BN Group Research Articles

Possibility-Based Information Elicits Doubt in Bulimia Nervosa: A Study of Inductive Reasoning

Several theoretical accounts suggest the relevance of reasoning processes in eating disorders (EDs), but empirical studies in this area have been limited. Faulty inductive reasoning characterised by doubt has previously been demonstrated in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), a disorder that is highly comorbid and shares several cognitive processes with EDs. In particular, a reasoning process termed inferential confusion has been found to elicit doubt and lead to faulty inductive reasoning via an over-investment in possibility-based information. Participants with bulimia nervosa (BN; n = 25) and healthy controls (HC; n = 24) completed a self-report measure of inferential confusion as well as the experimental Reasoning with Inductive Arguments Task (RIAT). The BN group demonstrated greater levels of inferential confusion as compared to the HC group. On the RIAT, BN group confidence was more impacted by possibility-based information than the HC group on neutral items. These findings suggest the relevance of inferential confusion in BN and its potential impact on inductive reasoning.

What do I look like? Perceptual confidence in bulimia nervosa.

Cognitive confidence, a type of metacognition referring to confidence in one's cognitive abilities (e.g., memory, perception, etc.), has been identified as relevant to eating disorders (EDs) using self-report measures. Repeated checking has been found to elicit decreases in perceptual confidence in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). The purpose of the present study was to experimentally investigate perceptual confidence, a type of cognitive confidence, in EDs. Specifically, this construct was investigated in the context of body checking, a behaviour with similarities to compulsive checking as observed in OCD. Women with bulimia nervosa (BN; n = 21) and healthy controls (HC;n = 24) participated in the study. There were no group differences with regards to perceptual confidence at baseline F(1, 43) = 0.5, p = 0.48, ηp2 = 0.01, but a significant difference was observed post-checking F(1, 43) = 7.79, p = 0.008, ηp2 = 0.15, which was accounted for by significant decreases in perceptual confidence in the BN group F(1, 43) = 13.31, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.24. Similar to compulsive checking in OCD, body checking may paradoxically decrease confidence regarding one's appearance. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level I, experimental study.

Comparative addition of dexmedetomidine and fentanyl to intrathecal bupivacaine in orthopedic procedure in lower limbs

BackgroundSpinal block is a common procedure for lower limbs surgery. Fentanyl, a synthetic opioid and dexmedetomidine, a selective α2 agonist have been used as adjuvants in spinal anesthesia to prolong intraoperative and postoperative analgesia. The aim of current study is to compare the efficacy of dexmedetomidine and fentanyl added to intrathecal bupivacaine in orthopedic procedures in lower limbs.MethodsIn this randomized clinical trial, 90 patients undergoing elective lower limb surgeries were randomly allocated to three groups. Via intrathecal approach, the patients received 2.5 ml hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% plus 5 micrograms dexmedetomidine (BD group), 25 micrograms fentanyl (BF group) or 0.5 ml normal saline (BN group), respectively. Time to reach the complete motor block, the highest sensory level, regression from block, analgesic request and duration of the drug effect, hemodynamic changes and side effects were compared between the groups.ResultsThere was no significant difference between the groups regrading time to reach complete motor block, but time to reach the highest sensory level was shorter in group BD than group BF (6.28 ± 1.75 vs. 7.17 ± 1.45, p = 0.03). Group BD had significantly lower mean of NRS 6 h after operation (1.90 ± 0.84 vs. 6.16 ± 1.44 vs. 6.30 ± 1.17, p < 0.001) and longer duration to regress to Bromage 0 (331.60 ± 73.96 vs. 185.56 ± 35.87 vs. 147.03 ± 33.05 min, p < 0.001), to analgesic request (496.63 ± 70.19 vs. 296.33 ± 44.83 vs. 221.83 ± 22.26 min, p < 0.001), to regress two sensory levels (149.00 ± 23.17 vs. 88.90 ± 12.85 vs. 69.33 ± 6.67 min, p < 0.001) and to regress to S1 (560.53 ± 81.86 vs. 329.83 ± 44.10 vs. 241.83 ± 22.26 min, p < 0.001). Serial changes in SBP (p = 0.006), DBP (p = 0.03) and HR (p = 0.002) in group BF were significantly higher than the other two groups. The three groups had comparable side effects.ConclusionsUsing dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in lower limb surgeries has longer duration of sensory and motor block and longer postoperative analgesia.Trial registrationIRCT registration number: IRCT2017041010599N15, 24 May 2017.

