Blue Dye Research Articles

Adsorption Performance of Acidic Modified Fly Ash: Box–Behnken design

Fly ash (FA) and modified fly ash (mFA) were used as adsorbents to remove methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorbents were characterized using crystal structures with XRD, surface functional groups with FTIR, and surface morphologies with SEM. Response surface methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize adsorption parameters such as MB dye concentration (A: 10-20 mg/L), solution pH (B: 3-11), and contact time (C: 30-180 min). ANOVA analysis shows the significant inter-actions between initial concentration, solution pH value, and solution pH value, contact time was found to be significant in the removal of MB (p-value=< 0.0001, 0.0040), whereas between the effect of initial concen-tration and contact time was not significant (p-value = 0.0881). The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model and the adsorption isotherm followed the Langmuir model. At 28°C, the adsorption capacity of fly ash-HNO3 for MB was found to be 7.67 mg/g.

Unveiling the synthesis, characteristics, electrical conductivity, photocatalytic activity, and electrochemical activity of eco-friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles

The Nigella Sativa seeds were utilized for the environment-friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), as evident by the observation of a white precipitate. Numerous analytical techniques, such as XRD, FTIR, UV–vis, SEM, and EDX, were utilized to describe the specimen's structural, optical, and electrical properties. XRD analysis was used to confirm that the ZnO NPs were crystalline. An absorbance peak at 401 nm was observed in the UV–vis, indicating that the ZnO NPs have a 2.91 eV bandgap. Functional groups are present in ZnO NPs, as seen by the FTIR graph. The nanoparticles' spherical form and average size of 37.9 nm were confirmed by the SEM image. EDX analysis confirmed the composition of the nanoparticles, with zinc accounting for 73.17% and oxygen for 26.83%. ZnO NPs demonstrated excellent electrical conductivity because of their higher surface-to-volume ratio. Additionally, the synthesis of ZnO NPs exhibited effective degradation of methylene blue dye. These results point to potential applications in several domains, including electronics, biomedical devices, industry, and agriculture, and they call for immediate follow-up research.

Pseudo-water-soluble Fe2O3 as Nanozyme catalyzed chemiluminescent reaction for detection of brilliant blue in gelatin and beverages

Converting solid iron oxide nanoparticles into a “pseudo-water-soluble” form before applying them to chemiluminescent reactions leads to enhance the chemiluminescence intensity. Using 8-hydroxyquinoline as a colloidal agent, a new, fast, and simple method of synthesizing pseudo-water-soluble Fe2O3 nanoparticles was developed. SEM, VSM, SAED, HRTEM, XRD, FTIR, and EDS techniques were used to characterize the synthesized Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Fe2O3 nanoparticles synthesized in this study have superior peroxidase-like activity (POD-like) and are stable under a wide range of pH and temperature. The chemiluminescence reaction of luminol-H2O2 is intensified and accelerated by a colloidal solution of Fe-nanoparticles/8-hydroxyquinoline. Reverse-flow injection analysis was employed to determine brilliant blue. A chemiluminescent sensing method based on iron oxide nanozymes was utilized for sensitive detection of the brilliant blue synthetic dye, achieving a limit of detection of 0.06 mg/L and a dynamic linear range of 0.1 to 50 mg/L. The recovery and relative standard deviations of real samples were found to be 97.83–99.93% and 0.09–3.07%, respectively. An analysis of a sample, from injection to obtaining the maximum peak, could be performed in less than one minute.

