contribute to the pathogenesis of hyperacute xenograft rejection (HXR). We examined the release of PAF and the effect of a PAF receptor antagonist (BN 52021) on HXR in a pig kidney-human blood xenoperfusion model. Pig kidneys were perfused with porcine blood (AUTO group, n = 5), human blood (HETER group, n = 6) or human blood plus BN 52021 (BN group, n = 4), respectively. In contrast to HETER kidneys that never produced urine and were rejected in 15-30 min, the administration of BN 52021 induced a partial recovery of glomerular filtration rate and allowed kidneys to function until the end of the study. The release of PAF and soluble P-selectin, as well as endothelial P-selectin expression and tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO), were much higher in the HETER than in the AUTO group. HETER and BN kidneys displayed similar natural xenoantibody titres, CH50, PAF, soluble P-selectin as well as renal immunoglobulin (IgM, IgG, IgA) and complement (C3, C1q) deposition. However, HETER kidneys displayed a full histologic picture of HXR (mainly interstitial haemorrhage and vascular microthrombi) and BN kidneys had only endothelial cell swelling. Also, BN 52021 administration attenuated glomerular and vascular P-selectin expression and renal tissue MPO activity. We conclude that in the pig kidney-human blood xenoperfusion model, PAF is produced in higher amounts than in the pig kidney-pig blood autologous combination. The administration of BN 52021 exerts a protective effect by means of attenuating the acute inflammatory response and blocking vascular microthrombi formation.

Tetrabutylammonium tribromide (TBATB)-MeOH: An efficient chemoselective reagent for the cleavage of tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) ethers

TBDMS, THP, and DMT ethers are efficiently deprotected with tetrabutylammonium tribromide in methanol. The apparent order of stability of different protecting group is phenolic TBDMS > 1 degrees OTBDPS > 2 degrees OTBDMS > 2 degrees OTHP > 1 degrees OTHP > 1 degrees OTBDMS > 1 degrees ODMT. TBDMS ether has been cleaved selectively in the presence of isopropylidine, Bn, Ac, Bz, THP, and TBDPS groups. This method is high yielding, fast, clean, safe, cost-effective, and therefore most suitable for practical organic synthesis.

The normalizer splitting conjecture for p-compact groups

Let X be a p-compact group, with maximal torus BT-->BX, maximal torus normalizer BN and Weyl group W_X. We prove that for an odd prime p, the fibration BT --> BN --> BW_X has a section, which is unique up to vertical homotopy.

The effects of work and two planes of nutrition on trypanotolerant draught cattle infected with Trypanosoma congolense

AbstractThirty-two N'Dama bulls aged 3 to 4 years were used to study the interactions between work, trypanosomosis and nutrition. The bulls were randomly allocated to two treatments, working (W) and non-working (N). Half in each treatment were placed on an andropogon hay basal diet (B), the other half on a better quality groundnut hay diet (H). Five days a week, four pairs of animals in the BW group and and four pairs in the HW group pulled weighted sledges four times around a 2056-m track. Loads were set to ensure energy expenditure was equivalent to 1·4 times maintenance. After 4 weeks all 32 bulls were injected intradermally with 104 Trypanosoma congolense organisms. The trial continued for a further 8 weeks.Trypanosome infection caused a significant (P < 0·001) decline in packed cell volume (PCV), and the anaemia was more severe (P < 0·05) in working animals; three pairs in the HW group and two pairs in the BW group were withdrawn because PCV fell below 17%. Diet had no effect on PCV or parasitaemia. Infection caused a decline in food intake (P < 0·001) but with significant interactions between diet and work. Intake patterns were similar in the BN and BW groups whilst the HW animals consumed significantly more groundnut hay compared with the HN group (P < 0·01). However, nutrition had no significant effect on lap times or the team's ability to work under trypanosomosis challenge. Post-infection, diet was the dominant factor determining weight change, HN and HW animals weighed significantly more than BN and BW animals (P < 0·01) and the interaction between period, diet and work demonstrated that BWhad the lowest weights in the latter stages of the trial (P < 0·05).The results suggest that supplementation with better quality forages confers no benefit to an animal infected with trypanosomes. Nor can trypanotolerant cattle sustain long periods of work if subiected to a primary challenge of trypanosomes.

