Blue-purple Color Research Articles

Alloimmune responses between Acropora hemprichi conspecifics: nontransitive patterns of overgrowth and delayed cytotoxicity

Allogeneic interactions between Acropora hemprichi (Ehrenberg) colonies were followed in situ up to 18 mo between 1990 and 1992 in Eilat, Red Sea. We established all 21 possible branch pair combinations among seven large colonies in three to eight replicates each (n=92 pairs), in addition in 14 pairs of grafts within-colonies. All isografts resulted in fusion. Allogeneic interactions revealed a variety of effector mechanisms which involved the appearance of dark blue-purple color in the tissues of interacting branch tips (<1 cm), unilateral overgrowths (1.0 to 1.5 mm mo-1 for 1 to 8 mo), rejections, healings, continuous overgrowths, reversals, repeated rejections and more. Direction of overgrowth was usually specific to a given combination of colonies. A hierarchial network of overgrowths was obtained by analyzing overgrowth directions of all pairwise combinations, which included 30 transitive and five nontransitive three-way combinations. These outcomes, similarly to responses of allogeneic encounters recorded from other coral species, show that colonies can respond selectively to different types of allogeneic challenges. It is suggested that corals may have the capacity to distinguish self from nonself by recognizing nonself attributes presented on conspecifics.

Infinite square-grid [Cd(CN)2] n sheets linked together by either pyrazine bridges or polymerisable 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl)butadiyne bridges arranged in an unusual criss-cross fashion

The compounds Cd(CN)2·pyz (pyz = pyrazine) and Cd(CN)2·bpb [bpb = 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl)butadiyne] contain square-grid [Cd(CN)2]n sheets linked together by either pyrazine bridges or bpb bridges which criss-cross in an unusual fashion producing face-to-face stacks of pyrazine rings and collections of bpb units in which every one is sandwiched between six others, three on each side; butadiyne C4 moieties are brought thereby into close proximity (closest C ⋯ C contact 3.36 Å) and the initially colourless Cd(CN)2·bpb crystals acquire a deep blue-purple colour on exposure to light indicating diacetylene polymerisation within the crystal.

Characteristic Coloration in Formation of N-1-Pyridinio Amidate and Enhancing Effect of Benzaldehydes.

N-Aminopyridinium iodide (NAPI) turned a bluish purple color upon the addition of NaOH. The NMR spectral data of the NAPI-NaOH system indicate that N-1-pyridinio amidate (NPA) is the species responsible for the coloration, which is probably due to intramolecular charge transfer transition. The intensity of the coloration increased remarkably with addition of benzaldehyde derivatives, especially p-nitrobenzaldehyde, to the NAPI-NaOH system. NAPI reacted with the benzaldehyde derivatives to form the corresponding Schiff bases. The mechanism of the coloration in the NAPI-NaOH-benzaldehyde derivative system is proposed to involve the formation of betaines, which can also be formed by adding NaOH to the isolated Schiff bases. Furthermore, there was a good correlation between the enhancing effects on the coloration and the redox potentials of the benzaldehyde derivatives. This indicates that benzaldehyde derivatives with an electron-withdrawing substituent group can enhance the coloration intensity much more effectively.

Effect of Anthocyanin, Flavonol Co-Pigmentation and pH on the Color of the Berries of Ampelopsis brevipedunculata

