Blue Dye Research Articles

Synthesis and characterization of heavy metal-based hydroxyapatite for batch adsorption of turquoise blue dye: equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies

Abstract In this study, different metal hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanoparticles were synthesized at a laboratory scale. All the methods used were very economical because all reagents used in this work were cheap and easily available in laboratories. The synthesized products were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis to confirm the synthesis of respective products by ensuring the presence of phosphate and hydroxyl functional groups. These metal HAP nanoparticles were applied in water treatment applications as adsorbents for the elimination of turquoise blue dye from the aqueous solution. Batch experiments were performed, and all effective parameters were optimized. Their optimized values were as follows: pH = 8, dosage of adsorbent = 0.05 g, contact time = 75 min, temperature = 30 °C, and dye concentration = 75 ppm. The order of adsorption capacity of four different metal HAP products was determined as calcium-HAP (Ca-HAP) > lead-HAP (Pb-HAP) > strontium-HAP (Sr-HAP) > barium-HAP (Ba-HAP). Ca-HAP, Ba-HAP, Sr-HAP, and Pb-HAP have the highest concentration of 0.5 N, giving 54–69.29% desorption. Moreover, the effect of surfactants and electrolytes was also studied. Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model were best fitted for turquoise blue dye adsorption. The reaction was exothermic and spontaneous in nature.

Enhancing the efficiency of magnetically driven carbon nitride-based nanocomposites with magnetic nanoflowers for the removal of methylene blue dye at neutral pH.

The present study focuses on the elaboration of magnetic nanocomposites by the in situ incorporation of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) with spherical and nanoflower-like morphologies in graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) sheets using two different synthetic routes. Nanomaterials are characterized by TEM, SEM, XRD, FTIR, BET, zetametry, vibrating sample magnetometry, and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The decoration of the carbon nitride matrix with the magnetic NPs enhanced optical and textural properties. The influence of the morphology of the magnetic NPs on the adsorptive and photocatalytic properties of the nanocomposites under different pH conditions (4.5, 6.9, and 10.6) was assessed from batch tests to remove methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. In extreme pH conditions, the nanocomposites exhibited lower or equivalent MB removal capacity compared to the pure g-C3N4. However, at neutral medium, the nanocomposite with incorporated Fe3O4 nanoflowers showed a significantly higher removal efficiency (80.7%) due to the combination of a high adsorption capacity and a good photocatalytic activity in this pH region. The proposed nanocomposite is a promising alternative to remove cationic dyes from water by magnetic assistance, since no pH adjustment of the polluted effluent is required, reducing costs and environmental impact in the dyeing industry.

Novel and Reusable Graphene Oxide-Coated Reticulated Open-Cell Mullite Foams for Methylene Blue Dye Adsorption.

Reticulated open-cell mullite (ROM) foams coated with graphene oxide (GO) multilayers as novel and reusable composites (ROM/GO) were first fabricated and functionalized to remove methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions. In this study, the ROM foams were produced via a replica technique utilizing rice husk as a starting raw material of silica (SiO2) mixed with commercially available alumina (Al2O3) in the step of slurry preparation. GO was synthesized by a modification of Hummer's method and dispersed in a fixed weight ratio in an aqueous solution. The HCl-pretreated ROM foams were dip-coated for up to 5 cycles using a fixed weight ratio of GO in an aqueous solution. The experimental results revealed that the ROM/GO foams provided 100% adsorption efficiency for MB within 30 min. The adsorption kinetics of the ROM/GO foams followed the first-order model. Based on the microstructural investigations on the surfaces of the ROM foams compared with the ROM/GO foams, the adsorption performance was related to the unique porous structure of the ROM foams, incorporating the physicochemical properties of the GO-multilayered coating. Finally, the ROM/GO foams are considered as sustainable and cost-effective adsorbents due to their reusable functionality for at least 5 cycles of MB removal.

