Blood Sugar Concentration Research Articles

Comparative Study of Metformin, N-Acetylcysteine and L-Arginine on Hyperglycemia in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic syndrome which results from deficiencies/defects in the pancreatic insulin secretions or insulin action on the target tissues. Purpose: To compare the beneficial effects of Metformin, N -acetylcysteine and L-arginine on dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methodology: A total of 35 rats were used with 5 rats randomly allocated in 7 groups. Diabetic model was created by using streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) single dose intraperitoneal (IP). After 48 hours the animals with blood sugar concentration more than 300 mg/dl were considered diabetic. First group and second group were controls with Diabetic Mellitus (DM) rats. The group three, four and five with diabetic rats were given Metformin, N -acetylcysteine (NAC) and L-arginine (L-Arg) respectively. The sixth group of diabetic rats was given combination of Metformin and NAC while the seventh group of diabetic rats was given Metformin and L-Arg. All groups were treated for four weeks. At the end of the experimental period, groups were compared for fasting blood glucose. Statistical analysis: SPSS 25.0 statistical software was used to analyze the whole data. The difference between all the groups was analyzed using One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results: Significant improvement, with regards to the BSF test in L-Arginine Group, Metformin plus L-Arginine Group and the Metformin plus N-acetylcysteine group. Conclusion: It was concluded that in streptozotocin induced diabetic model, hyperglycaemia was significantly attenuated by the use of novel antioxidants; L-Arginine and N-acetylcysteine. Keywords: Hyperglycemia, L-arginine, Metformin, N-acetylcysteine and Streptozotocin.

The Effects of Zinc and Vitamin C Supplementation on the Glycemic Profile in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common endocrine disorder and one of the highly progressive diseases which is indicated by high blood sugar (hyperglycemia). The present study aims to study the effects of treatment with zinc and vitamin C on glycemic profile [fasting blood sugar (FBS), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C), and insulin hormone level] in type 2 diabetic patients. The study included 56 diabetic patients [30 without foot ulcers (15 without zinc and vitamin C supplements, 15 with zinc and vitamin C supplements) and 26 with foot ulcers (15 without zinc and vitamin C supplements, 11 with zinc and vitamin C supplements)]. Also, 15 healthy persons were used as a control group. The patients were enrolling to Azadi Teaching Hospital and Kirkuk General Hospital/ Kirkuk city/ Iraq; their ages ranged from 30 to 60 years and weights ranged from 70 to 90 kilogram. Blood samples were collected from the studied subjects to determine fasting blood sugar (FBS) concentration, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) level, and insulin hormone level. Zinc and vitamin C supplements were used for four weeks by a group of the patients. The results showed highly significant (P≤0.01) decreases in the values of FBS, HbA1C, and insulin in diabetic patients treated with supplements (both with and without foot ulcers) compared with diabetic patients without supplements (both with and without foot ulcers). It can be concluded that zinc and vitamin C supplements have improving impacts on patients with diabetes mellitus by improving glycemic profile parameters, such as FBS, HbA1C, and insulin.

Effects of Aerobic Exercise Combined with D-Ribose Supplementation on Anti-fatigue and Anti-oxidation in Mice

Study the effects of aerobic exercise combined with D-ribose supplementation on the anti-fatigue and antioxidant enzyme activities of mice, the mice were divided into quiet control group, aerobic exercise control group, D-ribose control group, D-ribose+aerobic exercise group. The aerobic exercise group received aerobic treadmill training for 6 days a week, and the D-ribose group was given 2 mL of ribose (300 mg/100 g) per rat per day. After 12 weeks of regular aerobic treadmill training, an anti-fatigue animal model was established for mice swimming with weight, the time of exhausted swimming was recorded in mice, and hepaticr glycogen (HG), muscle glycogen (MG), and blood glucose in mice, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), blood lactic acid (BLA), malondialdehyde (MDA) content and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione Oxide dismutase (glutathione peroxide dismutase, GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (catalase, CAT) and other activities were measured. The results showed that compared with the quiet control group, the weight-bearing swimming time of mice in the aerobic exercise control group, D-ribose control group, and D-ribose+aerobic exercise group significantly increased (P<0.05), and at the same time the mice's body hepatic glycogen, muscle glycogen and blood sugar content were significantly improved(P<0.05), and the blood urea nitrogen and blood lactic acid content in the body were significantly reduced(P<0.05). In addition, the results of its antioxidant activity showed that compared with the quiet control group, the T-AOC of the aerobic exercise control group, D-ribose control group, D-ribose+aerobic exercise group were all enhanced. The activity of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px also significantly increased (P<0.05), and MDA was significantly reduced (P<0.05). It showed that long-term regular aerobic exercise combined with D-ribose supplementation could significantly increase the liver glycogen, muscle glycogen, blood sugar content and oxidative stress ability in the body, and improve the body's anti-fatigue effect.

