Blue Lupin Seeds Research Articles

Impacts of Different Processes on the Nutritional and Antinutritional Contents of White and Blue Lupin Seeds and Usage Possibilities for Sustainable Poultry Production.

In the current era, it is important to consider economic and ecological sustainability issues while optimally meeting the nutrient needs of poultry. The use and research of alternative feedstuffs have gained importance due to these factors. The aim of this study is to reveal the raw lupin seeds' nutrient ingredients as an alternative feedstuff and the effects of debittering methods. In the present study, two different treatments (germination for 2 days; heat treatment in an autoclave at 130 °C for 20 min) were applied to white and blue lupin seeds, and the differences in nutrient compositions between them and raw seeds were determined. When fatty acid compositions were analyzed, oleic, γ-linolenic, arachidic, behenic, erucic, and lignoceric acid values were found to be the highest in the raw, autoclaved, and germinated forms of white lupin (p < 0.01). The highest values of palmitic, stearic, and linoleic acids were observed in blue lupin (p < 0.01). While the value of total quinolizidine alkaloids (QA) in raw white lupin grains was higher than 1.943 mg/g, it was higher than 1.800 mg/g in autoclaved and germination-treated grains. Similarly, the total QA value of raw blue lupin grains was 0.894 mg/g, 0.609 ± 0.244 mg/g in germination-treated seeds, and 0.705 ± 0.282 mg/g in autoclave-treated seeds. As a result of these findings, it can be said that the methods applied for the removal of bitterness gave promising results. Furthermore, it would be rewarding to use these lupin varieties in in vitro and in vivo experiments to reveal the impacts and mechanisms of debittering methods on poultry.

Effects of faba bean, blue lupin and rapeseed meal supplementation on amino acid metabolism of dairy cows fed grass silage-based diets.

Information about the amino acid (AA) supply of locally produced protein supplements to dairy cow metabolism is needed to design sustainable diets for milk production. In this dairy cow experiment, grass silage and cereal-based diets supplemented with isonitrogenous amounts of rapeseed meal (RSM), faba beans (FB) and blue lupin seeds (BL) were compared with a control diet (CON) without protein supplementation. The diets were arranged as a 4×4 Latin Square using periods of 21days, and four rumen-cannulated Nordic Red dairy cows were used in the experiment. The intake of all AAs increased in response to protein supplementation and was for many individual AAs higher when RSM rather than the grain legumes FB and BL were fed. The total AA flow at the omasal canal was 3026, 3371, 3373 and 3045g/day for cows fed CON, RSM, FB and BL, respectively, but only RSM resulted in higher milk protein output. This may be explained by the higher provision of essential AA for milk protein synthesis when RSM was fed. The cows fed FB showed some positive features such as a tendency for greater omasal flow of branched-chain AA compared with BL. Overall, low plasma methionine and/or glucose concentrations in all treatments suggest that their supply was possibly limiting further production responses under the dietary conditions of the current study. It seems that the benefits of grain legume supplementation are limited when high-quality grass silage and cereal-based diets are used as the basal diet, but higher responses in amino acid supply and subsequent production responses can be expected when RSM is used.

HSQC‐NMR‐based profiling approaches for raffinose family oligosaccharides in pulses

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesDue to insufficient resolution, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy‐based methods are limited to quantify carbohydrates. In the past, heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC)‐based methods were demonstrated to be superior as the second dimension greatly improves resolution. However, whether these experiments are also suitable to determine structurally similar oligosaccharides such as raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO) still needs to be demonstrated.FindingsBy optimizing NMR parameters, well resolved signals for the analysis of glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose and the RFO raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose were identified. Application of fast HSQC methods in combination with nonuniform sampling enables analyses of sucrose and RFO in pulses (blue lupin seeds, red lentils, kidney beans) within 24 min. If the analytes are present at levels greater than 0.5 g/100 g, HSQC‐based methods provide data equivalent to an anion‐exchange chromatography‐based reference method.ConclusionsHigh resolution fast HSQC‐based approaches are suitable tools to analyze complex carbohydrate mixtures as demonstrated for RFO in different pulses.Significance and NoveltyFast HSQC experiments were applied for the first time to analyze structurally similar oligosaccharides. In the future, this approach will be a most valuable tool to analyze complex mixtures of carbohydrates in food products.