Comparative evaluation of the Clearing technique and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) in assessing the root canal morphology of Mandibular First Premolars in the Bengali Population: An in-vitro study

Complete knowledge of the root canal anatomy is of prime importance for a successful endodontic treatment. Amongst the permanent teeth, the mandibular first premolar poses a challenge to the clinician due to its morphologic variations. The present study aimed to evaluate the root canal morphology of the mandibular first premolars according to Vertucci’s classification using clearing and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) techniques. Material and Methods 100 mandibular first premolars extracted due to orthodontic purposes were scanned using CBCT. Following this the teeth samples were accessed, debrided with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, decalcified using 5% nitric acid, and then dehydrated with increasing concentrations of isopropyl alcohol. Finally, the tooth samples were cleared with methyl salicylate solution and injected with methylene blue dye to allow canal visualization. Data obtained was analyzed by the weighted Kappa(κ) coefficient at a 5% significance level. Results Vertucci’s Type I followed by Type V had the highest prevalent rates according to both techniques. Seven samples were found that could not be classified under Vertucci’s system. 84% of the cases were classified similarly by both techniques(κ=0.82). Conclusions CBCT showed an almost perfect agreement with that of the clearing technique and can be a viable diagnostic modality to diagnose canal morphology. Key Words Clearing, Cone-beam computed tomography, Premolars, Root canal morphology

Development of a novel bionanocomposite of UiO-66/xanthan gum/alginate crosslinked by calcium chloride for azo dye removal: Insight into adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics

In the present work, UiO-66/xanthan gum/alginate bionanocomposite adsorbent was fabricated using the in-situ crosslinking-gelation method, characterized by different techniques, and finally used for the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution. Adsorption studies were performed using batch experiments and the influencing operational parameters such as contact time, initial pH solution, temperature, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, pHPZC, swelling, regeneration, and reuse of the adsorbent were investigated. The various kinetic models (pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion) and isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich) were used to analysis of the experiment results. The results were best fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity of dye on the adsorbent was obtained at 9.96 mg/g at pH = 11. The value of pHPZC for the adsorbent was obtained at about 8. According to thermodynamic parameters, the dye adsorption was found as spontaneous and endothermic due to the negative value of the ΔG° and ΔH°. After 4 times of reusability cycles, the adsorption efficiency remained above 86 %, which represented a certain regeneration ability. As a result, this research indicates that UiO-66/xanthan gum/alginate bionanocomposite can be utilized as a promising bio-adsorbent for azo dye removal from contaminated wastewater.

Modeling the Transport of Inorganic Arsenic Species through Field Soils: Irrigation and Soil Structure Effect

Dissolved arsenic (As) may appear at the tile line level through preferential flow (PF), leading to contamination of shallow water bodies. Limited work on the movement of As forms in field soils urged the need for more research. The PF of arsenate (As(V)) and arsenite (As(III)) compared to chloride (Cl) at constant flow under saturated (10 mm), slightly unsaturated (−10 mm), and unsaturated (−40 mm) pressure heads was evaluated in replicated large field columns varying in subsoil structure. A solute containing As(V), As(III), and Cl was pulsed until the Cl concentration ratio in the drainage samples reached maxima and flushed with solute-free irrigation. HYDRUS-1D software version 4.15 was utilized to fit the breakthroughs of As(V) and As(III) in the dual-porosity physical non-equilibrium model (DP-PNE). The Langmuir equation was used to fit the As(V) and As(III) sorption isotherms, and blue dye staining was used for the marking of flow paths. Dye leaching was observed up to 50 cm or deeper in the soils. Under saturated conditions (+10 mm), Kotli, Guliana, and Mansehra soils showed chemical non-equilibrium (CNE) for As(V) and As(III); however, the extent of CNE was less under unsaturated conditions (−40 mm). These results implied that these well-structured soils had enough large macropores, which cause PF, but at the same time, they were also small enough to retain water and leach solutes under unsaturated conditions (−40 mm). It is concluded that irrigation of contaminated water or dumping solid waste on well-aggregated soil may exhibit PF of dissolved As during and after rains, and additionally As(III), which is more toxic and mobile under reduced conditions, has equal or greater potential for movement.

