Blood Sugar Profile Research Articles

Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria in Adult Patients: Evaluating the Effect of Loratadine on Weight and Metabolic Syndrome

Antihistamine is standard chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) therapy. Weight gain is a side effect of concern as prolonged high dose therapy is common. We investigated the effects of 12-weeks loratadine therapy on weight, appetite and parameters of metabolic syndrome (MetS). A cohort study was performed involving CSU patients aged ≥18 years. Patients with diseases or on drugs affecting weight or appetite were excluded. CSU was treated according to standard management. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP), Urticaria Activity Score 7 (UAS7), Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), hunger and satiety questionnaire, fasting blood sugar (FBS) and fasting lipid profile (FLP) were obtained at baseline, week 6 and week 12. Loratadine cumulative dose were determined. Thirteen (33.33 %) males and 26 (66.67 %) females aged 33.00 (12.00) years participated. Median weight was 62.55 (18.30) kg, BMI 24.60 (6.80) kg/m2, 13(33.33%) patients had normal weight, 12 (30.77%) overweight, 11 (28.21%) obese and 3 (7.69%) underweight. Significant weight gain was observed at week 6, 67.56 ± 16.14 kg vs 68.16 ± 16.95 kg, p < 0.05 and 67.56 ± 16.14 kg vs 64.73 ± 14.60 kg, p = 0.04 at week 12. Changes in BMI, WC, BP, FBS and FLP were insignificant. Three patients developed MetS. Hunger and satiety scores were unaffected. Loratadine induced weight gain despite no effects on appetite. Weight should be monitored in patients on long term loratadine therapy. Keywords: Urticaria; loratadine; weight gain; metabolic syndrome; appetite

The optimal cutoff score of the 2-min step test and its association with physical fitness in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

This study was carried out to evaluate sensitivity, specificity, and test cutoff score to predict cardiorespiratory fitness by using the 2-min step test (2MST) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellites (DM). The association of the 2MST and physical fitness tests including a 6-min walk test (6MWT), a 5 time sit-to-stand test (FTSST), and leg strength in the form of a leg performance test were also investigated. This study was cross-sectional and conducted in 100 type 2 DM patients. Patients were screened through health questionnaires, medical illness, general characteristics, and physical fitness tests; 2MST, 6MWT, FTSST, and leg strength. Blood was collected for assessment of fasting blood sugar and lipid profiles. The number of steps in the 2MST was positively correlated with the distance of the 6MWT (r=0.6995, P<0.0001) and leg strength (r=0.4292, P<0.0001). 2MST was negatively correlated with time to perform the FTSST (r=−0.405, P<0.0001). Moreover, this study established the optimal cutoff score of the 2MST at ≤61 steps with 92.24% sensitivity, and 81.36% specificity to predict cardiorespiratory fitness in type 2 DM patients. Our findings indicate that the 2MST may be used as a predictor for walking capacity, leg strength, and ability to change position from sitting to standing in type 2 DM. In addition, this result may imply that patients with type 2 DM performing the 2MST at less than 61 steps was significantly associated with decreased cardiorespiratory fitness.

To Evaluate the Effectiveness of Dpp4 Inhibitors in Relation to Blood Sugar and Lipid Profile

The purpose of study was to compare the glycemic parameters- Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), Postprandial blood sugar(PPBS), and HbA1C in subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus taking DPP4 Inhibitors versus other OHA either used aloneor in combination with other oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA).Methods: The subjects attending outdoor and indoor clinicsof the Department of Medicine suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus and satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteriaof study were included in the study. Results: Treatment with DPP-4 Inhibitors was associated with a better gylcemiccontrol as compared to non DPP-4 inhibitors.Conclusion: DPP-4 inhibitors also had a positive effect on beta cell functionand insulin resistance as depicted by higher C-peptide levels and HOMA-IR respectively.

The correlation between pseudoexfoliation syndrome and the Triglyceride-Glucose index.

Pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome is an age-related disease characterized by the accumulation of extracellular material in many ocular structures, skin and internal organs. Recent studies have shown that the Triglyceride-Glucose (TyG) index has clinical importance for the evaluation of vascular damage. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between PEX syndrome and TyG index, and to detect the risk in terms of vascular diseases. In the present study, 50 patients with PEX syndrome who were admitted to the ophthalmology outpatient clinic were evaluated along with 50 others who made up the control group. The Triglyceride-Glucose index was calculated with fasting plasma glucose and triglyceride values. The mean age was 68.2 ± 1.2years and 61.0% of the patients were male. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of blood sugar and lipid profile (except triglyceride) (p > 0.05). The TyG index value was 8.9 ± 0.5 in the PEX group and 8.6 ± 0.6 in the control group. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.003). In univariate regression analysis, TyG index (OR = 2.81; CI: 1.37-5.75; p = 0.005) was found to be correlated with PEX. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, this correlation remained statistically significant when adjusted for age and sex (OR = 2.89; CI: 1.35-6.18; p = 0.006). Results showed that the TyG index was high in patients diagnosed with PEX. The risk of vascular diseases can be determined by examining the TyG index in patients with PEX, and this predetermination would have significant consequences for public health.

Vitamin D Level and its Relation with the Newly Diagnosed Diabetic Neuropathy in Women with Hypothyroidism.

Diabetic nephropathy has an important role in the kidneys' function to remove extra fluid and waste products from the body. One way to avoid this disease is the treatment of other diseases, such as diabetes, thyroid gland diseases, and high blood pressure, in addition to maintaining a healthy lifestyle. This study aimed to find the relationship of thyroid hormone, blood biochemical parameters, and anthropometric measurement with the newly diagnosed diabetic neuropathy in women with hypothyroidism. In total, 90 women (with an age range of 35-55 years) were selected, 45 of whom were diagnosed with diabetic neuropathy and had hypothyroidism, and the other 45 were healthy women recruited as the control group. The following parameters were determined: serum triiodothyronine, thyroxine, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (DHVD3) activities, anthropometric measurement, fasting blood sugar (FBS), hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), urea, creatinine, and lipid profile. The results showed a significant increase in the body mass index, blood pressure, TSH, FSB, HbA1C, urea, creatinine, and triglycerides of women with newly diagnosed diabetic neuropathy and hypothyroidism, compared to that in the control group (P≤0.05). A significant decrease was also observed in the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, DHVD3, total triiodothyronine, and total thyroxine of women with newly diagnosed diabetic neuropathy and hypothyroidism, compared to that in the control group (P≤0.05). There was a correlation between vitamin D3 deficiency (VDD) and thyroid dysfunction in women with the newly diagnosed diabetic neuropathy, which indicated VDD is related to thyroid dysfunction and influences newly diagnosed diabetic neuropathy in women.

Fuzzy Based Predication Technique for Diabetics Association Analysis for Salem District Farmers

Diabetes is a one of the major issue that all people in the world currently face. Diabetes is caused by excessive amounts of sugar in the blood. Once diabetes is diagnosed, it is not completely curable, but it can be controlled with proper medication, exercise and a balanced diet. Diabetes affects the vital organs of the body such as the heart, kidneys, brain and eyes. The diabetes mellitus and its complications can be determined using a variety of pathological tests, such as patients’ symptoms and blood sugar, urine and lipid profile. The use of fuzzy logic in diagnosis is very common and useful because it combines the knowledge and experience of the physician into ambiguous sets and rules. Most of the researchers proposed methods to diagnosis the diabetes mellitus but still it in their infancy level. This work proposed a fuzzy based system for diagnosing diabetes disease. The usage of pesticides in agriculture by farmers is treated as one of the dependent variable for predication. The empirical zif’s law is used to compute the frequency of farmers using pesticides are predicated as diabetic. The output of the proposed system proved that the fuzzy based prediction model diagnosis the disease accurately.