Pulsed Electro Decoration of Carbon Nanotubes with FexZn1−xS

Pulsed Electro Decoration of Carbon Nanotubes with FexZn1−xS

Cancer Stem Cell and Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumour- A Preliminary Study

Background: Cancer stem cell (CSC) and Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) transforms conversion of normal cells in the tumor microenvironment into CSC which is the main cause of embryogenesis, carcinogenesis and metastasis. Methods: Nineteen canine patients with recurrent transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) and metastasis of inguinal lymph node were the subjects of present study. Preoperative work up and clinical staging involving radiography, ultrasonography, hematobiochemical analysis and histopathology or biopsy were done to confirm the type of cancerous tissue. Tumor tissues were collected in ice cold RPMI-1640 and phosphate buffer solution. Flow cytometry analysis was performed following established protocol from surgically excised tissue sample. Trypan blue dye exclusion test was done to quantify the live/dead cell count. CD24PE, CD44FITC, CD133APC and EpCAM antibody with conjugates were chosen markers for flow cytometry analysis. Result: Nineteen canine patients were diagnosed with Transmissible Venereal tumor (TVT) (common sexually transmitted disease in male dog) through biopsy of excised surgical tissue following Haematoxylin and Eosin staining protocol. Recurrence was seen even after adjuvant chemotherapy with Vincristine injection @ 0.25 mg/m2 at weekly interval for 5 weeks. Trypan blue dye exclusion test confirms 98% live cell count in transmissible venereal granuloma after digestion and incubation for flow cytometry. Flow cytometry analysis of the cells from the TVT showed surface biomarkers for EpCAM+ cells, EpCAM CD24+ cells, EpCAM CD44+ cells, EpCAM CD133+ indicating cells with CSC and EMT properties. Presence of CSC and EMT cells in this patient was responsible for chemoresistance, distant metastasis and recurrence. Identification of specific CSC in a malignant cancer will yields deeper insight into biological aspects of metastasis and formulation of targeted therapy in fighting with cancer.

Rice Straw Derived Mesoporous Biochar for the Removal of Coomassie Brilliant Blue Dye

Rice Straw Derived Mesoporous Biochar for the Removal of Coomassie Brilliant Blue Dye

Enhanced adsorption capacity of phosphoric acid-modified montmorillonite clay and ground coffee waste-derived carbon-based functional composite beads for the effective removal of methylene blue

Clays, valued for their versatility, serve as economical adsorbents. Recent studies show that physical, thermal, and chemical modifications can enhance their adsorption capacity. In this study, the synthesis of a functional bead comprising phosphoric acid-modified montmorillonite (PMMT) and coffee waste carbon (CWC) and its application for the efficient adsorption of methylene blue (MeB) dye is investigated. A highly flexible and low-cost phyllosilicate, montmorillonite clay, MMT was treated with phosphoric acid to enhance the ionic density, composited with CWC, resulting in improved surface properties thereafter was transformed into easily recoverable bead form through subsequent cross-linking steps. These functional composite beads were characterized using various characterization techniques. As a result, the existing tetrahedral sheets possessed by the MMT having weak bonds between the layers are improved in a way that they can allow molecule exchange for the efficient enhancement of the adsorption capacity of the composite material. Moreover, after the necessary modifications, the adsorbent was found to be mechanically stable, inhibiting secondary pollutions from the use in powder forms while allowing the interlayers favorable for not just cationic but also anionic exchange whilst increasing the specific surface area and pore volume. The surface area was enhanced to 9.93 m2 /g. Following this, maximum adsorption capacity of 489.9 mg/g was attained showing a superior removal efficiency for methylene blue dye (>80%). The adsorption equilibrium was analyzed using Freundlich and Langmuir models. The adsorption mechanism aligns with the Langmuir model which encompasses a monolayer adsorption. All in all, this study is anticipated to play a crucial role in the search for adsorbents with multiple functionalities and good structural stability during and after use.

Remediation of methylene blue water solution with iodine doped TiO2 nanoparticles and their regeneration: For reuse and check phytotoxicity level of treated water