Synthesis of phytogenically deposed Ag nanospheres on ZnO nanosheets for photocatalytic and catalytic applications

Current study presents the phytogenic deposition of metallic Ag nanospheres on ZnO nanosheets to produce Ag/ZnO nanostructures using Jacobaea Maritima (Silver Ragwort) plant extract and the prepared materials were tested for the photo-mineralization of methylene blue (MB) dye and catalytic reduction of nitroaromatics i.e. 4-nitroaniline (4-NA) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in the presence of NaBH4 solution. The mean grain size and crystallinity of ZnO particles in Ag/ZnO nanostructures were found to be increased while the particle strain and dislocation density decreased with the elevation of Ag level in ZnO, and band gap energy value was reduced that has improved the photodegradation efficiency for MB dye from 45% to 98.60%, however, an excess amount of Ag has suppressed the photo-activity of Ag/ZnO nanostructures due to increase of band gap value and coverage of ZnO nanocrystals by Ag clusters. The catalytic reduction process indicated that the 4-NA and 4-NP were almost decolorized within 8 and 10 min, respectively. The degradation reaction rate of MB dye was enhanced by ∼7 times for Ag/ZnO nanostructures in comparison to pure ZnO nanosheets. The trapping experiments established that the •O2− and •OH radicals were the key active entities engaged in the deprivation of MB dye.

Simultaneous removal of methylene blue dye and waterborne pathogens from wastewater using extract of Embelia schimperi fruits

In this study, we report the use of Embelia schimperi fruits’extract to simultaneously remove methylene blue dye and pathogens from wastewater. The extract of Embelia schimperi fruits was characterized by Atomic force Microscopy and Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy. The adsorption properties of the crude extracts of the fruits were explored as a function of dosage, contact time, pH, initial methylene blue concentrations, and temperature. As a result, the highest removal efficiency of methylene blue was found to be 99.2% at optimum conditions. The adsorption data demonstrated that the adsorption of Embelia schimperi followed the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.94899) and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.99326). Besides, crude extracts of the fruits showed significant antibacterial properties against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Agar diffusion tests confirmed that Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus were highly sensitive to the crude extracts of Embelia schimperi fruits, followed by Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. Thus, the findings of this study confirm the promising potential of Embelia schimperi fruits as a natural adsorbent used to remove methylene blue dye and pathogenic bacteria at the same time from wastewater.
 KEY WORDS: Embelia schimperi, Adsorption, Isotherm, Kinetic, Methylene blue, Waterborne pathogens
 
 Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(2), 281-296. 
 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i2.1 

Response surface statistical modeling for optimization of methylene blue adsorption from aqueous solution using chitosan/graphite composites: Isotherm and kinetics studies

ABSTRACT The study aimed to create a chitosan/graphite composite (CGC) using the impregnation method to optimize its adsorptive efficiency for methylene blue dye from synthetic waste water. The composite adsorbent material was synthesized using a chitosan to expanded graphite ratio of 5% and acetic acid and glutaraldehyde. Expanded graphite was prepared by reacting it with H2SO4 and H2O2 for 90 minutes at room temperature. The specific surface area of graphite increased from 1193.75 m2/g to 1223.648 m2/g. The composite adsorbent material was synthesized using the impregnation method, with chitosan to expanded graphite ratio of 75:25. The CGC was characterized using FTIR, XRD, BET, SEM, and point of zero charge analysis. The adsorption of methylene blue dye onto CGC was optimized by response surface statistical experimental design method to achieve a removal efficiency of 98.61% at 5.24 initial concentration, pH of 9.98, and 95.43-minute contact time. The Langmuir isotherm best fitted the adsorption process, with an R2 value of 0.9974 and adsorption capacity of 98 mg/g. The kinetics of adsorption were best fitted to pseudo-second order with K value 0.0378. The composite was found to be the best alternative adsorbent for removing methylene blue dye from textile wastewater.