Course and two-year outcome in anorexic and bulimic adolescents

Objective:The aim of the study was the descriptive analysis of the two-year course of bulimia nervosa (BN; N=32) and anorexia nervosa (AN; N=23) in adolescents who received intensive inpatient behavioral treatment. Methods:Assessments were made on the basis of expert ratings (Structured Interview for Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa [SIAB-P], Psychiatric Status Rating Scale for Bulimia/Anorexia Nervosa [PSRSB], Morgan-Russell Outcome Assessment Scale and Munich Diagnostic Check List [MDCL]) and self-ratings (SIAB-S [self-rating], Anorexia Nervosa Inventory for self-rating [ANIS], Eating Disorder Inventory [EDI], SCL-90, and the Parental Bonding Instrument [FBI]). Results:Females with BN maintained their low normal weight. Females with AN maintained some of their weight increase induced during inpatient therapy. The BN group had a higher lifetime comorbidity with affective disorders while AN had a higher comorbidity with substance use disorders. The status at two-year follow-up based on the PSRSB expert rating was as follows: 50% of the BN patients also fulfilled the Diagnostic Statistical Manual, third edition, revised (DSM-III-R) criteria for BN at follow-up while only 3.1% of them fulfilled criteria for AN and 46.9% were below threshold of a diagnosis for AN or BN according to DSM-III-R; of those former BN patients below diagnostic threshold for an eating disorder at follow-up, 26.7% showed “marked symptoms,” 26.7% were classified as “partial remission,” 13.3% had “residual symptoms,” and 33.3% had normalized to their “usual self.” From the patients with AN on admission 30.4% were classified as AN according to DSM-III-R at the two-year follow-up and 21.7% as BN. The remaining 47.8% were below diagnostic threshold of DSM-III-R AN or BN (of those 45.5% with “marked symptoms,” 27.3% with “partial remission,” 9.1% with “residual symptoms,” and 18.2% had normalized to “usual self). Conclusions: At the two-year follow-up almost half of the patients with AN and almost half of those with BN had no major eating disorder (AN, BN). A considerable number of the AN patients developed BN in the two-year interval.

Seasonality of symptoms in anorexia and bulimia nervosa

Objective Recent research has suggested that a large proportion of patients with bulimia nervosa have seasonal (winter) worsening of mood symptoms similar to seasonal affective disorder (SAD). The objectives of this study were to determine the specificity of this finding in anorexia and bulimia nervosa, and to further delineate the seasonal mood and eating patterns in bulimia nervosa. Method: A modified Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ) was administered to consecutive female patients assessed at an Eating Disorders Clinic with DSM-III-R diagnoses of bulimia nervosa (BN, N = 60) and anorexia nervosa (AN, N = 31), and to female nonclinical comparison subjects (NC, N = 50). Results: The BN group had higher global seasonality scores and more presumptive diagnoses of SAD than the other two groups; the AN patients, whether they had the restricting or binge eating/purging subtype, did not differ from the NC subjects. Thirty-two percent of the identified seasonal BN patients did not have parallel worsening of mood and eating symptoms in the same season. Discussion: These results suggest that seasonality of symptoms is specific to BN and that there may be separate mechanisms for the seasonality of mood and eating symptoms in some BN patients. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Seasonality of symptoms in anorexia and bulimia nervosa

Recent research has suggested that a large proportion of patients with bulimia nervosa have seasonal (winter) worsening of mood symptoms similar to seasonal affective disorder (SAD). The objectives of this study were to determine the specificity of this finding in anorexia and bulimia nervosa, and to further delineate the seasonal mood and eating patterns in bulimia nervosa. A modified Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ) was administered to consecutive female patients assessed at an Eating Disorders Clinic with DSM-III-R diagnoses of bulimia nervosa (BN, N = 60) and anorexia nervosa (AN, N = 31), and to female nonclinical comparison subjects (NC, N = 50). The BN group had higher global seasonality scores and more presumptive diagnoses of SAD than the other two groups; the AN patients, whether they had the restricting or binge eating/purging subtype, did not differ from the NC subjects. Thirty-two percent of the identified seasonal BN patients did not have parallel worsening of mood and eating symptoms in the same season. These results suggest that seasonality of symptoms is specific to BN and that there may be separate mechanisms for the seasonality of mood and eating symptoms in some BN patients.