Summary Four anthocyanins and two flavonol glycosides were identified using chromatographic and spectrophotometric techniques in the epicarp of the berries of Ampelopsis brevipedunculata . The anthocyanins were malvidin 3- O -rhamnoside-5- O -glucoside, petunidin 3- O -rhamnoside-5- O -glucoside, delphinidin 3- O -rhamnoside-5- O -glucoside and malvidin 3- O -glucoside-5- O -glucoside, in the ratio of approximately 5.6:1:2:1.5. Quercetin 3- O -rhamnoside (quercitrin) and myricetin 3- O -rhamnoside (myricitrin) were the major flavonols present, and their ratio was approximately 1:0.8. The color of berries changed from green via reddish-purple to bluish-purple to blue as maturation proceeded, and then finally the the color faded. Concurrently with the color changes, the pH of the berries increased from 4.8 (green) to 6.5 (blue). The bluish-purple berries had the highest content of anthocyanin (0.26 mg · g −1 fr.wt.). At the same stage, the quercitrin and myricitrin contents were 0.62 and 0.55 mg · g −1 fr.wt. respectively, and the pH of berries was 5.8. A visible absorption spectrum of the intact epicarp of the bluish-purple berries was simulated with a solution of anthocyanin and flavonols at the same molarity and pH as those of the berries. When the pH (5.8) of the solution, which gave a fairly stable bluish-purple color, was increased to 6.5, the color changed to blue. This indicated that the change of berry color from reddish-purple to blue was related to the pH of the tissue and that the berry color was due to the occurrence of anthocyanin flavonol co-pigmentation.

Compsocryptus of the Northern Caribbean with Description of a New Species from Hispaniola (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Compsocryptus (Ichneumonidae: Mesostenini) is centered in the Sonoran Region of western North America and Middle America but has disjunct species in southern South America, in Florida, and on some of the northern Antilles. Compsocryptus stangei n. sp. is the 1st Compsocryptus reported from Hispaniola. It differs from other Caribbean and south Floridian congeners by the following combination of characters: body shining black, wings dark wih yellow blotches, gaster red, and thorax generally shining with narrow but prominent smooth intervals among the punctures. Compsocryptus fasciipennis (Brulle) of Florida and Cuba has yellow wing markings but a uniformly blue-black ground color on the gaster, mesosoma, and head. Compsocryptus orientalis Alayo & Tzankov (described from Cuba and here cited also from the Bahamas) has the wings almost uniformly dark and a subdued bluish-purple ground color. In both the foregoing species the thoracic punctures are dense with inconspicuous smooth interspaces.

Quantitative determination of Coomassie R bound to proteins in polyacrylamide gel. A facilitated method for multi-spot analysis of electrograms

Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was found to be an efficient solvent for extraction of Coomassie Blue R 250 (Coomassie R) from stained proteins on polyacrylamide gels. Kinetic measurements show that the extraction of the dye from a 2-D gel reached equilibrium in 48 h. Staining of E. coli ribosomal proteins by Coomassie R dissolved in trichloroacetic acid exhibited two types of dye-protein complexes, the majority of them yield a blue-purple colour, while the rest are stained with a light-blue tone and fluorescent appearance as well. The absorbance spectra of the complexes in the gel matrix differ significantly from each other. However, the DMSO-extracted Coomassie show identical absorbance profiles with λ max at 602 nm, thus the amount of the bound dye can easily be measured spectrophometrically.

Soybean Polyamines

Cadaverine in soybeans was separated by ion exchange chromatography from other polyamines previously identified. Identification of cadaverine was based on ion exchange separation, thin layer chromatography, paper electrophoresis, mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analyses. Since the molecules of putrescine and cadaverine are so similar, separation and identification of the two components are difficult. Their R(F) values on thin layer chromatography are close, although cadaverine produces a bluish purple color when sprayed with ninhydrin reagent, while putrescine forms a purple color. Separation likewise is poor by paper electrophoresis, gas chromatography, and gel filtration. The mass spectra of cadaverine and putrescine have m/e peaks at 30, 43, 45, 56, 73, 85, 102 and 30, 43, 59, 71, 88, respectively. The m/e peaks differentiate one compound from the other. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and their integration curves show that cadaverine contains two types of methylene protons (10 total) in 3:2 ratio while putrescine produces two types (8 total) in 1:1 ratio. Polyamines occur at levels of micrograms per gram of soybeans with spermidine present in the largest quantity.