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is an essential metal-oxide semiconductor with unique features, such as low cost, photostability, nontoxicity, and abundance used as a photocatalyst. However, TiO2's photocatalytic activity is limited because it exclusively absorbs incoming light in the ultraviolet (UV) range. In present work, Iodine-doped TiO2 (IDT) photocatalysts were prepared employing solution-combustion process in various mol % of iodine (I), i.e., Ti1-xIxO2 (x = 0.00–0.05). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV–Vis Diffuse Reflectance spectroscopic (DRS) were used to characterise the synthesised IDT. DRS indicated that iodine doping increased the absorbance range while diminishing its bandgap energy. As the I doping concentration in TiO2 increased, there was a constant shift in absorbance towards the visible light area. The XRD demonstrated that the prepared photocatalysts were solely with the anatase phase of TiO2. The FTIR identified the functional groups in the prepared photocatalysts and numerous Ti–O lattice stretching and bending vibrational bands. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye was tested in a UV photochemical reactor. The 3 % IDT photocatalyst has the highest photodegradation efficiency amid all the prepared pristine and IDT photocatalysts. Regarding dye photodegradation, the synthesised TiO2 photocatalyst doped with 3 % Iodine outperformed the commercially available Aeroxide P-25 photocatalyst. Furthermore, the nanoparticles demonstrated excellent reusability in regeneration trials. A study on the germination of "Vigna Radiata" was done to determine phytotoxicity as part of the investigation into the potential use of photocatalytically treated water in irrigation. The phytotoxicity evaluation results show that the treated water has potential for use in irrigation.

Exploring the potential of Cu-LDHs composite for efficient Coomassie brilliant blue dye removal: evaluating adsorption isotherms and antibacterial activity

Exploring the potential of Cu-LDHs composite for efficient Coomassie brilliant blue dye removal: evaluating adsorption isotherms and antibacterial activity

Noninvasive focused ultrasound-mediated delivery of rAAV9-EGFP vectors for neuronal targeting in rats

ObjectiveTo evaluate the synergistic potential of Focused Ultrasound (FUS) in conjunction with microbubbles (MB) and recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (rAAV9) vectors for targeted gene delivery to neuronal cells in rats, optimizing gene expression conditions and assessing any adverse effects. MethodsThe parameters for permeability enhancement of the rat's blood-brain barrier (BBB) were established using FUS+MB, with MRI scans and Evans Blue (EB) dye assisting in the evaluation. Rats underwent FUS-mediated transfection using rAAV9-Syn-EGFP vectors produced via a triple-transfection in HEK293T cells. Following this, the uptake and expression of GFP in targeted brain regions were evaluated using confocal fluorescence microscopy at various time intervals. Inflammatory responses post-FUS treatment were tracked by observing levels of GFAP, a marker for astrocytic activation, and TNF-α, a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Motor behavior effects post-intervention were gauged using the Rotarod test across multiple groups over a span of four weeks. ResultsFUS+MB affected BBB permeability, with optimal results at 4 W for 200 s showing 85 % permeability and evident Gd-DTPA leakage. Settings beyond these resulted in tissue damage. Control groups exhibited a basal GFP expression of 2 % ± 0.5 %, whereas FUS+MB with rAAV-EGFP injections substantially increased GFP expression to about 67 % ± 6 % in targeted neurons. This GFP expression peaked at three weeks post-treatment and remained evident six months later. Following FUS treatment, both GFAP and TNF-α levels underwent fluctuations before eventually nearing their baseline values. The Rotarod test revealed no significant behavioral differences post-treatments among the groups. ConclusionsCombining FUS+MB with rAAV offers an innovative approach to enhance therapeutic delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) by transiently adjusting BBB permeability.

Restraint Stress-Induced Neutrophil Inflammation Contributes to Concurrent Gastrointestinal Injury in Mice.