Evaluating the Sealing Ability of MTA as a Root Canal Sealing Material

This study was to evaluate the potential of using mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as a root canal sealing material via comparing its apical sealing ability with that of the most commonly used root canal sealer (Dorifill) zinc oxide based sealer , twenty-eight extracted human single rooted teeth were selected for use in this study . All teeth were prepared in standard manner using hand instruments, randomly divided into two groups of twelve teeth each and a control group of four teeth. Root canals in the two experimental groups were filled laterally condensed gutta percha and either MTA or zinc oxide based (Dorifill) sealer. After sealers had set, the root surfaces were coated with nail varnish except 1 mm at the apex of the root . Positive controls had no root filling and were coated with nail varnish in the same manner, while the negative controls were sealed only entirely with nail varnish. The teeth were immersed into 1% methylene blue dye for 72 hours. The teeth were cleared and the linear extent of dye penetration was measured with a stereomicroscope. Group (MTA) showed significantly less apical dye penetration than group 2 . Positive controls had total leak age and negative controls had no leakage. The study demonstrate that MTA provide an apical seal that is superior to that of zinc o xide based root canal sealer (Dorifill).

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye by magnetized TiO2-silica nanoparticles from rice husk

In this current study, magnetized TiO2-supported SiO2 nanoparticles, synthesized from rice husk, was applied as a photocatalyst to degrade methylene blue dye (MBD) in aqueous solution using LED lamp as light source. The effects of MBD initial concentration, TiO2 loading, pH and illumination time on the degradation efficiency of the photocatalyst on MBD was investigated using Box–Behnken design as the experimental design tool. Photocatalyst was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, thermogravimetric analysis and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller. At optimum predicted point where MBD initial concentration, TiO2 loading, pH and illumination time were 10 ppm, 15%, 6 and 75 min, respectively, the predicted and experimental percentage of MBD removed were 97.66% and 96.89%, respectively. Correlation coefficient and ANOVA justified high significance of the developed model for prediction. Experimental data fitted excellently into pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The temperature effect revealed optimum MBD photocatalytic degradation at 50 °C by TiO2/mRH-SNP. Characterization revealed the effects of magnetization and TiO2 addition on the synthesized SiO2 nanoparticles from rice husk. In conclusion, magnetized TiO2-silica nanoparticles from rice husk could be effectively used to degrade MBD in solution.

Comparative Study of Multi-Objective and Single-Objective Optimisation of Colour Matching for Opaque Products

Opaque products usually refer to all types of products with opaque packaging. In order to improve the market competitiveness of opaque products, it is crucial to determine the optimal colour scheme for the products. In this paper, we study the colour matching scheme for opaque products, taking different concentrations of red, yellow and blue dye as the research variables, taking the minimum chromatic aberration, the lowest cost, and the type of dye as the objective function, establishing the mathematical model of the optimal colour matching scheme, adopting the single-objective particle swarm algorithm and multi-objective hierarchical sequential method respectively, and using specific examples to carry out a comparative analysis to check the two methods. The results show that the single-objective method can provide the colour matching scheme with the minimum chromatic aberration from the ideal colour, and the multi-objective method can consider the cost and price of dyes as well as the types of dyes to provide a more scientific colour matching scheme. The computational results also verify the validity of the model and show that the model can provide decision-making and support for colour matching schemes for opaque products.

Integrating DFT and machine learning for the design and optimization of sodium alginate-based hydrogel adsorbents: Efficient removal of pollutants from wastewater