A comparative study of intrathecal nonopioid adjuvants to hyperbaric bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia

Background: Intrathecal drugs when used as adjuvant to spinal anaesthesia produce substantial anti-nociception and potentiate analgesia of bupivacaine. This study was planned to evaluate the effects of intrathecal non opioid drugs-clonidine, midazolam, neostigmine and magnesium sulphate on duration of analgesia, characteristics of SA and hemodynamic stability when added to 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia.Methods: In this randomized, prospective, double blind study, 100 ASA physical status I and II adults patients posted for elective lower abdominal surgery were divided into 4 groups (n=25). Group BN received preservative free neostigmine 25µg, group BMG received Mgso4 50mg, group BC received clonidine 30µg and BM received midazolam 2mg with 15mg hyperbaric bupivacaine. Duration of postoperative analgesia, effect on onset and duration of sensory and motor block, incidence of side effects was noted. Continuous variables were compared using one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).Results: The duration of postoperative analgesia was significantly prolonged in BM group 391.64 (132.98) minutes, followed by BN group 308.76 (127.40), BC group 296.60 (52.77) and BMG group 252.2 (86.76). The numbers of analgesic doses in 24 hours were significantly less in BM group. One patient required additional analgesia in BM group as against 40%, 36% and 64% in BN, BC, BMG group respectively. The duration of sensory block was significantly prolonged in group BM followed by group BC and BN.Conclusions: Intrathecal midazolam provides superior analgesia without clinically relevant side effects. The onset of analgesia was rapid and duration prolonged with intrathecal midazolam followed by neostigmine and clonidine.

A review of purging disorder through meta-analysis.

Although a growing body of research has examined Purging Disorder (PD), there remains a lack of conclusive evidence regarding the diagnostic validity of PD. This meta-analysis compared PD to DSM-5 eating disorders (i.e., Anorexia Nervosa [AN], Bulimia Nervosa [BN], and Binge Eating Disorder [BED]) and controls. A comprehensive literature search identified 38 eligible studies. Group differences on indicators of course of illness and both general and eating psychopathology were assessed using standardized effect sizes. Results supported the conceptualization of PD as a clinically significant eating disorder, but findings were less clear regarding its distinctiveness from other eating disorder diagnoses. More specifically, PD significantly differed from BN and BED in natural course of illness (g = .40-.54), and PD significantly differed from AN in treatment outcome (g = .27), with PD characterized by a better prognosis. Overall, PD was more similar to AN and BED on many dimensional measures of general and eating-related psychopathology, though PD was less severe than BN in most of these domains. PD, BN, and BED groups also evidenced similar frequencies of subjective binge episodes (SBEs), yet PD evidenced less frequent SBEs than AN. There is a clear need for future studies of PD to assess validators that have not been reported comprehensively in the literature, such as mortality, medical morbidity, and course of illness. Additionally, empirical classification studies are needed to inform future classifications of PD, particularly with regard to categorical differences between PD and other eating disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record

Effects of intrathecal dexmedetomidine on shivering after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: a double-blind randomized clinical trial.

BackgroundShivering is among the common troublesome complications of spinal anesthesia (SA), and causes discomfort and discontentment in parturients undergoing cesarean sections (CSs). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intrathecal dexmedetomidine in the prevention of shivering in those who underwent CS under SA.Subjects and methodsFifty parturients planned for elective CSs under SA were enrolled in this prospective, double-blinded, controlled study and randomly divided into two equal groups. Spinal block was achieved with 12.5 mg 0.5% heavy bupivacaine plus 5 μg dexmedetomidine (BD group) or 0.5 mL 0.9% normal saline (BN group). The incidence and intensity of shivering, peripheral and core body temperature, hemodynamic parameters, and adverse events was recorded.ResultsThe incidence of shivering was significantly higher in the BN group (52%) than the BD group (24%) (P=0.04). Likewise, the intensity of shivering was significantly higher in the BN group than the BD group (P=0.04). The incidence of adverse events, such as hypotension, nausea/vomiting, and bradycardia, was not significantly different between the two groups, although the grade of sedation was higher in the BD group than the BN group (P=0.004).ConclusionWe conclude that intrathecal dexmedetomidine is effective in lowering the incidence and intensity of shivering in parturients undergoing CSs under SA without major adverse effects.