The 10-week of aerobic-functional training improves fasting blood sugar, insulin resistance, and lipid profile in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A randomized controlled trial

Abstract Study aim: This study aimed to investigate the effect of a 10-week of combined training course on concentrations of blood sugar, Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and lipid profile in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Materials and methods: This clinical trial was performed in diabetic neuropathy women and men (30–60 years old). Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: exercise (EG; n = 10) and control (CG; n = 10). The EG performed 10-week programme with one session of aerobic exercises (40% to 70% of HRReserve) and one session of functional exercises (60–90 min/ day) at the same day for four days/week and the CG performed their daily activities. The Blood glucose, IR, and lipid profile were measured initially and after the intervention. Results: Repeated-measures ANOVA showed significant decrease in fasting blood sugar (p &lt; 0.01) and HOMA-IR (p &lt; 0.01), and greater improvements in TG (p &lt; 0.05) and LDL (p &lt; 0.05) in EG than CG, but. HDL concentration did not show significant changes. Conclusion: The 10-week of aerobic-functional training improves fasting blood sugar, IR, and lipid profile in patients with diabetic neuropathy.

The association of Glasgow Coma Scale score with characteristics of patients admitted to the intensive care unit

We investigated the associations between Glasgow Coma Scale scores and individuals' characteristics in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit following an emergency surgery compared with other Intensive Care Unit patients. The study began in March 2020 and lasted for one year. It was conducted in the Department of Surgery at a teaching hospital affiliated with a Medical University. We analyzed data from a dataset including 2055 included patients with a mean (SD) age of 55.0 (15.6) years. Overall, 983 (47.8%) patients were women, and 623 (30.3%) underwent emergency surgery. The outcome variable was the Glasgow Coma Scale score and the predictors were a large number of patients' demographic, comorbidity, clinical, and laboratory features. The emergency surgery model showed a relatively accurate predictive ability [adjusted R2 = 75.1%, F (11, 486) = 136.0, p < 0.001] for estimating Glasgow Coma Scale scores. Respiratory rate, immunosuppressive state, having a nosocomial infection, the fraction of inspired oxygen, sex, age, blood sugar, and bilirubin concentration were statistically significant predictors of the Glasgow Coma Scale scores (all p < 0.05). The model for other patients was less accurate [adjusted R2 = 65.0%, F (7, 1136) = 300.1, p < 0.001], but significant for respiratory rate, fraction of inspired oxygen, sex, nosocomial infection, and serum creatinine (all p < 0.05). We concluded that Glasgow Coma Scale scores can be predicted using patients’ characteristics in individuals admitted to the Intensive Care Unit following emergency surgery. Multi-organ dysfunction in emergency situations leads to neurological impairment beyond brain physical trauma.

Docking-based virtual screening, ADMET, and network pharmacology prediction of anthocyanidins against human alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes as potential antidiabetic agents

Diabetes mellitus (DM) characterized by high blood sugar concentration is a major global public health problem and untreated DM results in blindness, kidney failure, heart attack, stroke, and lower extremity amputation. In this structure-based drug design (SBDD) study, the potential inhibitory effects of twelve anthocyanidins (aglycon unit of anthocyanins) components on human pancreatic α-amylase and intestinal α-glucosidase enzymes were investigated using the molecular docking method and a novel approach developed by our research group was used to rank the global binding potentials of ligands to a series of different enzymes simultaneously. In addition, drug-likeness, absorption-distribution-metabolism-excretion-toxicity (ADMET) predictions, and intracellular target-component interaction network analyses of twelve anthocyanidin components were performed using the search tool for interactions of chemicals (STITCH). Petunidin, peonidin, and aurantinidin were determined as 'hit' phytochemicals according to the docking binding energy and relative binding capacity index (RBCI) analyses, whereas, based on the RBCI index, petunidin was found to be the most effective ligand in terms of binding capacity to both enzymes that play an important role in DM. The more accessible and large-volume active site of α-amylase compared to α-glucosidase caused petunidin to bind with higher affinity against α-amylase. Promisingly, petunidin did not violate any of the criteria for drug-likeness consisting of a combination of the Lipinski's rule of 5, Ghose and Veber filters, showed no cytochrome (CYP) P450 or hERG I-II inhibitory activity in the ADMET analysis, however, it was found to have a low gastrointestinal absorption profile. In intracellular target-component network analysis using the STITCH online platform, it was determined that petunidin did not show negative functional interactions with any enzyme in the human protein network. Considering these results, it is recommended that petunidin be advanced to further in vitro and in vivo assays as a potential α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory agent in the treatment of DM. However, the intestinal absorption profile of petunidin must be enhanced by molecular optimization without compromising its pharmacological activity.