Influence of raw pea (Pisum sativum) or blue lupin seeds (Lupinus angustifolius) on the level of selected bioactive substances in pork meat

Abstract The study objective was to evaluate the impact of different contributions of pea (Pisum sativum) cultivar Hubal and blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) cultivar Regent on the level of selected bioactive substances in pork meat. One hundred three cross-breed piglets: ♀ (Landrace × Yorkshire) × ♂ Duroc were used. Two experiments were performed, in which pea seeds (experiment I: E1 – 5.0% pea seeds; E2 – 10.0% pea seeds; E3 – 15.0% pea seeds; E4 – 17.5% pea seeds) and blue lupin seeds (experiment II; D1 – 5.0% blue lupin seeds; D2 – 10.0% blue lupin seeds; D3 – 15.0% blue lupin seeds D4 – 17.5% blue lupin seeds) were used instead of genetically modified soybean meal (SBM-GM). In each of the experiments 50 animals were divided into 5 groups (control – C, and four experimentals), placed in group pens, each for 10 individuals (sex ratio barrows : gilts – 1:1). The animals were weighed and tagged before the experiments. The initial body weight of the pigs at experiment I and II commencement was: 26.7 and 33.5 kg, and at the end of the experiments: 122.0 and 124.0, respectively. In the first experiment (progressive pea “seeds” contribution) the concentration of carnosine was shown to be higher in E4 than E3 and C by 47.3% and 94.2%, respectively. In comparison with group C, the Q10 coenzyme content in groups E1, E2, E3 and E4 was lower by 40.9%, 56.8%, 40.9% and 65.9% respectively. In the experiment II (progressive lupin “seeds” contribution) increased content of all of the investigated bioactive substances was recorded in groups D1-D3 vs C. Significant differences between groups C, D2, D4 for taurine (P≤0.05; P≤0.01) and creatine (P≤0.05) have been recorded. The content of bioactive substances in the longissimus lumborum muscle was significantly influenced by legumes, which increased the level of bioactive components of protein fraction. Therefore, it can be concluded that pea (Pisum sativum) cultivar Hubal and blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) cultivar Regent are an alternative to SBM-GM, increasing the nutritional value of pork meat.

Formation of seedlings of white lupin, Lupinus albus L. and blue lupin, Lupinus angustifolius L. in laboratory and field experiments

Modern varieties of white lupin can be an alternative to soy in overcoming vegetable protein deficiency: to produce or import? Unlike soybeans, lupin seeds do not contain trypsin inhibitors; they don’t need heat treatment to be used in feed. Lupin has a high attachment of beans. It is drought-resistant, adapted to environmental conditions with insufficient moisture. The formation of seedlings is a critical period in the ontogeny of lupin, preceding sprouting. At this time, parameters of seedlings such as the speed and vigor, density, distribution uniformity on the soil surface are determined. The objective is to determine the dynamic characteristics of seedlings of white and blue lupin seeds by alterations in the wet and dry weight of the seedling and its individual organs in laboratory and field experiments. In the laboratory experiments, seeds of white and blue lupins were germinated on sifted and calcined sand, moistened to 80% of the total moisture capacity at 20 oC. On the 4th and 7th days, the wet and dry weight per 100 seedlings, morphological alterations in the seedling bodies and their mass were determined, as well as the expenditure of seed reserve nutrients for the formation of seedlings was calculated. In field experiment, the same parameters of seedlings were determined, considering their laboratory germination (according to the number of viable seeds per 1 m row). The formation features of seedlings of white and blue lupins in laboratory and field experiments have been studied. The certain features influencing the parameters of seedlings in field during the critical sowing-seedlings” period have been determined.