Changes in CD4+CD25+ Tregs in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice.

The goal of this study was to observe the pathological characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques in the aortic walls of ApoE-/- and C57BL/6J mice and the changes of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in atherosclerotic mice. Twenty ApoE-/- mice were split into high-fat diet (AH) and normal diet (AN) groups and 10 C57BL/6J male mice were designated as the control group (BN). The serum concentrations of IL-10 and TGF-β1 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; paraffin sections of the aorta were stained with hematoxylin & eosin, and morphometric parameters were measured using the Image Pro Plus 6.0 system. Verhoeff stain was used to observe the distribution of elastic fibers, and immunohistochemical staining was performed to verify the phenotype of the forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3+) CD25+ cells in the atherosclerotic tissue. The proportion of CD4+CD25+ Tregs in the spleen was calculated by flow cytometry. The thickness of the intima, the intima/media ratio, the plaque area, and the plaque/lumen ratio of mice in AN group were significantly larger than those of mice in BN group. The thickness of the intima, the plaque area, and the plaque/lumen ratio of the mice in AH group were significantly increased compared with those of the AN group mice. The serum concentrations of IL-10 and TGF-β1 and the percentage of splenic CD4+CD25+ Tregs in AN group mice were significantly decreased compared with the control group. The serum concentrations of IL-10 and TGF-β1 and the percentage of splenic CD4+CD25+ Tregs in the mice in AH group were significantly decreased compared with those in AN group. The proportions of Foxp3+ and CD25+ cells within the total lymphocyte population were significantly decreased in AH group mice compared with those in AN group mice. Atherosclerosis in an experimental mouse model was correlated with Treg depletion in the lymphoid tissues and plaques, indicating the important antiatherosclerotic role of CD4+CD25+ Tregs. Impact statement In this article, we conclude that Tregs decreased with atherosclerosis (AS) as determined in ApoE knockout mice fed a high fat diet. It is an important matter for understanding the AS pathology.

Role of Protecting Groups in Synthesis and Self-Assembly of Glycopolymers.

Protection and deprotection are basic procedures in oligosaccharide synthesis. By taking advantage of the processes of attaching and removing the protecting groups, preparation of oligosaccharides with complex structures can be achieved with relatively high yields. However, the role of protecting groups in solution properties and self-assembly of synthetic glycopolymers has been overlooked in the literature. In this paper, we focused on such effects for well-designed copolymers in which different numbers of benzyl (Bn) groups are installed regioselectively in saccharide rings. Thus, three block copolymers P1, P2, and P3 composed of a common block of PNIPAm and a glycopolymer block with trisaccharide triMan side chains differing in the respective number of Bn (0, 2, and 6) were prepared. The solutions of these block copolymers in water were investigated by dynamic and static light scatting and VT-1H NMR. We found that all of the three copolymers P1, P2, and P3 formed association at room temperature. Particularly, P1 associated loosely due to carbohydrate-carbohydrate interaction (CCI) while P3 formed tight aggregates due to hydrophobic interactions between Bn, and P2 behaved between those of P1 and P3. Moreover, upon heating, phase transition of PNIPAm block took place leading to micelle formation. Hydrodynamic radius of P1 and P2 increased significantly as expected, while P3 did not follow this trend, because during heating, collapse and accumulation of the PNIPAm chains would occur within the tight aggregates mainly, so it leads to a little change of the size.

Mechanism of Nickel-Catalyzed Selective C-N Bond Activation in Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling of Amides: A Theoretical Investigation.