A-review: on Nutritional and Medicinal Importance of Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus species)

Dragon fruit Hylocereus species is a recent table fruit and very much liked for its refreshing juice. The fairly low maintenance, succulent hardy nature high yielding, better keeping quality and survival low irrigation make dragon fruit a paying proposition. It is belongs to family Catacaeae. This is due to its special colour (especially red/purple pigments in red-flesh dragon fruit), high nutritional values and ant-oxidative properties of the fruit. Dragon fruit having heavy nutritional value energy 264 Kcal, water 87 g,protein1.1 g, fat 0.4 g, carbohydrate 11.0 g, fiber 3g, calcium 8.5 mg, iron 1.9 mg, phosphorus 22.5 mg,vitamin B1 (Thiamine) 0.04 mg, vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) 0.05 mg and vitamin B3 (Niacin) 0.16 mg per 100 g fruit pulp. It is very useful for lower blood sugars in type 2 diabetes. Dragon fruit is beneficial for carbohydrate metabolism, heart tissues, and teethes, healthy blood and tissue formation strengthening bones due to high calcium content, strengthening immune system, faster healing of bruises and wounds, respiratory tract infections and even as a mild laxative due to substantial fibre content. Dragon fruit has low cholesterol concentration, to balance blood sugar concentration, to prevent colon cancer, to strengthen kidney function and bone, to strengthen the brain workings, increasing the sharpness of the eyes as well as cosmetic properties. The seeds of dragon fruits are high in polyunsaturated fats that reduce triglycerides and lower the risk of cardiovascular disorders.

Control Blood Sugar Levels by Brisk Walking Method

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease, and specific treatments are needed in order to control blood glucose. In addition to pharmacological therapy, non-pharmacology therapy also takes an important role to control blood glucose levels and should be done regularly. Brisk walking is one example of physical activity which included in non-pharmacology therapy and can improve body expenditure. This activity can help DM patient to control their blood glucose level within the normal range. The physical activity of Brisk Walking, which is one type of exercise that can maintain blood sugar levels within the normal range, especially in people with Diabetes Mellitus. This study aimed to determine the effect of Brisk Walking on the blood glucose level of DM patients at Tamalenrea Health Center Makassar City. This study adopted a quasy experiment and a one-group pre-post test design. A total of 16 respondents were selected purposively based on the determined criteria. Data analysis of the difference of blood sugar level between the treatment and control was carried out by using the Spearman correlation test with SPSS version of 21. The difference was significant with the value of p &lt; 0.05. The results showed that the physical activity of Brisk Walking could control blood sugar levels. Statistical analysis showed that the average blood sugar content was significantly lower in patients practicing Brisk Walking (blood sugar level &lt;200 mg/dl)(176.06%) than the control (blood sugar level &gt; 200 mg/dl) (218.81%). So it can be concluded that by doing physical activity Brisk Walking can control blood glucose levels.

Screening of probiotics with efficient α-glucosidase inhibitory ability and study on the structure and function of its extracellular polysaccharide