Aspects of childhood physical punishment and family environment correlates in bulimia nervosa

Although histories of child sexual abuse among eating disorder patients have attracted considerable attention in the past decade, relatively little is known about parental physical abuse among these patients. We examined aspects of childhood parental physical punishment and its family environmental correlates among women with a lifetime history of bulimia nervosa (BN group; n = 80) and women with no history of eating disorder (Control group; n = 40), recruited primarily by newspaper advertisement. Women in the BN group reported significantly more physical punishment and perceived their discipline to have been more harsh and capricious than women in the Control group. Nonetheless, the groups did not differ significantly in the extent to which they believed they deserved their punishment or in their belief that they were “physically abused.” Further, subjects often failed to assert that they had been physically abused despite meeting conservative criteria, while the reverse tendency was uncommon. Finally, increased levels of physical punishment were associated with greater global family pathology in the BN group, but not in the Control group. Our findings underscore the necessity of explicitly inquiring about physically punitive events in the histories of bulimic women, as well as beliefs regarding these events.

Childhood sexual, physical, and psychological abuse and their relationship to comorbid psychopathology in bulimia nervosa

We examined the relationship between childhood sexual, physical, psychological, and "multiple" abuse (i.e., abuse in more than one form) and comorbid Axis I and personality psychopathology among women with a lifetime history of bulimia nervosa (BN group; n =s 80) and a control group of noneating-disordered women (n = 40). Subjects were recruited primarily by newspaper advertisement. They participated in structured clinical interviews for diagnosis of Axis I and personality pathology, and they completed child abuse questionnaires in the interview setting. At odds with prediction, child abuse in various forms was not associated with the presence of lifetime comorbid Axis I disorders in general (i.e., 1 or more) or disorder classes in particular (mood, alcohol/substance use, anxiety) among BN subjects, although sexual, psychological, and multiple abuse were associated with the diagnosis of a higher total number of Axis I conditions. A history of psychological and multiple abuse (but not physical or sexual abuse alone) among BN subjects was strongly associated with the presence of personality disorder diagnoses, especially those in the "anxious-fearful" cluster (Cluster C). Finally, we found that when a personality disorder was present in addition to the Axis I conditions in question, significant relationships emerged between abuse and Axis I pathology, particularly for psychological and multiple abuse. In general, control group findings were in accord with BN group findings, indicating that our findings were not specific to eating-disordered women. Our results suggest that childhood abuse, particularly psychological abuse and abuse in multiple forms, increase the likelihood of lifetime comorbid Axis I disorders and personality pathology among bulimic patients. Eating-disordered women with a history of child abuse may thus represent a subgroup of patients requiring especially intensive intervention.

Image Parentale Lors des Troubles de la Conduite Alimentaire: par l'Instrument de Liaison Parentale

Abstract: Fifty‐two single females (ED group) were the subjects who satisfied the diagnostic criteria of DSM‐III‐R eating disorders. Using the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), first, the characteristics of upbringing images displayed by the ED group and, next, the differences in upbringing images between the subclassified clinical type groups in the ED group were studied. Lastly, whether the upbringing image can be changed by the therapeutic approach was pursued along with the course of treatment. The ED group's PBI score was low for “care” and high for “protection” regarding both parents. For the subclassified ED groups, the BN group scored lower for PBI's protectiveness than the AN group. As to the change in PBI scores during the course of treatment of the ED group, the score for “care” rose and that for “protection” declined in the middle and end period of therapy, compared with the beginning period.

Neuropsychological Impairment Among Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Patients

Abstract Seventy females consecutively admitted to a hospital for treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN, n = 40) or bulimia (BN, n = 30) were given a battery of psychological tests on admission to assess neuropsychological impairment. Comparisons were made to see whether there was a difference between the two diagnostic groups on neuropsychological impairment. The AN group had significantly more individuals impaired on neuropsychological testing than the BN group (62.5% vs. 30%). Neuropsychological testing indicated that some in the bulimic group were impaired.

The acute effects of starvation on 6-sulphatoxy-melatonin output in subgroups of patients with anorexia nervosa

Sequential measures of daytime and nighttime sulphatoxy-melatonin (aMT6s) in 10 female patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and 12 female patients with concurrent AN with bulimic symptoms (AN + BN) were compared with 13 female control subjects. The AN + BN group displayed a significant increase in aMT6s output in the acutely symptomatic state compared with both AN patients and controls. However, there were no subsequent differences after 7 or 14 days between the two patient groups. The AN + BN group also initially demonstrated a significant increase in daytime output of aMT6s compared to nighttime with a trend toward reversing this pattern after 7 and 14 days. Altered melatonin output may influence the course of illness or reflect greater disruption of circadian rhythm in those anorexic patients who also binge and purge compared to restricting anorexics.