In textbooks, the low reactivity of amides is attributed to the strong resonance stability. However, Garg and co-workers recently reported the Ni-catalyzed activation of robust amide C-N bonds, leading to conversions of amides into esters, ketones, and other amides with high selectivity. Among them, the Ni-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling (SMC) of N-benzyl-N-tert-butoxycarbonyl (N-Bn-N-Boc) amides with pinacolatoboronate (PhBpin) was performed in the presence of K3PO4 and water. Water significantly enhanced the reaction. With the aid of density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the present study explored the mechanism of the aforementioned SMC reaction as well as analyzed the weakening of amide C-N bond by N-functionalization. The most favorable pathway includes four basic steps: oxidative addition, protonation, transmetalation, and reductive elimination. Comparing the base- and water-free process, the transmetalation step with the help of K3PO4 and water is significantly more facile. Water efficiently protonates the basic N(Boc) (Bn) group to form a neutral HN(Boc) (Bn), which is easily removed. The transmetalation step is the rate-determining step with an energy barrier of 25.6 kcal/mol. Further, a DFT prediction was carried out to investigate the full catalytic cycle of a cyclic (amino) (aryl)carbene in the Ni-catalyzed SMC of amides, which provided clues for further design of catalysts.

Differences in Emotion Regulation along the Eating Disorder Spectrum: Cross Sectional Study in Adolescents out Patient Care

Background: Emotion-regulation (ER) difficulties among individuals with eating disorders (EDs) are thought to contribute to the development and maintenance of eating disorders. Aims: The present study explores the differences in ER difficulties along the eating disorders spectrum, to reveal the basing emotional mechanism in each subtype. Method: In this case-control study, 91 girls, aged 11–18, diagnosed with eating disorders (EDs) according to DSM-V (35 ANRT, 29 ANBP, and 27 BN) were compared to 41 age-matched healthy controls (HC). Comparisons between the following ER dimensions were performed: alexithymia, anxiety, depression, DERS’s components (awareness and clarity of emotional states), acceptance of emotional distress; ability to engage in goal-directed behavior and refrain from impulsive behavior as well as access to appropriate strategies that are perceived as effective to modulate the duration and/or intensity of emotional responses. Results: The overall level of eating pathology was similar in BN and ANBP and higher than the ANRT group (p<0.001). The ANBP group reported significant higher level of alexithymia and depressive symptoms than the ANRT group and similar to the BN group (p<0.001). The anxiety levels of all patient groups were similar and higher in comparison to the HC (p<0.001). ANRT group presented significantly higher levels of alexithymia, depressive symptoms, anxiety and impulse control in comparison to HC (p<0.001) and significantly lower levels of alexithymia, depressive symptoms, and impulse control in comparison to ANBP (p<0.001). ANBP reported greater ER significant difficulties than ANRT (p<0.001) indicated by greater DERS total scores and DERS subscale scores non-acceptance, clarity and impulse control. ANBP and BN did not differ from each other on the DERS total score. Conclusion: ANBP and BN seem to be originated from combination of defects in the emotional regulation as well as the impulse regulation system and both should be targeted during treatment.

Simultaneous Rho kinase inhibition in circulating leukocytes and in cardiovascular tissue in rats with high angiotensin converting enzyme levels

BackgroundThe small guanosine triphosphatase RhoA and its direct target Rho kinase (ROCK) play important roles in cardiovascular pathophysiology. Activated ROCK phosphorylates intracellular proteins with detrimental effects on cardiovascular remodeling. Increased ROCK activity in circulating leukocytes is observed in hypertension and in heart failure, but its relationship with ROCK activation in the myocardium and vessels is unknown. We hypothesized that ROCK activation and phosphorylation/activation of some of its key downstream molecules in the heart and arterial wall are reflected in circulating leukocytes. MethodsPhosphorylation of MYPT1, ERM and p38-MAPK and levels of p65-NF-κB were determined in the left ventricle (LV), aortic wall and circulating leukocytes in rats with high (Brown Norway, BN) and low (Lewis) angiotensin converting enzyme. A group of BN rats received the ROCK inhibitor fasudil (7days). ResultsCompared to Lewis rats, in the BN group phosphorylated levels of MYPT1, ERM and p38-MAPK and levels of p65-NF-κB were increased (P<0.05) in the LV (67%, 92%, 52% and 98%, respectively); in the aortic wall (57%, 51%, 68% and 66%, respectively) and in circulating leukocytes (61%, 72%, 49% and 105%, respectively). Fasudil reduced all these levels to those observed in Lewis rats. Phosphorylated MYPT1, ERM, and p38-MAPK and levels of p65-NF-κB in circulating leukocytes were significantly correlated with their respective LV and aortic wall levels (excepting p65-NF-κB in aorta). ConclusionROCK activity in circulating leukocytes reflects activation of this signaling pathway in the myocardium and aortic wall in this model, and supports its value as a potential cardiovascular remodeling marker.