This study presents a novel approach to design and optimize a sodium alginate-based hydrogel (SAH) for efficient adsorption of the model water pollutant methylene blue (MB) dye. Utilizing density functional theory (DFT) calculations, sodium alginate-g-poly (acrylamide-co-itaconic acid) was identified with the lowest adsorption energy (Eads) for MB dye among 14 different clusters. SAHs were prepared using selected monomers and sodium alginate combinations through graft co-polymerization, and swelling studies were conducted to optimize grafting conditions. Advanced characterization techniques, including FTIR, XRD, XPS, SEM, EDS, and TGA, were employed, and the process was optimized using statistical and machine learning tools. Screening tests demonstrated that Eads serves as an effective predicting indicator for adsorption capacity (qe) and MB removal efficiency (RRMB,%), with reasonable agreement between Eads and both responses under given conditions. Process modeling and optimization revealed that 5 mg of selected SAH achieves a maximum qe of 3244 mg g−1 at 84.4% RRMB under pH 8.05, 98.8 min, and MB concentration of 383.3 mg L−1, as identified by the desirability function approach. Moreover, SAH effectively eliminated various contaminants from aqueous solutions, including sulfasalazine (SFZ) and dibenzothiophene (DBT). MB adsorption onto selected SAH was exothermic, spontaneous, and followed the pseudo-first-order and Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm models. The remarkable ability of SAH to adsorb MB is attributed to its well-designed structure predicted through DFT and optimal operational conditions achieved by AI-based parametric optimization. By integrating DFT-based computations and machine-learning tools, this study contributes to the efficient design of adsorbent materials and optimization of adsorption processes, also showcasing the potential of SAH as an efficient adsorbent for the abatement of aqueous pollution.

Microleakage Evaluation of a Silorane-Based and Methacrylate-Based Packable and Nanofill Posterior Composites (in vitro comparative study)

This study compared in vitro the microleakage of a new low shrink silorane-based posterior composite (Filtek™ P90) and two methacrylate-based composites: a packable posterior composite (Filtek™ P60) and a nanofill composite (Filtek™ Supreme XT) through dye penetration test. Thirty sound human upper premolars were used in this study. Standardized class V cavities were prepared at the buccal surface of each tooth. The teeth were then divided into three groups of ten teeth each: (Group 1: restored with Filtek™ P90, Group 2: restored with Filtek™ P60, and Group 3: restored with Filtek™ Supreme XT). Each composite system was used according to the manufacturer's instructions with their corresponding adhesive systems. The teeth were then thermocycled, immersed in 1% methylene blue dye for 24 hours at room temperature, embedded in auto-polymerizing acrylic resin and sectioned longitudinally bucco-lingually. Microleakage was evaluated by assessing the linear dye penetration at the tooth/restoration interface occlusally and gingivally. The highest microleakage score occlusally or gingivally was recorded and the results were analyzed statistically using SPSS version 13. The results of this study showed that the silorane-based posterior composite Filtek™ P90 showed significantly less microleakage than the methacrylate-based packable composite (Filtek™ P60) and the nano-filled composite (Filtek™ Supreme XT) when the tooth-restoration interface is located in enamel.

Improved photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants using green synthesized ZnO and Ni@ZnO NPs for environmental applications

The facile, eco-friendly, and cost-effective production of nanoparticles using green technology has recently piqued the scientific community's interest. In this work, Bioaugmented ZnO and 5 wt%, 10 wt% and 15 wt% of Ni@ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared from soursop leaf extract using facile green technology. The ZnO nanoparticles were found to be crystalline with a single phase, according to XRD examination and Scherer's formula was used to compute the average crystallite size was about 36.3, 38.2, 39.8 and 40.6 for ZnO, 5 wt%, 10 wt% and 15 wt% Ni@ZnO respectively. It was noticed that pure ZnO samples showed 0.0015 values, while nickel content of 5 wt% showed nearly 0.001 values, which specifies that doped samples showed compressive strain. The produced samples’ FESEM pictures demonstrate that the NPs are mostly spherical and less than 100 nm in size. The 510 cm−1 band is caused by asymmetric stretching of the Zn-O tetrahedron, according to FTIR. Ni2+ ion inclusion causes a small shift in this peak of 10–20 cm−1. ZnO-NPs made from biosynthesis degraded methylene blue dye 94 % in 50 min. The antimicrobial test confirms that Ni@ZnO (15 %) demonstrated a larger mean zone of inhibition than the other three samples. Biocompatible, ZnO and Ni@ZnO NPs are suited for biomedical and environmental applications because of their eco-friendly synthesis and nontoxic properties.