Neuregulin 4 (NRG4) – the hormone with clinical significance in gestational diabetes mellitus

This study aimed at determining the association between serum neuregulin 4 (NRG4) and insulin in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their correlation with other metabolic parameters. A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2018 to February 2019 at Ziauddin University, Karachi. Pregnant women (n = 80), at 24–28 weeks of gestation, were recruited. Demographic data, anthropometric measurements and antenatal history were recorded. The fasting blood was drawn for testing fasting blood sugar (FBS), NRG4, insulin and lipid profile. The subjects were evaluated for glucose challenge test after 50 g glucose ingestion. NRG4 levels (1.00 ± 0.15) were found significantly high (p < .04) in healthy group compared to GDM (0.95 ± 0.11). In GDM females, high levels for FBS (p < .02) and cholesterol (p < .03) were observed. Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) had direct weak association with NRG4, inverse relationship with cholesterol and LDL but significant association (p < .05) with insulin. Significantly high NRG4 in healthy females suggests its potential role in regulating insulin sensitivity. Impact Statement What is already known on this subject? Neuregulin 4 (NGR4) is a batokine which plays a potential role in regulating insulin sensitivity, maintaining energy and metabolic homeostasis. Due to its role in lipid and glucose homeostasis, some studies report its role in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) but the results were controversial. What do the results of this study add? The study showed that NGR4 levels were significantly low in GDM subjects. Other metabolic factors especially insulin and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were found associated significantly (p < .05) with NGR4. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? NGR4 can be a potential biomarker for gestational diabetes. Nevertheless, in order to confirm these findings, further studies, with bigger sample size are required to further ascertain the prospects of NRG4 as a potential biomarker for gestational diabetes.

Measuring of Advanced Glycation End Products in Acute Stroke Care: Skin Autofluorescence as a Predictor of Ischemic Stroke Outcome in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus.

Background: Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are known to show poor recovery after stroke. This specific burden might be due to acute and chronic hyperglycemic effects. Meanwhile, the underlying mechanisms are a cause of discussion, and the best measure to predict the outcome is unclear. Skin autofluorescence (SAF) reflects the in-patient load of so-called advanced glycation end products (AGEs) beyond HbA1c and represents a valid and quickly accessible marker of chronic hyperglycemia. We investigated the predictive potential of SAF in comparison to HbA1c and acute hyperglycemia on the functional outcome at 90 days after ischemic stroke in a cohort of patients with DM. Methods: We prospectively included 113 patients with DM type 2 hospitalized for acute ischemic stroke. SAF was measured on each patient’s forearm by a mobile AGE-Reader mu© in arbitrary units. HbA1c and the area under the curve (AUC) of the blood sugar profile after admission were assessed. Functional outcome was assessed via phone interview after 90 days. A poor outcome was defined as a deterioration to a modified Rankin Scale score ≥ 3. A good outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score < 3 or as no deterioration from premorbid level. Results: Patients with a poor outcome presented with higher values of SAF (mean 3.38 (SD 0.55)) than patients with a good outcome (mean 3.13 (SD 0.61), p = 0.023), but did not differ in HbA1c and acute glycemia. In logistic regression analysis, age (p = 0.021, OR 1.24 [1.12–1.37]) and SAF (p = 0.021, OR 2.74 [1.16–6.46]) significantly predicted a poor outcome, whereas HbA1c and acute glycemia did not. Patients with a poor 90-day outcome and higher SAF experienced more infections (4.2% vs. 33.3% (p < 0.01)) and other various in-hospital complications (21.0% vs. 66.7% (p < 0.01)) than patients with a good outcome and lower SAF levels. Conclusions: SAF offers an insight into glycemic memory and appears to be a significant predictor of poor stroke outcomes in patients with DM exceeding HbA1c and acute glycemia. Measuring SAF could be useful to identify specifically vulnerable patients at high risk of complications and poor outcomes.