Socio-cultural context of eating disorders in Poland.

BackgroundThe goal of this study was to assess the relationship between sociocultural factors and clinical eating disorders during the intensive process of Westernisation in Poland that occurred after 1989. The study population included girls diagnosed with an eating disorder according to DSM-IV criteria (n = 47 anorexia nervosa restrictive type [ANR], n = 16 anorexia binge/purge type [ANBP], n = 34 bulimia nervosa [BN], n = 19 eating disorder not otherwise specified [EDNOS]) who received consultation for the first time between 2002 and 2004 in the Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Kraków, Poland. The study included an age-matched normal control group [NOR] of 85 schoolgirls from Kraków.MethodsRelationships between two given qualitative features were investigated using the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. Correspondence analysis was applied to graphically explore the relationship. The Kruskal-Wallis test with the Bonferroni was performed to compare quantitative results across groups.ResultsObjective sociodemographic variables and responses to the 62-item Questionnaire of Socio-cultural Context were measured. The mothers of ANBP and BN patients were less professionally active than mothers of ANR patients and NOR subjects. Subjective socio-cultural factors were more relevant for the BN group than the ANR group. Questionnaire responses in the ANBP group were more similar to those in the BN group than to those in the ANR group. The most unambiguous and specific characteristic of the ANR group was a sense of belonging to the middle class. Variables that differentiated the BN group from the NOR group included the importance attached to thinness treated as an expression of power and control over one’s self, as well as a multifaceted negative evaluation of one’s own family, including a negative assessment of the position of women and parental lack of concern for appearance and principles of nutrition. All patients, regardless of diagnosis, identified with other people with similar problems and considered anorexia and bulimia to be a major issue of their generation and social environment.ConclusionsThe results of this first in Poland exploratory study of socio-cultural context of eating disorders indicate the importance of both objective and subjective socio-cultural factors in eating disorders in the group studied.

Safety assessment of trans-tympanic photobiomodulation

We evaluated functional and morphological changes after trans-tympanic laser application using several different powers of photobiomodulation (PBM). The left (L) ears of 17 rats were irradiated for 30 min daily over 14 days using a power density of 909.1 (group A, 5040 J), 1136.4 (group B, 6300 J), and 1363.6 (group C, 7560 J) mW/cm(2). The right (N) ears served as controls. The safety of PBM was determined by endoscopic findings, auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds, and histological images of hair cells using confocal microscopy, and light microscopic images of the external auditory canal (EAC) and tympanic membrane (TM). Endoscopic findings revealed severe inflammation in the TM of C group; no other group showed damage in the TM. No significant difference in ABR threshold was found in the PBM-treated groups (excluding the group with TM damage). Confocal microscopy showed no histological difference between the AL and AN, or BL and BN groups. However, light microscopy showed more prominent edema, inflammation, and vascular congestion in the TM of BL ears. This study found a dose-response relationship between laser power parameters and TM changes. These results will be useful for defining future allowance criteria for trans-tympanic laser therapies.

Effects of miR-16 mimics on the pain behavior and the expression of its target gene BDNF in rats with bone cancer pain