Effects of faba bean, blue lupin and rapeseed meal supplementation on nitrogen digestion and utilization of dairy cows fed grass silage-based diets

There is increasing interest in using locally produced protein supplements in dairy cow feeding. The objective of this experiment was to compare rapeseed meal (RSM), faba beans (FBs) and blue lupin seeds (BL) at isonitrogenous amounts as supplements of grass silage and cereal based diets. A control diet (CON) without protein supplement was included in the experiment. Four lactating Nordic Red cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin Square design with four 21 d periods. The milk production increased with protein supplementation but when expressed as energy corrected milk, the response disappeared due to substantially higher milk fat concentration with CON compared to protein supplemented diets. Milk protein output increased by 8.5, 4.4 and 2.7% when RSM, FB and BL were compared to CON. The main changes in rumen fermentation were the higher propionate and lower butyrate proportion of total rumen volatile fatty acids when the protein supplemented diets were compared to CON. Protein supplementation also clearly increased the ruminal ammonia N concentration. Protein supplementation improved diet organic matter and NDF digestibility but efficiency of microbial protein synthesis per kg organic matter truly digested was not affected. Flow of microbial N was greater when FB compared to BL was fed. All protein supplements decreased the efficiency of nitrogen use in milk production. The marginal efficiency (amount of additional feed protein captured in milk protein) was 0.110, 0.062 and 0.045 for RSM, FB and BL, respectively. The current study supports the evidence that RSM is a good protein supplement for dairy cows, and this effect was at least partly mediated by the lower rumen degradability of RSM protein compared to FB and BL. The relatively small production responses to protein supplementation with simultaneous decrease in nitrogen use efficiency in milk production suggest that economic and environmental consequences of protein feeding need to be carefully considered.

Pathogenicity and Host Range of Pythium kashmirense-A Soil-Borne Oomycete Recently Discovered in the UK.

During a survey of oomycetes in ornamental plants carried out at the University of Aberdeen in 2014–2015, Pythium kashmirense was isolated from a specimen of Viburnum plicatum ‘Lanarth’, the first report of this oomycete in the UK (and in Europe). Pathogenicity of a Py. kashmirense isolate was examined using a range of plant species. Inoculations were carried out under controlled conditions in the absence of other Pythium and Phytophthora species, on Glycine max (soya bean), Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Lupinus angustifolius (blue lupin), Cucumis sativa (cucumber) and Viburnum opulus. The majority of inoculations caused pre-emergence damping-off, as well as seed rot and root rot. In the in vitro assays, germination rates (%) of soya bean and blue lupin seeds were less than 50%; in the in vivo inoculations on plants, over 50% of soya bean, blue lupin and common bean plants died; in contrast, cucumber plants showed lower susceptibility in pathogenicity tests, with an approximately 80% germination rate in in vitro tests, and 25% dead plants in the in planta inoculations. Inoculations carried out on root systems of Viburnum opulus caused severe necrosis and root rot. Little research was previously conducted on pathogenicity of Py. kashmirense and its relationship with losses in crop yield and quality. The present study showed varying virulence on the different plant species tested after inoculation with Py. kashmirense. Despite the lack of clear host specialization, infection by Py. kashmirense decreased seedling survival and health of plants in a range of important agricultural and ornamental plant species.

The Effect of Fermentation with Kefir Grains on the Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Beverages from Blue Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) Seeds.

Plant derived fermented beverages have recently gained consumers’ interest, particularly due to their intrinsic functional properties and presence of beneficial microorganisms. Three variants containing 5%, 10%, and 15% (w/w) of sweet blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L. cv. “Boregine”) seeds were inoculated with kefir grains and incubated at 25 °C for 24 h. After processing, beverages were stored in refrigerated conditions (6 °C) for 21 days. Changes in microbial population, pH, bioactive compounds (polyphenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid), reducing sugars, and free amino acids were estimated. Additionally, viscosity, firmness, color, and free radicals scavenging properties were determined. Results showed that lactic acid bacteria as well as yeast were capable of growing well in the lupin matrix without any supplementation. During the process of refrigeration, the viability of the microorganisms was over the recommended minimum level for kefir products. Hydrolysis of polysaccharides as well as increase of free amino acids was observed. As a result of fermentation, the beverages showed excellent DPPH, ABTS+·, ·OH, and O2− radicals scavenging activities with a potential when considering diseases associated with oxidative stress. This beverages could be used as a new, non-dairy vehicle for beneficial microflora consumption, especially by vegans and lactose-intolerant consumers.