Association of Neck Circumference with Other Anthropometric Indices and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Healthy Young Adults

Objectives: To study the importance of neck circumference (NC) for the early detection of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and to determine the association of NC with other anthropometric parameters and CVD risk factors.&#x0D; Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2018 to June 2019. Total 610 healthy young adults male and females, aged from 18 to 35 years and permanent residents of Shaheed Benazir Abad District of Sindh were randomly selected. Those who had any type of illness, known diabetes and on any medication were excluded from this study. The data including, Socio-demographic, Anthropometric and Biochemical was collected through interview based structured questionnaire which was designed through review of literature of previous studies. Blood pressure was measured by using sphygmomanometer. The blood sample was collected in the morning timings while participants were fasting. The blood sample was analyzed for fasting blood sugar and lipid profile using standard kit methods and according to manufacturer’s instructions. Neck circumference was measured at the upper edge of the thyroid ligament by a non-versatile measuring tape. Consent was obtained before collecting the data, SPSS 18 version was used for the statistical analysis of data.&#x0D; Results: Out of total 610, 313 (51.3%) were male participants and 297 (48.7%) were female participants. In male, NC was positively correlated with SBP (r=0.589), DBP (r=0.586), FBS (r=0.358), TG (r=0.606), LDL (r=0.590) and VLDL (r=0.606), however, NC was negatively correlated with HDL-C (r=-0.434). Similarly, in female, the NC was positively correlated with SBP (r=0.552), DBP (r=0.672), FBS (r=0.437), TG (r=0.610), LDL (r=0.592) and VLDL (r=0.610) and LDL(r=0.590) however, NC was also negatively correlated with HDL-C (r=-0.-526) in females. All other CVD risk factors showed significant association with increased NC in both male and female participants. &#x0D; Conclusion: Neck circumference is positively correlated with CVD risk factors in both male and female participants, NC is easy and quick to measure and it can be used as an alternative of other anthropometric parameters.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT INSULIN REGIMENS IN DIABETIC PREGNANT PATIENTS- A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

INSULIN REGIMENS IN DIABETES CONTROL IN PREGNANT PATIENTS-A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL&#x0D; Ist Author Samina Aliya Sabir, 2nd Author Dr Qudsia Qazi, 3rd Dr Ghulam Abbas, Dr Laila Zeb&#x0D; Correspondence Author: Dr Sumaira Yasmin&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; ABSTRACT:&#x0D; Objective: &#x0D; To compare the effectiveness of basal bolus and Premixed insulin regimen in gestational and type 2 diabetics in low resource setting.&#x0D; &#x0D; Methodology: &#x0D; This randomized controlled trial was conducted in Obstetrics and Gynaecology department, Lady Reading Hospital (LRH) Peshawar over a period of one year.&#x0D; Total of 100 patients with Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) were included in the study. 50 were allocated to each group by non probability convenient sampling . One group was given basal bolus regimen and the other group was given Premixed regimen. The patients were put on insulin according to body weight after the first 24 hour blood sugar profile.&#x0D; Results: The two groups were similar for maternal age, gestational age, gravidity, mean blood glucose in first 24 hours as shown in Table1. There was a rapid control of blood sugar, on day 7 in basal bolus with Mean Blood Glucose (MBG) 152 mg/dl as compared to Premixed split regimen which was 192.42mg/dl with a ‘p’ value of 0.000 as shown in Table 2.&#x0D; Conclusion: The Basal bolus regimen is effective, cheaper and easily accessible way of controlling blood sugar in our set up.&#x0D; Key words: Multiple dose Insulin, Mean blood glucose, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

The 10-week of aerobic-functional training improves fasting blood sugar, insulin resistance, and lipid profile in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A randomized controlled trial

Abstract Study aim: This study aimed to investigate the effect of a 10-week of combined training course on concentrations of blood sugar, Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and lipid profile in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Materials and methods: This clinical trial was performed in diabetic neuropathy women and men (30–60 years old). Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: exercise (EG; n = 10) and control (CG; n = 10). The EG performed 10-week programme with one session of aerobic exercises (40% to 70% of HRReserve) and one session of functional exercises (60–90 min/ day) at the same day for four days/week and the CG performed their daily activities. The Blood glucose, IR, and lipid profile were measured initially and after the intervention. Results: Repeated-measures ANOVA showed significant decrease in fasting blood sugar (p &lt; 0.01) and HOMA-IR (p &lt; 0.01), and greater improvements in TG (p &lt; 0.05) and LDL (p &lt; 0.05) in EG than CG, but. HDL concentration did not show significant changes. Conclusion: The 10-week of aerobic-functional training improves fasting blood sugar, IR, and lipid profile in patients with diabetic neuropathy.