Objective To investigate the expression of miR-16 in spinal cord and the effects of miR-16 mimics on the pain behavior and the expression of its target gene BDNF during the development and maintenance of bone cancer pain. Methods The bone cancer pain model rats were developed by intra-tibia inoculation of Walker 256 mammary gland cells. Before inoculation and 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 d after inoculation, the samples of spinal cord L4~6 lumbar enlargement were collected to detect the expression of miR-16 using real-time PCR. Mice in group BM and group BN were intrathcal injected of miR-16 mimics and its negative control products on 10 d, 11 d, 12 d after inoculation. Paw withdrawal mechanical threshold (PWMT) was measured using von Frey hair mechanical stimulation. The expression of BDNF was detected using western-blot on 14 d after behavior tests. Results Compared with the base level and the level in group S, the significant decrease of miR-16 expression was observed at 5 d~14 d in group T (5 d (0.91±0.04), 7 d (0.77±0.01), 10 d (0.73±0.03), 14 d (0.42±0.08)) (all P<0.05). Compared with SH group, PWMT was significantly decreased in BC and BP groups at 5 d~14 d(P<0.05), and in group BM at 5 d~10 d(P<0.05). Compared with BP group, PWMT was significantly higher in BM group at 10~12 d(P<0.05). Compared with SH group, the expression of BDNF was significantly increased in BN and BP groups((2.78±0.31), (2.34±0.23)) (all P<0.01). Compared with BP group, the expression of BDNF was significantly decreased in BM group (1.42±0.16) (P<0.01). Conclusion miR-16 is downregulated in spinal cord of bone cancer pain rats, while intrathcal injection of miR-16 mimics can attenuate the pain behaviors in a rat model of bone cancer pain and decrease the expression of BDNF. miR-16 may modulate bone cancer pain through BDNF. Key words: Bone cancer pain; Spinal cord; miR-16; miR-16 mimics; Brain-derived neurotrophic foctor

Spontaneous Formation of an η2‐C, S‐Thioketene Complex in Pursuit of Tungsten(IV)‐Sulfanylalkyne Complexes

AbstractThe oxo tungsten(IV) alkyne complexes [Tp′W(O)(I)(η2‐C2Ph2)] (1), [Tp′W(O)(I){η2‐C2(SC2H4SiMe3)2}] (2), and [Tp′W(O)(I){η2‐C2(SBn)2}] (3) [Tp′ = hydridotris(3, 5‐dimethylpyrazolyl)borate, Bn = benzyl] were synthesized from [Tp′W(O)(CO)(I)]. All three compounds were fully characterized including structure determination by X‐ray diffraction analysis. Further elucidation of these reactions led to the isolation of several by‐products including an unexpected tungsten(IV) thioketene complex [Tp′W(O)(I){η2‐S = C=C(H)(SBn)}] (4), which is formed by removal of one Bn group from the alkyne, and dinuclear [Tp′W(O)(I)]2(μ‐O) (6). Both complexes were also fully characterized. X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals an η2‐S, C side‐on binding mode for 4 and a planar O–W–O–W–O moiety for 6. In addition, by changing the solvent from THF to dichloromethane formation of the chiral dihalogen complex [Tp′W(O)(Cl)(I)] (5) was proven.

The Synthesis of Methylated Epigallocatechin Gallate

Synthesis of methylated epigallocatechin gallate from (–)-epigallocatechin gallate and propylgallate was accomplished using a benzyl (Bn) group as a protecting group for phenols. This methodology provided (–)-epigallocatechin-3-(4-O-methylgallate), which are naturally scarce catechin derivatives.

Effects of biological rhythm disturbance on sedation induced by propofol in rats

Objective To evaluate the effects of biological rhythm disturbance on sedation induced by propofol in rats. Methods Thirty-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 180-220 g, were randomly divided into 4 groups(n=8 each)using a random number table: circadian rhythm+ administration during night-time group(group CN), circadian rhythm+ administration during day-time group(group CD), biological rhythm+ administration during night-time group(group BN), and biological rhythm+ administration during day-time group(group BD). In CN and CD groups, the rats were fed for 2 weeks in the experimental boxes in a 12(7: 00–19: 00): 12 h(19: 00–7: 00)light: dark cycle.While the rats were fed for 2 weeks in the experimental boxes in a 24 h light cycle.Propofol 75 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected at 14: 00 in CN and BN groups, or at 22: 00 in CD and BD groups.The duration of loss of righting reflex was recorded.At 20 min after recovery of righting reflex, the cognitive function was assessed.The latency of passive avoidance was measured at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after training. Results Compared with group CN, the duration of loss of righting reflex was significantly shortened, and the latency of passive avoidance was prolonged at 12 and 24 h after training in group CD, and the duration of loss of righting reflex and latency of passive avoidance at 12 and 24 h after training were shortened in group BN.Compared with group CD, no significant change was found in the duration of loss of righting reflex, and the latency of passive avoidance was significantly shortened at 24 h after training in group BD.There was no significant change between BN group and BD group in the duration of loss of righting reflex and latency of passive avoidance. Conclusion Biological rhythm disturbance can counteract circadian rhythm-produced effects on sedation induced by propofol in rats. Key words: Biorhythms; Propofol; Conscious sedation