Lupinus angustifolius seed meal supplemented to dairy cow diet improves fatty acid composition in milk and mitigates methane production

Recently, the narrow-leafed, blue lupine (Lupinus angustifolius) seeds, including the Tango variety, have been used as a potential feed of livestock animals. However, there is still a limited knowledge of possible action of the Tango lupine seed meal (LSM) on ruminal fermentation, enteric methane production, milk yield and composition in dairy cattle. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of LSM supplementation to dairy cows on ruminal enteric methane production, microbial population, ruminal biohydrogenation and fatty acid (FA) proportion in the ruminal fluid and milk. An in vitro trial comprising of control and five experimental groups (supplementation of LSM at 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 g/kg diet) was conducted to determine an effective dose level for an in vivo experiment. The in vitro trial was followed by an in vivo experiment conducted on 60 high-yielding Polish Holstein Friesian dairy cows assigned into two groups: the control (n = 30) and the experimental LSM group (n = 30; 2 kg LSM/day/cow). Supplementation of LSM decreased methane emission and archaeal abundances in vitro and in vivo and increased ammonia level in vivo. Ruminal total volatile fatty acid concentration and acetate proportion were reduced by LSM supplementation both in vitro and in vivo. Milk yield and its basic composition were not influenced by the LSM. However, the LSM increased the unsaturated FA content and decreased n6 to n3 FA ratio in milk. Supplementation of LSM upregulated the mRNA expressions of FASN and ELOVL5 genes and downregulated the LPL gene expression in milk somatic cells. The daily cost of LSM diet and the cost of 1 kg of milk production were lower compared with the control. It is concluded that LSM supplementation may improve milk quality without affecting milk yield and has the potential to decrease methane production in dairy cows.

Performance Results and Concentrations of Biochemical Indices and Mineral Elements in Blood Serum of Fatteners Fed Diets Containing Mixtures of Raw Seeds of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) or Blue Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.).

Simple SummaryThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of using pea and blue lupine seeds as replacers for genetically modified soybean meal (SBM-GM), traditionally used in pig feeding, on their production results, health and body homeostasis. The public is often opposed to the use of feed with GM materials in animal nutrition, which is why the search for alternative sources of feed protein that can be used in commercial production is underway. Despite the differences in the level of biochemical indices and mineral elements concentration in blood serum in pigs fed diets containing pea or blue lupine seeds, the study did not show their negative impact on the production parameters and body homeostasis. The results obtained indicate that legumes seeds—pea and blue lupin—can offer an alternative to SBM-GM. It has been shown that pea or blue lupine seeds in the diet of fattening pigs allows to achieve similar production results and do not adversely affect the homeostasis of the animal body.Two experiments were conducted with fatteners (♀ (Landrace × Yorkshire) × ♂ duroc), 50 animals each (10 pigs per group). The fatteners from the control group (C) were administered feed mixtures with genetically modified soybean meal (SBM-GM) used as the only protein source; whereas these from experimental groups (E1–E4) received feed mixtures in which the SBM-GM was replaced with increasing amounts of raw seeds of pea (Experiment I) or blue lupin (Experiment II): E1—5.0%, E2—10.0%, E3—15.0%, and E4—17.5%. Once the fattening period was completed, production results were determined, and selected blood serum indices were assayed to establish the effect of the nutritional factor on body homeostasis and health status of the animals. Pigs from all groups revealed a similar growth rate and meatiness (p > 0.05). In Experiment I serum analyses showed lower (p < 0.001) concentrations of: cholesterol in E1, E3 and E4; creatinine in E1 and E4 and urea in E3 and E4, compared to the C. In Experiment II, lower (p < 0.001) concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine-aminotransferase, total protein, and Mg were determined in the serum of fatteners from E1–E4 compared to the C. Even though values of all analyzed blood markers differed among the groups, in most cases they fitted within reference values for the species, which indicates the maintenance of body homeostasis. Study results show that there are no contraindications to the use of pea and blue lupin seeds as alternative feed materials to SBM-GM in pig fattening.