Simultaneous and fast degradation of methylene blue, methylene orange, and Rhodamine B dyes by high-performance rGO/Fe3O4/ZnSe magnetic nanocomposites

Dark catalyst materials are a new generation of catalyst material for the removal of dye and pigment molecules from water and wastewater. In this research, reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/Fe3O4/ZnSe magnetic nanocomposites were used as dark catalyst nanomaterial for ultrafast degradation of methylene blue (MB), Rhodamine B (RB), and methylene orange (MO) dyes in darkness. The obtained results showed that rGO/Fe3O4/ZnSe nanocomposite had excellent dark catalyst ability and could completely remove MB, RB, and MO dyes from water. Also, rGO/Fe3O4/ZnSe nanocomposite degraded these dyes simultaneously in 4 min stirring in the darkness. The obtained results showed that the degradation process was independent to the pH of the effluent. RGO/Fe3O4/ZnSe magnetic nanocomposite was synthesized by a refluxing method. The prepared magnetic nanocomposites were characterized by different analyses such as XRD, FT-IR, Raman, TEM, FESEM, Zeta, EDS, and VSM. The XRD analysis and TEM images confirmed the successful formation of ZnSe and Fe3O4 on GO nanosheets. VSM analysis results showed that rGO/Fe3O4/ZnSe nanocomposites had good superparamagnetic behavior with magnetization saturation (Ms) at about 35.2 emu/g. The double layer capacitance (Cdl) and activated surface area of rGO/Fe3O4/ZnSe nanocomposite were measured at about 39 mF.cm−2 and 0.097 cm2, respectively.

Continuous Adsorption of Acid Wood Dyes onto an Activated Carbon Prepared from Pine Sawdust

In this paper, an activated carbon obtained from Pinus radiata sawdust is applied to remove blue, red, and black wood dyes from aqueous solutions in a fixed-bed column. The flow rate (7.7–30.8 mL min−1), initial dye concentration (25–500 mg L−1), and bed height (2–4 cm) highly influence the breakthrough-curves’ features. The results indicate that the adsorption capacity increased by decreasing the flow rate and increasing the initial dye concentration, except for the black dye, and increasing bed height, except for the red dye. In addition, the breakthrough time changed by modifying the studied variables. The curves became steeper as the flow rate increased and as the bed height decreased. Also, by increasing the inlet dye concentration, the breakthrough time decreased significantly, and sharper breakthrough curves were obtained. The activated carbon with a surface area of 2826 m2 g−1 led to high values of the adsorption capacity between 150 and 1300 mg g−1. The Yoon–Nelson and Thomas models were the ones that best described the adsorption data. The activated carbon saturated with black dye could be used in three successive cycles after regeneration with H2O2.

Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles from ball moss (Tillandsia recurvata) extracts: characterization and evaluation of their photocatalytic activity.

Green synthesis (GS), referred to the synthesis using bioactive agents such as plant materials, microorganisms, and various biowastes, prioritizing environmental sustainability, has become increasingly relevant in international scientific practice. The availability of plant resources expands the scope of new exploration opportunities, including the evaluation of new sources of organic extracts, for instance, to the best of our knowledge, no scientific articles have reported the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) from organic extracts of T. recurvata, a parasitic plant very common in semiarid regions of Mexico.This paper presents a greener and more efficient method for synthesizing ZnO NPs using T. recurvata extract as a reducing agent. The nanoparticles were examined by different techniques such as UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and BET surface analysis. The photocatalytic and adsorptive effect of ZnO NPs was investigated against methylene blue (MB) dye in aqueous media under sunlight irradiation considering an equilibrium time under dark conditions. ZnO nanoparticles were highly effective in removing MB under sunlight irradiation conditions, showing low toxicity towards human epithelial cells, making them promising candidates for a variety of applications. This attribute fosters the use of green synthesis techniques for addressing environmental issues.This study also includes the estimation of the supported electric field distributions of ZnO NPs in their individual spherical or rounded shapes and their randomly oriented organization, considering different diameters, by simulating their behavior in the visible wavelength range, observing resonant enhancements due to the strong light-matter interaction around the ZnO NPs boundaries.