マサバの腎傍系球体細胞に関する組織学的研究

Histological observations were made on the JG cells of Japanese mackerel, Scomber japonicas and the following results were obtained. 1. BowrE's stain was tried on kidney sections fixed with 7 kinds of fixatives and HELLY'S fluid was ascertained to be the most suitable fixative for BOWIE'S stain. 2. JG cells in the kidneys of Japanese mackerel were stained in deep blue-purple colour with BOWIE'S method and coloured with orange G in MALLORY'S triple stain, as in those cells of mammalian kidneys. However, in other stainings, some remarkable differences were detected between the JG cells of fishes and those cells of mammals.

Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation on Chlorpromazine II: Anaerobic Condition

In this report, ultraviolet light-catalyzed reaction of chlorpromazine under anaerobic condition is presented. It appears that chlorpromazine behaves differently to ultraviolet energy under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Under the former condition oxidation products prevail, and the sulfoxide and N-oxide are formed; however, under the latter condition, the polymerization process predominates and the polymer was found to be the major product. The biological activity of this compound was tested on human volunteers; this study indicated that this compound caused a negligible skin irritation but produced a bluish-purple color resembling that of the skin discoloration observed in patients. Hydrogen chloride liberated in the initial phase of the photochemical reaction may be responsible for the skin rash reported in patients receiving daily maintenance dose of chlorpromazine. Formation of a polymer coupled with melanin may be the cause of the skin discoloration observed in patients under prolonged and high dose of chlorpromazine treatment.

FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES ON CLINICAL CHEMISTRY. V. A SPECIFIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF FREE CHOLESTEROL IN SERUM.

A new colorimetric determination of cholesterol was studied and the standard procedure was established. The principle was based on that cholesterol in acetone was oxidized to cholest-4-en-3, 6-dione by the Kiliani's reagent, and its p-nitrophenylhydrazone produced a blue purple color in alkaline solution of dimethylformamide. This color had an absorption maximum at 575 mμ and was very stable. It has been found that free cholesterol could be determined specifically even in the presence of esterified cholesterols, which gave no color under the standard procedure. The method has been applied to the analysis of free and total cholesterol in serum. Known amounts of cholesterol added to extract from serum were measured using the calibration curve by the standard procedure and the recoveries were quite satisfactory.

Polarization of sunlight reflected from the sea surface

Abstract : The observation of purple-blue solar glitter points when viewing the sea surface through polarizing glasses can be explained on the following basis. Reflection of sunlight at angles of incidence close to the Brewster angle for the long and medium wavelengths of the visible light spectrum produces a reflected beam with a component wave vibrating in the plane of incidence and deficient in red, green, and yellow light. Since this component of the reflected beam is the only one transmitted by polarizing glasses, the glitter points appear to be of a purple-blue color. Other colorimetric properties of the parallel polarized reflected light beam predicted by this explanation are consistent with the observations. The explanation may be used to obtain extreme values of sea surface slope at the time of the observation, and the extreme values obtained are consistent with previous estimates of extreme sea surface slopes. It is suggested that the type of observations described might be useful in the measurement of sea surface slope distributions over small areas. (Author)

Relationship of Blue and Orange Flower-Color Types in Nemesia strumosa

1. Two flower-color types in Nemesia strumosa are blue-margin and blue. In blue-margin plants possessing the eyebrow gene, there is a band of pale blue color on the inside of the corolla limb around the margins of the lobes of the upper lips, and some blue color is present on the inside of the lower lip at the sides of the tube, frequently extending over the throat. In blue-margin plants homozygous for the allele of eyebrow, the blue color covers practically the entire surface of the inner part of the upper lip. In the blue type both lips are blue on the inner surface. In both types there is little or no orange pigmentation in the lower part of the tube. 2. When combined with the color gene C, blue forms a more bluish-purple color that is often hard to identify, but blue-margin forms a type which is purple on the upper lip and a shade of rose on the lower. This type resembles the bicolor type but can usually be differentiated by the lesser amount of orange in the tube. 3. Blue and blue-margin seem to form a series of multiple alleles with orange and white with orange the top dominant, white dominant to the blue types, blue-margin dominant to blue, and blue recessive to the other three types. The genes are designated, respectively, O, o, obm, and obl. 4. A recessive gene for blue-margin reducer, br, reduces the width of the margin in blue-margin, eyebrow plants. In some places the margin is broken. 5. There is indication of the presence of a dominant gene that acts as an anthocyanin inhibitor.