Blue lupine seeds protein content and amino acids composition

Lupine seeds are promising soy replacement in food products and feeds. Eighteen cultivars of blue lupine seeds were examined to indicate the one most favourable in protein content and quality. Two parameters were studied, i.e. total protein content (with the Kjeldahl method) and amino acids composition (with the ultra performance liquid chromatography technique). Both parameters studied were variable and depended both on the cultivar and on the place of cultivation. Protein content was in the range of 28–41% and the worst cultivar, regardless of cultivation place, was cv. Kalif (average total protein content 29.37 ± 1.14%), while the best cultivar was Boruta (average total protein content 37.43 ± 0.98%). The blue lupine seeds were rich especially in leucine (5.3 ± 0.5–9.7 ± 0.5 g/16 g N), threonine (2.4 ± 0.7–4.9 ± 0.1 g/16 g N) and lysine (2.7 ± 0.4–5.6 ± 0.1 g/16 g N). The richest among all amino acids studied were the cv. Bojar seeds from Wiatrowo and cv. Oskar from Przebędowo. It was not possible to choose one cultivar preferable from the nutritional point of view, because a strong influence of cultivation place on protein content and quality was observed, especially as to the precipitation sum.

Viscosity negatively affects the nutritional value of blue lupin seeds for broilers

This study examines the impact of Lupinus angustifolius variety (C) and inclusion level (L) in broiler diets on the nutritional value, viscosity of ileal digesta and activity of gut microbiota. The experiment was conducted on 154 female 21-day-old broilers, allocated to 11 groups (kept individually). A reference lupin-free diet and 10 test diets containing one of five lupin seeds; Kadryl, Regent, Dalbor, Bojar and Tango, mixed with the reference diet at a ratio of 25 : 75 or 32 : 68 dry matter (DM) (low or high level of inclusion) were prepared. Diets were fed for 6 days, excreta were collected over last 4 days. Apparent metabolizable energy corrected to zero N balance (AMEN) of diets and AMEN of lupin seeds were calculated. Birds were sacrificed, ileal and caecal digesta were pooled by segments from two birds, and the activity of bacterial enzymes was determined. The ileal digesta viscosity was measured immediately (ileal viscosity immediate (IVI)) or after 6 days storage at −18°C (ileal viscosity frozen). AMEN of test diets were lower than the reference diet. Lupin AMEN values ranged from 6.04 MJ/kg DM for Regent at high level to 9.25 MJ/kg DM for Bojar at low level. High inclusion level numerically decreased AMEN value in all cultivars, except for Kadryl, for which it increased (significant C×L interaction). The IVI value was 2.6 mPa·s in the reference group, but ranged from 6.3 to 21.7 mPa·s in lupin-fed birds. It increased significantly with level for Regent, Dalbor and Tango but not for the other two cultivars (significant C×L interaction). There was a negative correlation between IVI and: apparent total tract N retention, fat digestibility from test diets, AMEN of diets and lupins. Ileal viscosity immediate was positively correlated with the activity of ileal α- and β-glucosidase and negatively with ileal α-galactosidase and caecal α-glucosidase. Ileal viscosity frozen ranged from 3.2 to 5 mPa·s and it was not correlated with lupins AMEN. This suggests that the digesta viscosity caused by narrow-leafed lupin is detrimental to its nutritional value and interfere with the gut microbial activity. In addition, the lupins viscosity was measured by two in vitro methods: the water extract viscosity (WEV) method and after incubation in conditions imitating in vivo digestion (enzyme-treated extract viscosity (EEV)). In vivo viscosity was weakly reflected by in vitro measurements as there was no correlation between IVI and WEV or EEV. Overall, findings suggest that the different cultivars of narrow-leafed lupin may have different value for practical application in broiler diets.

Effectiveness of herbicide in high quality lipins

The article presents the results of studies on the effectiveness of soil herbicides in crops of blue lupine, carried out in the experimental farm “Chabani” NSC “Institute of Agriculture NAAS” for 2011-2015 years. It is established that the application of herbicide pulsar (0.5-1.0 l / ha), patriot (0.5-1.0 l / ha), frontier Optima (0.6-1.0 l / ha), harnes ( 1.0-2.5 l / ha), dual Gold (0.8-1.6 l / h) and tank mixtures on blue lupine crops in pre-emergence positive effect on reduction of weediness and shows no negative effect on the culture of . The most effective in controlling weeds is the use of tank mixtures of herbicides patriot + harnes pulsar, harnes in doses of 0.5-1.0 l / ha, or pulsar, patrіot (1.0 l / ha) ensuring reduction contamination of culture on 93,0-95,7%, which makes it possible to obtain yields blue lupine seeds within 2,27-2,51 t / ha. The level of profitability of their application is 52-57% and the net profit - 1,8-2,0 thousand UAH / ha.