The effect of sesame seeds on fast blood sugar, haemoglobin A1C, liver enzymes and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised clinical trial

ENWEndNote BIBJabRef, Mendeley RISPapers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero AMA GHOREISHI A, CHATRNOUR G, MAHMOODI M. The effect of sesame seeds on fast blood sugar, haemoglobin A1C, liver enzymes and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised clinical trial. Family Medicine & Primary Care Review. 2022;24(3):207-211. doi:10.5114/fmpcr.2022.118279. APA GHOREISHI, A., CHATRNOUR, G., & MAHMOODI, M. (2022). The effect of sesame seeds on fast blood sugar, haemoglobin A1C, liver enzymes and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised clinical trial. Family Medicine & Primary Care Review, 24(3), 207-211. https://doi.org/10.5114/fmpcr.2022.118279 Chicago GHOREISHI, ATENA SADAT, GELAYOL CHATRNOUR, and MEHDI MAHMOODI. 2022. "The effect of sesame seeds on fast blood sugar, haemoglobin A1C, liver enzymes and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised clinical trial". Family Medicine & Primary Care Review 24 (3): 207-211. doi:10.5114/fmpcr.2022.118279. Harvard GHOREISHI, A., CHATRNOUR, G., and MAHMOODI, M. (2022). The effect of sesame seeds on fast blood sugar, haemoglobin A1C, liver enzymes and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised clinical trial. Family Medicine & Primary Care Review, 24(3), pp.207-211. https://doi.org/10.5114/fmpcr.2022.118279 MLA GHOREISHI, ATENA SADAT et al. "The effect of sesame seeds on fast blood sugar, haemoglobin A1C, liver enzymes and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised clinical trial." Family Medicine & Primary Care Review, vol. 24, no. 3, 2022, pp. 207-211. doi:10.5114/fmpcr.2022.118279. Vancouver GHOREISHI A, CHATRNOUR G, MAHMOODI M. The effect of sesame seeds on fast blood sugar, haemoglobin A1C, liver enzymes and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised clinical trial. Family Medicine & Primary Care Review. 2022;24(3):207-211. doi:10.5114/fmpcr.2022.118279.

The Association of Epidemiological and Clinical Parameters with Diabetes and Hypertension in a Rural Area: A Mahbubnagar District Study

Back g round: Rapid development in a country like India has also brought an explosion in the prevalence of non-communicable disease. Affluence to western culture can be one of the reason. This might have encroached the rural India. A cross‑sectional survey was done to assess the socio-demographic, clinical and laboratory factors diabetes and hypertension among the study population. Subjects dan Method: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. A sample of 244 diabetes and hypertensive patients registered under the subcentre were taken as study subjects. Sociodemo­graphic factor, clinical parameters and Laboratory parameters were taken independent variables. The dependent variables were diabetes and hypertension. Data analysis was done with help of SPSS version 26 software. Standard instru­ments were used to measure, weight, height, and waist circumference (WC), blood pressure. The random blood sugar, HbA1C and lipid profile values were taken from laboratory reports. The other variables were collected by questionnaire. Results: A total of 244 participants reported and responded to this study who were having diabetes, hypertension or both. About 35% of the population belonged to lower SEC. Amongst males almost 50% of the male had dual co-morbidity i.e Diabetes and Hypertension. About 85% of the population was Illiterate (p&lt;0.05). Mean value of HbA1C was high among the diabetic patient who were under treatment (Mean= 7.10; SD=1.20). Lipid profile value were in normal range but higher compared to stats of other selected states. Conclusion: Study subjects even on treatment were unable to keep the laboratory parameters under control hence requiring indepth research. Keywords: Diabetes, hypertension, risk factors, Mahbubnagar District. Correspondence: Munnaji Vyankatesh Mavatkar. Assistant Professor Department of Community Medicine Government Medical College Mahbubnagar. Department of Community Medicine Government Medical College Mahbubnagar Yedira 509001. Email: Kiranmavatkar0647@gmail.com. Mobile phone: 8999712782. Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2022), 07(03): 296-303 https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2022.07.03.02 .