Psychological stress increases risk of gastrointestinal tract diseases. However, the mechanism behind stress-induced gastrointestinal injury is not well understood. The objective of our study is to elucidate the putative mechanism of stress-induced gastrointestinal injury and develop an intervention strategy. To achieve this, we employed the restraint stress mouse model, a well-established method to study the pathophysiological changes associated with psychological stress in mice. By orally administering gut-nonabsorbable Evans blue dye and monitoring its plasma levels, we were able to track the progression of gastrointestinal injury in live mice. Additionally, flow cytometry was utilized to assess the viability, death, and inflammatory status of splenic leukocytes, providing insights into the stress-induced impact on the innate immune system associated with stress-induced gastrointestinal injury. Our findings reveal that neutrophils represent the primary innate immune leukocyte lineage responsible for stress-induced inflammation. Splenic neutrophils exhibited elevated expression levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1, cellular reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial burden, and cell death following stress challenge compared to other innate immune cells such as macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells. Regulated cell death analysis indicated that NETosis is the predominant stress-induced cell death response among other analyzed regulated cell death pathways. NETosis culminates in the formation and release of neutrophil extracellular traps, which play a crucial role in modulating inflammation by binding to pathogens. Treatment with the NETosis inhibitor GSK484 rescued stress-induced neutrophil extracellular trap release and gastrointestinal injury, highlighting the involvement of neutrophil extracellular traps in stress-induced gastrointestinal inflammation. Our results suggest that neutrophil NETosis could serve as a promising drug target for managing psychological stress-induced gastrointestinal injuries.

Removal of Methylene blue dye from contaminated wastewater using lignocellulosic biomasses: A comparative study

In this study, lupine seed (Lu-SP) and pumpkin seed shells (PSSP) biomasses were used to create alternative and effective adsorbents. Methylene blue (MB) dye was removed from wastewater using the as-prepared adsorbents at variables solution pH 2.0 –11.0, contact period (0–180 min), and adsorbent mass (0.2–2.0 g/L). The solution pH had a synergistic effect on the improved removal of MB and the optimal adsorption removal for both adsorbents occurred at pH 8.0 and 120 min. The adsorption isotherm modelling results showed a good fit with the Langmuir model, with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 48.98 and 77.48 mg/g for PSSP and Lu-SP, respectively. Similarly, the pseudo-first-order (PFO) model is regarded as the best-fit kinetic model for both adsorbents and suggests the predominance of physisorption via interfacial diffusion. Mechanistic investigation of the present system suggests that both intraparticle diffusion and surface sorption mechanisms control the adsorption rate. Notably, the Lu-SP with a lower surface area (54.013 m2/g) outperformed the PSSP (235.992 m2/g) in terms of adsorption capacity under varying pH. Therefore, in addition to electrostatic interaction, adsorption into the micropores via volume filling is considered one of the adsorption mechanisms. This study, therefore, revealed that the PSSP and Lu-SP may be very helpful for removing cationic MB dye from contaminated wastewater.

Hydrothermal Synthesis of CuO/WO3 Hybrid Bifunctional Composites with Unprecedented Dark Adsorption and Photocatalysis

AbstractThis study presents the synthesis and characterization of Copper Oxide/Tungsten Oxide (CuO/WO3) hybrid bifunctional composites using a hydrothermal approach. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms the successful synthesis of CuO/WO3 hybrids, exhibiting additional peaks corresponding to WO3 phases. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images reveal well‐defined, aggregated particles with a nanoscale pattern and uniform distribution of CuO and WO3 throughout the composite. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirms the stoichiometric composition of CuO/WO3 hybrids. Evaluation of dark adsorption and sunlight‐assisted photocatalysis using methylene blue (MB) dyes shows a remarkable enhancement in efficiency compared to pristine CuO. The CuO/WO3 hybrids exhibit a dark adsorption capacity of 87 % and a photocatalytic degradation efficiency of 95 % under sunlight illumination, outperforming pure CuO. These results underscore the synergistic interaction between CuO and WO3, facilitating efficient pollutant removal. The study elucidates the structural properties and mechanistic insights driving the superior performance of CuO/WO3 hybrid composites, offering promising prospects for advanced water treatment technologies.