Decoration of viscose fibers with silver nanoparticle-based titanium-organic framework for use in environmental applications.

To effectively remove pharmaceuticals, nitroaromatic compounds, and dyes from wastewater, an efficient multifunctional material was created based on silver nanoparticles (Ag) and MIL-125-NH2 (MOF) immobilized on viscose fibers (VF) as a support substrate. Firstly, silver nanoparticles (Ag) were immobilized on the surface of viscose fibers (VF) via in situ synthesis using trisodium citrate (TSC) as a reducing agent to create (VF-Ag). Then, VF and VF-Ag were decorated with the titanium metal-organic framework MIL-125-NH2 (MOF) to create VF-MOF and VF-Ag-MOF. The influence of VF-Ag, VF-MOF, and VF-Ag-MOF on the sonocatalytic or sonophotocatalytic degradation of sulfa drugs was investigated. The results show that VF-Ag-MOF showed excellent sonocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic activity towards the degradation of sulfa drugs compared to VF-Ag and VF-MOF. Furthermore, sonophotodegradation showed a dramatic enhancement in the efficiency of degradation of sulfa drugs compared to sonodegradation. The sonophotodegradation degradation percentage of sulfanilamide, sulfadiazine, and sulfamethazine drugs in the presence of VF-Ag-MOF was 65, 90, and 95 after 45min of ultrasonic and visible light irradiation. The catalytic activity of VF-Ag, VF-MOF, and VF-Ag-MOF was evaluated through the conversion of p-nitrophenol (4-NP) to p-aminophenol (4-AP). The results demonstrate that VF-Ag-MOF had the highest catalytic activity, followed by VF-Ag and VF-MOF. The conversion percentage of 4-NP to 4-AP was 69%. The catalytic or photocatalytic effects of VF-Ag, VF-MOF, and VF-Ag-MOF on the elimination of methylene blue (MB) dye were investigated. The results demonstrate that VF-Ag-MOF showed high efficiency in removing the MB dye through the reduction (65%) or photodegradation (71%) after 60min. VF-Ag-MOF composites structure-activity relationships represent that doping within silver NPs enhanced the photocatalytic activity of MIL-125-NH2, which could be explained as follows: (i) Due to the formation of a Schottky barrier at the junction between MIL-125-NH2 and Ag NPs, the photogenerated electrons in the conduction band of MIL-125-NH2 were supposed to be quickly transferred to the valence band of the Ag NPs, and subsequently, the electrons were transferred to the conduction band of Ag NPs. This considerable electron transferring process, which is reported as Z scheme heterojunction, can efficiently suppress the recombination of electron/hole pairs in VF-Ag-MIL-125-NH2 composites. (ii) Sufficient separation between the photogenerated charge carriers (holes and electrons) and avoiding their recombination enhanced the photocatalytic activity of composites.

Bio-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles from Aegle marmelos assisted by microwave method for enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial applications

Microwave-assisted green method was successfully used to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles in Nanoscale range by varying the Aegle marmelos leaf extract concentration. The existence of functional groups on the nanoparticle surface was confirmed by the FTIR spectra, which displayed distinctive vibrational modes. The nanoparticles size, shape, and surface features were discovered through morphological and structural research utilizing HRTEM, and SEM. The average particle size was found to be in the range of 18–28 nm. Under UV light irradiation, the ZnO NPs exhibited promising photocatalytic activity in the breakdown of methylene blue dye. The synthesized ZnO NPs are excellent in degrading dye to 80 % only in one hour. Furthermore, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains were effectively inhibited by the synthesized ZnO NPs' high antibacterial activity. Thus, characterization and promising photocatalytic and antibacterial properties point to the potential of these ZnO NPs for use in a range of environmental and biological applications.