Study of Biochemical Parameters in Diabetic Patients with and without Diabetic Retinopathy – A Hospital based study

Background: Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a common, potentially blinding and visually disabling complication of diabetes. Early detection of retinopathy and its progression to severity with routine referral for screening by Ophthalmologist can save vision by timely management. Methods: This was a hospital based cross-sectional study done to study the association of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting and postprandial blood sugar, serum lipid profile, serum creatinine and urine albumin in diabetic patient with and without DR. A total of 50 patients with Diabetic retinopathy and 50 patients without diabetic retinopathy were enrolled in this study. All patients included were Type 2 DM aged 35 years and above. Results: The mean HbA1c was 8.62±1.5 and 5.54±1.2, total cholesterol was 228.9±63 and 184.9±39.8 mg/dl, serum triglyceride was 226.6±80.7 and 160.8±45.1 mg/dl, LDL-C was 152.3±49 and 127.2±37 mg/dl and serum creatinine was 1.15±0.45 and 0.66±0.27 mg/dl in diabetic retinopathy group and no diabetic retinopathy group respectively. There was significant association of elevated HbA1c, serum triglyceride, LDL- C and total cholesterol with diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 DM. The mean values of serum lipoproteins were higher in the diabetic retinopathy group. Conclusion: Elevated fasting and postprandial blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, serum triglyceride, LDL-C, serum creatinine and urine albumin were significantly associated with DR in our study. So, all patients with diabetes mellitus should be screened routinely for serum lipoproteins along with blood sugar profile, as it would help in early detection of diabetic retinopathy.

Transient hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in preterm pregnant women receiving antenatal steroids

OBJECTIVE:To determine the frequency of transient hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM) in preterm pregnant women receiving antenatal steroids.&#x0D; METHODOLOGY:This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in Maternal and Child Health Center unit 1 (MCH-1) at Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Islamabad Pakistan from January 2017 till August 2017. A total of 365 pregnant women presenting to emergency and outpatient department with preterm labor (alive morphologically normal babies), with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) and other conditions which require early delivery including preeclampsia, IUGR requiring preterm delivery, severe oligohydramnios, antepartum hemorrhage(APH), women receiving two doses dexamethasone and all those with BSR&gt;126mg/dl were included in the study. Multiple pregnancies, advanced preterm labor (cervix &gt; 5cm dilated), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or type I/II diabetes mellitus (DM), chorioamnionitis and taking any medication that affects glucose metabolism were excluded from the study. After ethical approval, informed consent was taken from study participants. Blood sugar levels before the commencement of 1st dose of dexamethasone were noted. Blood sugar profile (fasting, 2 hours after lunch, 2 hours after dinner) were carried out. 2nd dose of dexamethasone was given after 12 hours of 1st dose. Profile was carried out till euglycemia or 5 days if sugars remain deranged. Patients having deranged levels for greater than 5 days were advised 75 g oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT) and labelled as having impaired glucose tolerance or gestational diabetes mellitus.&#x0D; RESULTS: In our study, 57.57%(n=213) were between 18-30 years, 42.43%(n=157) were between 31-40 years of age, mean age was calculated as 28.92+5.54 while mean gestational age was 31.19+1.92 weeks. Frequency of transient hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM) in preterm pregnant women receiving antenatal steroids revealed 62.16%(n=230) had transient hyperglycemia, 9.46%(n=35) had impaired glucose tolerance, 2.16%(n=8) had gestational diabetes and 26.22%(n=97) had no blood glucose abnormality.&#x0D; &#x0D; CONCLUSION: We concluded that the frequency of abnormal glucose levels increases in preterm pregnant women receiving antenatal steroids. Therefore, single blood sugar level done routinely before dexamethasone therapy are insufficient to judge the glucose metabolic status and should be closely monitored during the use of antenatal corticosteroids.&#x0D; KEYWORDS:&#x0D; Preterm delivery, antenatal steroids, transient hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)