Fabrication of stannous sulfide nanoparticles for photodegradation of thiazine derivative and evaluation of its antibacterial activity

The photocatalytic degradation of environmentally harmful chemicals has been extensively explored using a variety of photocatalysts and approaches. However, achieving efficient decomposition and removal of persistent contaminants from the aquatic environment remains a challenging factor. In this study, we report stannous sulfide nanoparticles (SnS2 NPs) prepared by a simple hydrothermal technique and characterized using various analytical methods. The prepared SnS2 NPs were used for the degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) dye under visible light irradiation, which resulted in outstanding degradation compared to other photocatalysts. According to our results, the SnS2 NPs can destroy 98.4 % of MB dye (10 ppm) in 60 minutes effectively, owing to a narrowed band energy gap and photo-induced carrier separation. Based on the results of free-radical scavenging experiment, we confirmed that hydroxyl radicals (•OH) are the key reactive species, and on this basis elucidated the possible degradation mechanism. Moreover, the SnS2 NPs photocatalyst exhibited good stability in degrading MB even after four recycles. Additionally, we analyzed the antibacterial activity of the prepared SnS2 NPs against pathogenic bacteria. As a result of this research, the proposed photocatalyst shows high potential for environmental remediation of harmful contaminants.

Effect of dose-rate on nitric oxide-induced apoptosis in A375 human melanoma cells

Purpose: To investigate the effect of dose-rate on nitric oxide (NO)-induced apoptosis in A375 human melanoma cells. Methods: The A375 cells were exposed to NO at a steady-state concentration of 7 μM, similar to the level estimated to occur in vivo in inflamed tissues, and delivered by diffusion through silastic tubing. Trypan blue dye exclusion assay was used to assess cell proliferation and viability. Cell cycle was studied by propidium iodide (PI) staining while Annexin V-FITC and PI assays were used to evaluate apoptosis. Western blotting assay was carried out to determine protein levels of p53, Bax, DR4, DR5, Fas (CD95), Procaspase 8, Procaspase 9 and Procaspase 3. Results: Viability of A375 cells was reduced by 22 % after 24 h leading to extensive apoptosis and cell cycle arrest following exposure to a cumulative dose of 3360 μM/min NO. Treatment with NO stimulated p53 and triggered mitochondrial apoptotic events by inducing conformational changes in Bax. Also, activation of caspase 9 and 3, DR4, DR5, Fas (CD95) and caspase 8 appeared to be mediated concurrently by death receptor processing and downstream caspases. Conclusion: Nitric oxide (NO) induces programmed cell death, thus indicating that it could serve as an effective inhibitor to halt the progression of melanoma or as an enhancer to improve therapeutic strategies for treatment.

Adsorption potential of hydrochar derived from hydrothermal carbonization of waste biomass towards the removal of methylene blue dye from wastewater

Adsorption potential of hydrochar derived from hydrothermal carbonization of waste biomass towards the removal of methylene blue dye from wastewater

Comparative adsorption of cationic and anionic dye by using non-activated Black Plum seed biochar for aquatic phase: Isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Industrial dye effluents play a major role in water pollution. Textile and leather industries are one of the important sectors that pollute the water by discharging many harmful cationic and anionic dyes during the dyeing process. This study aims to compare the dye removal efficiency of Black Plum seed biochar for the cationic and anionic dyes. The non-activated biochar was prepared through pyrolysis of Black Plum seed powder at 5700 C. The sample's surface chemistry was understood using various characterization techniques like Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman-Spectroscopy and Zeta-potential. The experiments were successfully performed by conducting a batch adsorption study at different parameters such as pH, concentration, contact time and temperature. The coefficients of different isotherms and kinetics models were evaluated for non-linear study and the thermodynamic model was also applied. The maximum adsorption capacity was obtained as 42.39 mg/g for Crystal Violet (CV) dye and 6.22 mg/g for Eosin Blue (EB) dye by using the Langmuir isotherm model. Hence, the Black Plum seed biochar (BPSB) has superior adsorption capacity for the cationic dye CV ( removal - 98%) as compared to the anionic dye EB ( removal - 65%) at optimum parameters. Therefore, it is concluded that the BPSB is a natural toxin-free biosorbent and it can be used for the remediation of dyes from industrial wastewater.