Reaction of 3‐Hydroxyquinoline‐2,4‐diones with Inorganic Thiocyanates in the Presence of Ammonium or Alkylammonium Ions: the Unexpected Replacement of a Hydroxy Group by an Amino Group

Abstract3‐Hydroxyquinoline‐2,4‐diones react with KSCN in the presence of the NH$\rm{{_{4}^{+}}}$ ions to generate 2,3‐dihydro‐3‐thioxoimidazo[1,5‐c]quinazolin‐5(6H)‐ones, 2,3‐dihydro‐2‐thioxo‐1H‐imidazo[4,5‐c]quinolin‐4(5H)‐ones, and products of molecular rearrangement of the 3‐aminoquinolinedione intermediates. Starting compounds with a benzyl (Bn) group at C(3) afford 3‐aminoquinolinediones, even when only AcONH4 is used. The results of the reaction between 3‐hydroxyquinoline‐2,4‐diones and KSCN in the presence of BuNH2 show that replacing a OH group with a secondary NH2 group is also possible.

Bone formation around rhBMP-2-coated implants in rabbit sinuses with or without absorbable collagen sponge grafting

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate bone formation around recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP-2)-coated implants placed with or without absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) in rabbit maxillary sinuses.MethodsThe Schneiderian membrane was elevated and an implant was placed in 24 sinuses in 12 rabbits. The space created beneath the elevated membrane was filled with either blood (n=6) or ACS (n=6). In the rabbits in which this space was filled with blood, rhBMP-2-coated and non-coated implants were alternately placed on different sides. The resulting groups were referred to as the BC and BN groups, respectively. The AC and AN groups were produced in ACS-grafted rabbits in the same manner. Radiographic and histomorphometric analyses were performed after eight weeks of healing.ResultsIn micro-computed tomography analysis, the total augmented volume and new bone volume were significantly greater in the ACS-grafted sinuses than in the blood-filled sinuses (P<0.05). The histometric analysis showed that the areas of new bone and bone-to-implant contact were significantly larger in the AC group than in the AN group (P<0.05). In contrast, none of the parameters differed significantly between the BC and BN groups.ConclusionsThe results of this pilot study indicate that the insertion of ACS after elevating the Schneiderian membrane, simultaneously with implant placement, can significantly increase the volume of the augmentation. However, in the present study, the rhBMP-2 coating exhibited limited effectiveness in enhancing the quantity and quality of regenerated bone.

No Effect of Pretransplantation Bilateral Nephrectomy on the Resistive Indices Measured in the Kidney Allograft

BackgroundThe cirrhotic kidney is the cause of sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin system activation leading to increased vascular resistance and arterial hypertension. The impact of unilateral or bilateral nephrectomy (UN or BN) performed before kidney transplantation on kidney graft intrarenal resistance has not been assessed yet. The aim of this study is to assess the intrarenal resistance parameters measured by Doppler ultrasound in the transplanted kidney in either nephrectomized or non-nephrectomized kidney transplant recipients. MethodsAmong 686 consecutive successful first cadaveric kidney graft recipients transplanted from 1998 to 2012, we identified 43 patients who underwent BN and 49 patients who underwent UN. Patients with acute rejection episodes within an early post-transplantation period were excluded. We have analyzed both pulsatility (PI) and resistance (RI) indices measured within the kidney graft before discharge from the hospital. ResultsThe prevalence of hypertension in the follow-up period after transplantation was significantly lower in the BN group (65.1% versus 81.0% in other groups). Neither BN nor UN influenced the PI or RI values. The mean PI and RI values were 1.50 (1.38–1.61) and 0.75 (0.73–0.78) in BN, 1.48 (1.37–1.58) and 0.76 (0.73–0.79) in UN, and 1.47 (1.43–1.50) and 0.74 (0.73–0.75) in non-nephrectomized patients, respectively. The results of multivariate analysis confirmed the lack of influence of nephrectomy on kidney graft resistive indices. ConclusionBN before transplantation resulted in lower frequency of hypertension, but it did not affect the intrarenal vascular resistance measured in the kidney graft.