The Association of Higher Composite Biomarker Score of Antioxidant Vitamins with Lower Cardiovascular Diseases Risk: A Cross-Sectional Study

Biomarkers for the dietary system, which includes a mixed fruit and vegetable (FV), are needed to understand the association of FV intake with a reduction in cardiovascular diseases risk. This is a cross-sectional study that aims to find the potential relationship between a high composite score comprised of antioxidant vitamins and a lower incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). A total of 94 (42 males and 52 females) participants (mean age ± SD: 51.7 ± 9.4 years) completed a specific questionnaire including a quick food scan, which has designed by the American National Institutes of Health. The vitamins A, C, and E were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). An enzymatic colorimetric method was used to determine other biomarkers [fasting blood sugar (FBS), haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and lipid profile]. A Composite Biomarker Score (CBS) comprising of the plasma vitamins (A, C, and E) have been derived. The results showed that male participants demonstrated significantly higher atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk than female participants. Female participants with greater ASCVD risk were associated with significantly higher age, total cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations. Additionally, there is a significant relationship between the CBS with lower ASCVD risk. Consequently, it can be concluded that higher concentrations of serum antioxidant vitamins are related to a reduction in cardiovascular diseases risk.

Brown Rice Consumption and Changes in the Metabolic Risk Factors of Non-communicable Diseases in Selected Overweight and Obese Filipinos

Human studies on the health benefits of brown rice (BR) are limited, especially in the Philippines, even though rice is the staple food. This is the first randomized controlled investigation on the effects of BR consumption on metabolic risk factors of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in selected overweight and obese Filipino adults. Out of 60 eligible male and female participants (30–59 yr old) randomly assigned to the BR and white rice (WR) groups, 52 completed the study. This was organized in a semi-free-living condition with 6-wk dietary intervention and 6-wk followup. Participants were assessed at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 wk for overweight/obesity parameters and blood pressure (BP), and at 0, 6, and 12 wk for fasting blood sugar (FBS) and lipid profile. More metabolic risk factors were significantly reduced at post-intervention in the BR group [body mass index (BMI), visceral fat (VF), systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), FBS, total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)] than in the WR group [SBP, DBP, TC, LDL, and triglycerides (TG)]. Most of the parameters in the BR group significantly improved at follow-up including the high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Therefore, the BR-based diet was more effective in improving the metabolic risk factors status than the WR-based diet. Although a statistically significant difference was not detected between the groups, the percent change had small clinical significance – particularly in BMI, DBP, FBS, TC, LDL, and HDL. Hence, in clinical practice, BR could help ameliorate the metabolic risk factors of NCDs among overweight and obese Filipinos. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the effects of BR on metabolic risk factors.