The influence of narrow-leafed lupin seed fermentation on their chemical composition and ileal digestibility and microbiota in growing pigs

ABSTRACTThe aims of this study were to provide a controlled fermentation process of blue lupin seeds (Lupinus angustifolius, cv. Neptun), monitor the changes in seed composition and determine the influence of the fermentation on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids in growing pigs, compared with raw lupin seeds. The fermentation with bacteria and yeast was conducted for 24 h at 25ºC under aerobic conditions. Seed fermentation increased the contents of CP, fibre, fat and ash and most of the analysed amino acids but reduced the levels of the nitrogen-free extractives. Furthermore, fermentation decreased the contents of raffinose family oligosaccharides and phytic acids but increased the alkaloid content. The AID was estimated on three barrows (mean initial body weight 25 kg), surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. The pigs received three diets, each for 6 d, within three experimental periods (3 × 3 Latin Square design). The diets contained soybean meal (Group SBM), raw lupin seeds (Group RL) or fermented lupin seeds (Group FL) as solely protein sources. Fermentation had a positive impact on the AID of CP and methionine, cysteine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine and valine (p < 0.05). Feeding raw or fermented lupin seeds did not affect the microbial status of the ileal digesta. Moreover, ammonia content in the caecal digesta did not differ between Groups RL and FL, although it was significantly higher than in Group SBM. It can be concluded that the fermentation process modified the chemical composition of nutrients in seeds, which can influence the digestibility and utilisation of the fermentation product in animal diets compared to raw seeds.

Фотосинтетична діяльність посівів люпину вузьколистого залежно від елементів технології вирощування в умовах Полісся України

Фотосинтетична діяльність посівів люпину вузьколистого залежно від елементів технології вирощування в умовах Полісся України

Evaluation of the Nutritional Value of Yellow (Lupinus Luteus) and Blue Lupine (Lupinus Angustifolius) Cultivars as Protein Sources in Rats

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional value of protein from the seeds of yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus) and blue lupine (Lupinus angustifolius) cultivars, contained in diets fed to rats. The experimental diets were based on the seeds of three yellow lupine (Mister, Markiz, Taper) or three blue lupine (Sonet, Boruta, Elf) cultivars as the only or main protein source. The nutritional value of the diets was determined based on their chemical composition and alkaloid and oligosaccharide concentrations. Lupine seeds were fed to male Wistar rats with initial body weight of approx. 112 g. Alkaloid concentrations in yellow lupine and blue lupine seeds were 0.07-0.09 g kg-1 DM and 0.26-0.39 g kg-1 DM, respectively. Oligosaccharide concentrations in yellow and blue lupine seeds were 108.0-108.9 and 65.4-67.6 g kg-1 DM, respectively. The inclusion of lupine seeds in rat diets increased fecal and urinary nitrogen losses, and decreased nitrogen retention by approx. 10%. The diets based on yellow or blue lupine seeds were characterized by lower nitrogen digestibility and lower biological value of protein than the control diet containing casein.

The Effect of Dry Yeast Fermentation on Chemical Composition and Protein Characteristics of Blue Lupin Seeds.

The effect of 24-hour fermentation of lupin seeds by different yeast strains on their chemical composition was determined. After fermentation, the mass fraction of proteins increased and their in vitro digestibility and biological activity significantly improved. The amino acid profile of fermented products was similar to that of raw lupin seeds. The significant reduction in the mass fraction of oligosaccharides and phytate, but not of alkaloids was found. The pH level of fermented products decreased as a consequence of the increase of lactic and propionic acid mass fractions. The most favourable changes in the chemical composition of blue lupin seeds were obtained in fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae baker's yeast and Fermivin 7013 strain.