Effect of platelet activating factor antagonist treatment on gentamicin nephrotoxicity

To assess whether PAF could be involved in the gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity, we have studied the effect of PAF antagonist BN-52021 on renal function in rats after gentamicin (GENTA) treatment. Experiments were completed in 21 Wistar rats divided into three groups: group GENTA was injected with gentamicin 100 mg kg−1 body wt/day s.c. for 6 days. Group GENTA + BN received gentamicin and BN-52021 i.p. 5 mg kg−1 body wt/day. A third group served as control. Rats were placed in meta-bolic cages and plasma creatinine and creatinine clearance were measured daily. GENTA group showed a progressive increase in plasma creatinine, a drop in creatinine clearance and an increase in urinary excretion of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and alkaline phosphatase. GENTA + BN group showed a lesser change in plasma creatinine and a creatinine clearance, but no difference with GENTA group in urinary excretion of NAG and AP were observed. Histological examination revealed a massive cortical tubular necrosis in rats treated with gentamicin, whereas in BN-52021 injected animals tubular damage was markedly attenuated. The present results suggest a role for PAF in the gentamicininduced nephro-toxicity.

On the selectivity of deprotection of benzyl, mpm (4-methoxybenzyl) and dmpm (3,4-dimethoxybenzyl) protecting groups for hydroxy functions

The 4-methoxybenzyl (MPM) protecting group for hydroxy functions is readily removed with DDQ in dichloromethane containing a small amount of water at room temperature. Under these neutral conditions, several other protecting and functional groups remained unchanged. 3,4-Dimethoxybenzyl (DMPM) groups are more reactive than MPM groups with DDQ. The benzyl (Bn) protecting group was removed by catalytic hydrogenation over Raney nickel. Selective deprotection of DMPM, MPM and Bn groups is also presented.

BN-Perturbed Metallocenes

Abstract 1,2-azaborolinyl systems (Ab) are derived from the well-known C5H5 ring (Cp) by substitution of two C atoms by the isoelectronic BN group. Like Cp, the Ab rings form a variety of sandwich compounds with transition metals. The BN-perturbation causes various structural consequences in the complexes. Due to the prochiral character of the C3BN ring, diastereoisomers are formed. Depending on the electron configuration of the metal, slip distortions are observed. Electron-rich metals such as Co or Ni avoid contact with the donor atom N, electron-poor elements like Ti or V avoid contact with the acceptor B. 1,2-azaborolinyl sandwich complexes can therefore act as model compounds to study the metal behavior in sandwich structures depending on the electron configuration.

Azaborolinyl-Komplexe, IX Die Kristall- und Molekülstrukturen von zwei Isomeren des Bis(1-tert-butyl-2-methyl-η-1.2-azaborolinyl)cobalts/Azaborolinyl Complexes, IX The Crystal and Molecular Structures of Two Isomers of Bis(1-tert-butyl-2-methyl-η-1,2-azaborolinyl)cobalt

Abstract The crystal and molecular structures of two isomers of bis(1-tert-butyl-2-methyl-η-1,2-azaborolinyl)cobalt have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. Isomer 1 shows a clockwise, isomer 2 an anti-clockwise conformation of the azaborolinyl rings. In both compounds the azaborolinyl rings have staggered orientations with opposite positions of the tert-butyl groups. The rings in 1 and 2 are slipped so that the three ring carbon atoms are closer to the cobalt atom than the BN groups. The staggered orientation of the ligands in 2 is probably due to a packing effect, as in similar sandwich complexes the anti-clockwise conformers show eclipsed orientation.

Comparative phonology of Guangxi Yue dialects By Nobuhisa Tsuji (review)