Correlation between HbA1C and D-dimer in Type 2 Diabetic with COVID-19 Patients

Background: Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is the disease caused by 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2, a novel β corona- virus of group 2B . COVID-19 has been reported to be associated with severe condition with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). D-dimer is a by product of fibrin degradation. It is widely recognized as a biomarker for thromboembolism and as a prognostic marker for critical patients.&#x0D; Methods: This study uses secondary data, which is obtained by looking at the contents of patient medical records at H. Adam Malik Medan Hospital between 2020-2021. The population of this study was all inpatients confirmed COVID-19 through an RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 swab examination. The study sample was obtained by the total sampling method, where all populations that meet the criteria of inclusion and exclusion are used as research samples. Patients were triaged as per severity on basis of national guidelines: asymptomatic, Mild (respiratory rate &lt; 24/min, SpO2 &gt;94% at room air), moderate (respiratory rate: 24-30/min, SpO2 90-94% at room air) and severe (respiratory rate &gt;30/min SpO2 &lt; 90%), ARDS and septic shock [6]. HbA1c implementation using HPLC methods and D-dimer is measured by ELISA method.&#x0D; Result: There were 163 patients consisting of 92 men and 71 women, the average age was 56.9±10.3 years, and HbA1c, FPG and PPG remained uncontrolled. There were no differences in age parameters of blood sugar profiles and D-dimers between men and women. D-dimers are significantly negatively correlated with PPG.&#x0D; Conclusion: Age, blood sugar profile and D-dimer did not differ significantly between men and women, and D-dimer had a correlation significantly with PPG on T2DM with COVID-19 patients.&#x0D; Keywords : D-dimer, T2DM, COVID-19

EARLY CONSUMPTION OF HIBISCUS SABDARIFA ATTENUATES THE SEVERITY OF TYPE 2 DIABETES IN A WISTAR RAT MODEL

Diabetes constitute a serious challenge for many health system and families due to the cost of its care. Alternatively, traditional plants offer a huge potential for health care. Thus, many plants have been used in form beverage including the use of Hibiscus sabdarifa (HS) as tea. Recent data suggested the beneficial effect of HS cardiometabolic diseases models. In this study, we evaluated the preventive and curative effects of crude extract of HS in a type 2 diabetes rat model. Through in vitro complexion and/ or precipitation reactions, we qualitatively assessed the phytochemical composition of the crude extract of HS for different groups of secondary metabolites. The antiradical scavenging activity was assessed through hydroxyl radical test. Type 2 diabetes was induced by high fat diet (HFD) and single dose streptozotocine (STZ) injection. Body weight change and blood biochemical analysis were carried out. Data were statistically analyzed. HS contains different phytochemical polyphenolic compounds such as tanins and flavonoids and presented an interesting antiradical scavenging activity. Early intake from experimental day (ED1) of crude extract of HS significantly prevented gain in body weight (P &lt; 0.05), reduced T2D induced elevated glucose (P &lt; 0.01) and lipids (P &lt; 0.01) and has better outcome as compared to late intake (from ED14). These findings confirm and supports the use of HS as tea and may offer protective effect to consumers by regulating blood sugar and lipid profile.

A cross-sectional study on the association of single nucleotide polymorphism of leptin receptor (Gln223Arg) and insulin resistance in gestational diabetes mellitus

BackgroundThe role of genetics in pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is least explored. Objective of the study is to find the association of leptin receptor (LEPR) gene polymorphism with GDM and its role in altered leptin levels, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia in GDM. MethodsHundred GDM patients and an equal number of BMI and gestational age matched normal glucose tolerant pregnant women were recruited as cases and controls. Five milliliters of venous blood was drawn for biochemical and genetic analysis. Genotyping of LEPR (Gln223Arg) was performed by PCR-RFLP. Fasting blood sugar, leptin, insulin, C-peptide, and lipid profile estimations were done. Various insulin resistance models were constructed using suitable formulae. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 23.0 software. ResultsThere was no significant association found between LEPR gene polymorphism with leptin levels and insulin resistance in GDM. However, Odd’s ratio showed that individuals with the “A” allele were at 1.25 times higher risk of developing GDM. HOMA B-cell significantly varied among LEPR genotypes (p < 0.0001), values being double in AA genotype, compared to AG (p < 0.05), ten times higher in AA compared to GG (p < 0.0001). There was no significant deviation of the genotype frequency distributions for rs1137101 variants from HWE in GDM cases, suggesting that alleles were in equilibrium. ConclusionThe study established a cycle of gene polymorphism altering leptin levels which in turn can alter insulin secretion and insulin resistance, contributing to dyslipidemia of pregnancy as well as gestational diabetes.