Exploring the influence of lanthanum doping on pyroelectric and pyrocatalytic Characteristics in NBT-BT-2Zn ceramics

The present work investigates the pyroelectric properties of 0.94Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3-0.06BaTiO3-0.02Zn-xLa (NBT-6BT-2Zn-xLa; x = 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 in mole %) and its use in methylene blue (MB) dye degradation in wastewater. La doping is used to enhance the pyroelectric properties of NBT-6BT-2Zn for energy harvesting and pyrocatalysis applications. The 0.25 mol % La-doped sample consists of a maximum pyroelectric coefficient of 3.8 × 10−4 C m−2 °C−1 and shows a 55% MB dye decomposition. The presence of •OHandO2•− is confirmed by scavengers and radical trapping experiments. The repeatability test ensures the reusability of the NBT-6BT-2Zn-0.25La as a pyrocatalyst for dye degradation. The bulk form of NBT-6BT-2Zn-0.25La is also investigated to overcome the limitations of powder recovery in dye degradation.

Sustainable Utilization of Food Biowaste (Papaya Peel) Extract for Gold Nanoparticle Biosynthesis and Investigation of Its Multi-Functional Potentials.

Papaya contains high amounts of vitamins A, C, riboflavin, thiamine, niacin, ascorbic acid, potassium, and carotenoids. It is confirmed by several studies that all food waste parts such as the fruit peels, seeds, and leaves of papaya are potential sources of phenolic compounds, particularly in the peel. Considering the presence of numerous bioactive compounds in papaya fruit peels, the current study reports a rapid, cheap, and environmentally friendly method for the production of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) employing food biowaste (vegetable papaya peel extract (VPPE)) and investigated its antioxidant, antidiabetic, tyrosinase inhibition, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and photocatalytic degradation potentials. The phytochemical analysis gave positive results for tannins, saponins, steroids, cardiac steroidal glycoside, protein, and carbohydrates. The manufactured VPPE-AuNPs were studied by UV-Vis scan (with surface plasmon resonance of 552 nm), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) (with average crystallite size of 44.41 nm as per the Scherrer equation), scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), particle size, zeta potential, etc. The mean dimension of the manufactured VPPE-AuNPs is 112.2 d.nm (PDI-0.149) with a -26.1 mV zeta potential. The VPPE-AuNPs displayed a significant antioxidant effect (93.24% DPPH scavenging and 74.23% SOD inhibition at 100 µg/mL); moderate tyrosinase effect (with 30.76%); and substantial α-glucosidase (95.63%) and α-amylase effect (50.66%) at 100 µg/mL. Additionally, it was found to be very proficient in the removal of harmful methyl orange and methylene blue dyes with degradation of 34.70% at 3 h and 24.39% at 5 h, respectively. Taken altogether, the VPPE-AuNPs have been proven to possess multiple biopotential activities, which can be explored by the food, cosmetics, and biomedical industries.

Exploring the versatility of sulfur-containing heterocyclic metal complexes: Application in medical and prospects of visible-light-driven photocatalysis

Numerous heterocyclic moieties serve as the foundational structure for clinically employed drugs, underscoring the significance of heterocycles in the innovation of pharmacologically active compounds. In the present investigation, a heterocyclic skeleton of thiophene-clubbed benzimidazole (tmb) was developed and utilized to synthesize seven novel series of metal (M(II) = Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) complexes to explore diverse applications including pharmacological and photocatalytic performance. A sharp singlet peak appeared at 5.72 ppm (tmb) and 5.94 ppm for the Zn(II)-tmb complex corresponding to -CH2 protons, as evidenced by 1H NMR results, confirming the formation of targeted compounds. Antimicrobial assay and docking studies confirmed that the mixed metal complex; [Cu(tmb)2(1,10-phen)Cl2] possesses the highest activity and displayed significant biofilm inhibition, achieving 86.35 and 89.8% at concentrations of 1 and 0.020 mg/mL, respectively against E. coli. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity was monitored by the degradation of methylene blue dye under direct sunlight and [Cu(tmb)2Cl2] exhibited a maximum degradation efficiency of 96.15% in 45 min. These findings could serve as inspiration for the development of benzimidazole-based metal complexes as effective anti-biofilm and photocatalytic agents.