BOOK NOTICES 243 Ugrian collections cited. Next, BN deals with deliberate word deformation, applying phonetic change in order to 'mislead the bear'. The third section is devoted to word formation; here BN contends that the secret vocabulary of the cult contains no new coinages, but that partially changed words, introduced by special suffixes used only in the context of bear-related events, form a large part of the taboo vocabulary. Diminutive suffixes frequently carry the semantic function which ties a particular word to the cult. Nominal or verbal suffixes perform the same task, adding a metaphoric or métonymie charge to the word; thus they cause a change in meaning . Subsequently, BN discusses semantic change, claiming that the number of words which undergo no change is quite low; she shows that the transfer of meaning affects not only individual words, but also compounds and paraphrases. She attributes these changes to linguistic conservatism as well as to innovation. Based on the work of S. Ullmann (Principles of semantics, 1957), BN groups innovations as caused by (a) 'transfer of names', (b) 'transfer of senses', and (c) 'composite changes'. Of these, the majority—approximately 75% of the entire 'special' vocabulary—are ascribed to the transfer of names. A short chapter is devoted to loan words; BN states that although these frequently appear within the different branches ofOb-Ugrian, they are not found in the general vocabulary, since their information content is limited to the bear cult. While Zyrian and Tatar borrowings occur in the vocabulary of the bear cult, Russian is conspicuously absent. Summarizing her findings , BN concludes that the special vocabulary points to an active bear cult of common ObUgrian origin, reflecting the period ofVogul and Ostyak unity. A brief but useful bibliography refers the reader to the most important literature in this somewhat esoteric field of linguistic research . [MariannaD. Birnbaum, UCLA.] 84-item vocabulary) of Shughni, the main member of the Shughni-Roshani dialect cluster within the Pamir group of Southeast Iranian languages. Shughni has an estimated 40,000 speakers, divided almost equally between the USSR and Afghanistan; Nawata's description is based on work with a single speaker from Sar Chashma (Afghanistan) in 1966. Soviet scholars have not yet published a monograph description of Shughni proper (D. Karam äoev, Badzuvskij dialekt Sugnanskogo jazyka , Dushanbe, 1963, deals with the Bajui subdialect, which N does not include in Shughni). However, grammar sketches of the ShughniRoshani cluster, comparable in scope to N's, exist (V. S. Sokolova, 'Sugnano-ruäanskaja jazykovaja gruppa', in Jazyki narodov SSSR, vol. 1, Moscow, 1966; T. N. Paxalina, Pamirskie jazyki, Moscow, 1969, pp. 12-57), as well as a collection of texts with a substantial Shughni-Russian dictionary (I. I. Zarubin, Sugnanskie teksty i slovar' , Moscow & Leningrad , 1960). N does not mention these in his list ofprevious works (pp. 2-3). Comparison ofN's data with Soviet sources shows agreement down to fine details on some points, e.g. the consonant system and the morphology of irregular verbs. But there are also some discrepancies: N gives a five-vowel system, without phonemic length, whereas the Soviet sources give seven long-vowel phonemes and three short-vowel phonemes, including such minimal pairs as sêr 'satisfied' vs. ser 'creep!' and nur 'today' vs. nur 'ray of light'. The Soviet sources also list comparative adjective forms and participial forms of verbs, while N does not. One would have preferred N to comment explicitly on these apparent regional differences. His sketch does, however, stand as the only recent account of Shughni grammar in English. [Bernard Comme , USC] Shughni. By Tetsuo Nawata. (Asian and African grammatical manual 17s.) Tokyo: Bunpo Kyodo Kenkyu Project, Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, 1979. Pp. 42. This is a descriptive sketch (phonetics, morphology , some syntax, two brief texts, and an Comparative phonology of Guangxi Yue dialects. By Nobuhisa Tsuji. Tokyo: Kazama Shobo, 1980. Pp. xii, 273. ¥ 15,500. In this revision of his 1977 Cornell dissertation , Tsuji updates Proto-Yue to accommodate the Yue dialects ofGuangxi province, on which he did fieldwork in Hong Kong during 1971-72. He considers this effort a continuation of...

Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Aminoboranes

AbstractThe isosterism of BN and CC grouping invites comparisons. Recent investigations on substituted aminoboranes R1R2NBR3R4 have been attempted in order to evaluate this concept of isosterism. Some of the latest results include evidence for geometric isomerism due to hindered rotation about the BN bond, isolation of isomeric compounds which can be considered as formal analogues of cyclohexanes, and the incorporation of BN groups into aromatic systems.

The infra-red spectra of B-chloro- and B-bromoborazoles

The infra-red spectra between 3500 and 400 cm −1 have been recorded for the borazoles of the type (XBNR) 3, where X is chlorine or bromine and R is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or n-propyl. Based on the intensity of the NH stretching band and the frequency of the absorption bands arising from BN and BC1 groups, a structure is proposed for B-trichloroborazole, which is consistent with the spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic data. Comparison of the spectra of the borazole derivatives shows that changes in the BN and BX stretching frequencies may be related to structural changes in the molecule. the BN stretching frequency of (XBNMe) 3 has been definitely assigned at 1450 cm −1, and the strongest band near 1392 cm −1 arises from the symmetric CH deformation of the methyl group attached to a nitrogen atom, whose nucleophilic function has been considerably reduced. the CH stretching and deformational modes are also considered in detail.