THE HYPOPHYSIS OF THE BROAD-BILLED SWORDFISH, XIPHIAS GLADIUS L

Twenty-three swordfish pituitaries were studied in 1940. It was impossible to determine the sex of these fish; therefore the work was repeated in 1941 on pituitaries from 13 swordfish, all of which proved to be female. Their pituitaries were identical with those obtained in 1940.The swordfish hypophysis is a blunt pyramidal structure, situated with its base in close approximation with the infundibulum. The pars nervosa descends from the infundibular floor, as a main or primary infiltration which arborizes in the ventral portion of the gland, with smaller secondary infiltrations of infundibular tissue penetrating the more dorsal regions. It is fibrous in nature, with the nuclei of connective tissue cells occurring frequently. Herring's bodies are not found in the pars nervosa, and there is no evidence of migration of cells from other glandular regions into it.The pars intermedia surrounds the arborized part of the main nervous penetration, as a cone-shaped region with its apex directed ventrally. There are three types of cells in this part of the gland; an orange G acidophile, a weak blue basophile, and a chromophobe. Carmine granules are found in many of the basophiles. The acidophiles become more numerous in glands obtained successively during the summer.The Übergangsteil is a wedge-shaped region, lying dorsal to the base of the cone-like pars intermedia, with its main portion in the postero-dorsal part of the hypophysis. A sheath of its material completely envelops the pars intermedia. The Übergangsteil possesses two types of cells: a strong carminophile with finely granulated cytoplasm, and a deep blue basophile with coarsely granulated cytoplasm. During the latter half of the summer the basophiles contain large vacuoles which first appear about the middle of July.The pars anterior occupies a horse-shoe shaped region in the anterodorsal part of the hypophysis. Its arms extend posteriorly toward the main mass of the Übergangsteil, often surrounding the zone of contact of the infundibulum and the pars glandularis in collar-like fashion. The pars anterior of the swordfish pituitary has two chief types of cells: an amphiphile and an acidophile. The former are of a bluishpurple color, and are found bordering the secondary infiltrations of infundibular material that enter this region. The acidophiles are coarsely granulated carminophiles, which lie beneath the more peripheral amphiphiles to make up the bulk of the pars anterior.The 13 swordfish from which gonads were obtained in 1941 were females. The ovaries contained ova which did not change appreciably in diameter during the summer. Thus there is no evidence of sexual maturation of swordfish taken in southern New England waters.

CHICAGO LARYNGOLOGICAL AND OTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND MILWAUKEE OTO-OPHTHALMIC SOCIETY

Cavernous Hemangioma of the Nose, Nasal Septum and Forehead: Report of a Case.Dr. Samuel Salinger, Chicago. A woman aged 20 was first seen in May 1937, for relief of an enlargement of the nose which had been present since birth. There was a smooth enlargement of the lower half of the nose, of bluish purple color, elastic to the touch and extending almost to the level of the lower border of the nasal bones. The lower portion of the septum bulged into the nares, causing almost complete obstruction. The mucous membrane was thin and pulsated slightly. The entire mass was easily compressible externally and internally. To the left of the midline of the forehead was a similar mass extending from the hair line toward the supraorbital margin. While the color was much like that of the nasal swelling, the mass felt somewhat more dense. It was felt that surgical