Yield and mineral composition of seeds of leguminous plants and grain of spring wheat as well as their residual effect on the yield and chemical composition of winter oilseed rape seeds

A controlled field experiment was carried out in 2011-2014 in order to determine yields and chemical composition of selected genotypes of leguminous plants and spring wheat, as well as their value as a preceding crop (crop volume, mineral composition of seeds) for winter oilseed rape grown in Northern Poland. Chemical analysis of the content of macronutrients and micronutrients in seeds and grain was conducted using standard methods after mineralisation in H2SO4 with H2O2 as an oxidant (macronutrients), or in a mixture of the acids HNO3+HCl+HClO4 (micronutrients). It was proven that among the examined species and seasonal types of legumes, the highest total seed and protein yield volume was obtained from both field bean forms, traditional and determinate one. The lowest yield was achieved from blue lupine. The yield of winter wheat grain oscillated around 5.6 t ha-1. Blue lupine seeds were characterised by the highest total protein content. Seeds of both field bean forms were distinguished by the highest content of potassium, phosphorus, copper and zinc, while blue lupine seeds had the highest content of calcium, magnesium and manganese. The research showed a clear tendency towards a higher winter oilseed rape yield in a field after determinate field bean and seed pea. Spring wheat proved to be the worst previous crop for winter oilseed rape. The tendency for greater accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, copper, iron and zinc in winter oilseed rape seeds was observed in a field after determinate field bean. The lowest content of macronutrients and micronutrients was characteristic for seeds of winter oilseed rape grown after spring wheat. Winter oilseed rape seeds in a field after determinate field bean and blue lupine were rich in prof. dr hab. Gabriel Fordonski, Chair of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Pl. Łodzki 5,10-727 Olsztyn, Poland, e-mail: gabriel.fordonski@uwm.edu.pl * This study was supported with funds of the Polish Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development under the project No.HOR. 3.3.3.

The Nutritional Value and Physiological Properties of Diets with Raw and Candida utilis-Fermented Lupin Seeds in Rats.

The growth and physiological responses of the rats to diet supplemented with raw and Candida utilis-fermented yellow and blue lupin seeds were determined. The diets containing soya bean meal, raw and fermented blue and yellow lupin were administered to eight rats in each diet group for four weeks. Yellow lupin seeds in the diets of rats improved significantly (p<0.05) feed intake, protein digestibility, body mass gain and protein efficiency ratio in comparison with blue lupin seeds. On the contrary, blue lupin seeds affected significantly (p<0.05) gastrointestinal fermentation processes in comparison with yellow lupin seeds. Fermentation of lupin seeds increased crude protein content and reduced phytate and oligosaccharide content. In the fermented products, a higher number of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts but reduced number of coliform bacteria was found. Fermentation by Candida utilis positively (p<0.05) affected protein digestibility of feed, body mass gain and protein efficiency ratio of rats, as well as the activity of some bacterial enzymes and cholesterol concentrations in the blood serum.

The effect of alkaloids present in blue lupine (Lupinus angustifolius) seeds on the growth rate, selected biochemical blood indicators and histopathological changes in the liver of rats

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of alkaloids present in blue lupine (Lupinus angustifolius) seeds on the growth rate, selected indicators of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and liver morphology in rats. The experimental material comprised 32 Wistar rats at around 3 weeks of age, with an initial body weight of 81 g. During a 28-day feeding trial, the rats were fed diets containing the seeds of three blue lupine cultivars, Baron, Zeus and Wersal, with different alkaloid concentrations (0.36, 0.41, 0.56 mg/kg, respectively). Diets containing the seeds of three blue lupine cultivars reduced the feed intake and significantly limited the growth rate of experimental rats, compared to the control group. Lupine alkaloids had no effect on the serum concentrations of glucose and total cholesterol in rats, whereas elevated triglyceride concentrations were noted in experimental groups, relative to the control group. Diets containing the seeds of blue lupine cultivars Zeus and Wersal induced changes in alanine transaminase activity. A histopathological analysis of the liver revealed parenchymatous degeneration, which was more advanced in rats fed diets with the seeds of blue lupine cultivars Zeus and Wersal than in the control group, and congestion of portal vessels, which was more severe in rats fed the seeds of blue lupine cultivars Baron and Zeus.