Inhibition of α-glucosidase activity is an important strategy in lowering the concentration of blood sugar. In this paper, using domestic and foreign characteristic food-derived substances as the sources of lactobacillus, the performance of them were evaluated by measuring the strains’ α-glucosidase inhibitory ability. Finally, the cell-free extracellular supernatants (CFS) of Lactobacillus rhamnosus LB1lac10 was determined to have the highest α-glucosidase inhibition ability. Based on the Nanopore third-generation sequencing technology platform, the genome of LB1lac10 was sequenced and functional gene annotation was performed. After that, the biological activity and structural composition of the exopolysaccharide produced by L. rhamnosus LB1lac10 were studied. The purified exopolysaccharide EPS1-1 also showed efficient α-glucosidase inhibitory ability. The structure and conformation characteristics of EPS1-1 were further analyzed. The EPS1-1 from L. rhamnosus LB1lac10 had a molecular weight of 88,650 Da, and it was mainly composed of mannose, glucuronic acid, glucose, xylose, galactose, and arabinose. From the FT-IR and NMR analyses, EPS1-1 had functional groups of a typical polysaccharide structure and contained two types of glycosidic bonds with α-configuration pyranose. The main glycosidic bond corresponded to → 4)-α- d-Glcp-(1→, which might be an important reason why EPS1-1 could inhibit α-glycosidase. Thermodynamic studies showed that EPS1-1 had high heat resistance to meet the needs of food processing. The results suggested that L. rhamnosus LB1lac10 could be used as a potential probiotic to lower blood sugar, and the EPS1-1 has the potential to serve as a natural α-glycosidase inhibitor to regulate the concentration of blood glucose.

Association of Metabolic Syndrome with Sensorineural Hearing Loss

The prevalence of sensorineural hearing loss has increased along with increases in life expectancy and exposure to noisy environments. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of co-occurring conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes, along with other conditions that affect the blood vessels. Components of MetS include insulin resistance, body weight, lipid concentration, blood pressure, and blood glucose concentration, as well as other features of insulin resistance such as microalbuminuria. MetS has become a major public health problem affecting 20–30% of the global population. This study utilized health examination to investigate whether metabolic syndrome was related to hearing loss. Methods: A total of 94,223 people who underwent health check-ups, including hearing tests, from January 2010 to December 2020 were evaluated. Subjects were divided into two groups, with and without metabolic syndrome. In addition, Scopus, Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane libraries were systematically searched, using keywords such as “hearing loss” and “metabolic syndrome”, for studies that evaluated the relationship between the two. Results: Of the 94,223 subjects, 11,414 (12.1%) had metabolic syndrome and 82,809 did not. The mean ages of subjects in the two groups were 46.1 and 43.9 years, respectively. A comparison of hearing thresholds by age in subjects with and without metabolic syndrome showed that the average pure tone hearing thresholds were significantly higher in subjects with metabolic syndrome than in subjects without it in all age groups. (p < 0.001) Rates of hearing loss in subjects with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 of the components of metabolic syndrome were 7.9%, 12.1%, 13.8%, 13.8%, 15.5% and 16.3%, respectively, indicating a significant association between the number of components of metabolic syndrome and the rate of hearing loss (p < 0.0001). The odds ratio of hearing loss was significantly higher in subjects with four components of metabolic syndrome: waist circumference, blood pressure, and triglyceride and fasting blood sugar concentrations (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The number of components of the metabolic syndrome is positively correlated with the rate of sensorineural hearing loss.

Development of Bimetallic Film with Electrocatalytic Activity in Non-Enzymatic Glucose Oxidation

Fast and reliable detection of glucose is of great scientific and technological importance both in clinical diagnostics and analytical practices industrial applications. Besides the necessity of glucose detection and quantization as an application in environmental pollution monitoring, biotechnology, and food industry, it is essential for the detection and regular monitoring of diabetes mellitus in clinical diagnostics. This metabolic disorder results from the deficiency of insulin and hyperglycemia and results in the fluctuation of blood glucose level with a value falling outside the normal range of 4.4 – 6.6 mM. In detail, blood sugar concentration for healthy people range between 4.0 and 5.4 mM in fasting and up to 7.8 mM in postprandial glucose. A prolonged increase in the blood glucose concentration, will cause severe damage to essential human body organs. Thus affordable, efficient and regular monitoring of blood glucose level is necessary to avoid major health complications.Presently, enzyme-based glucose sensors are the most widely distributed and commercially produced devices for monitoring glucose level at home and clinics. Despite the prompt sensitivity and selectivity, enzymatic glucose sensors suffer from drawbacks due to denaturization of enzymes, higher cost, lesser reproducibility, and lack of stability from temperature fluctuations, pH variation, and humidity. These drawbacks were overcome by the non-enzyme sensors, particularly, the metal based amperometric sensors with direct detection of glucose, owing to its good stability, simplicity, and reproducibility. However, detection of glucose using non-enzymatic metal-based sensors via direct oxidation have their own set of challenges. Precious metal-based sensors, besides being expensive, have recorded narrow linear current response ranges, limited sensitivity and selectivity, and surface poisoning from the adsorbed intermediates and interferences from chloride ions.In this work fabrication of non-enzymatic transition metal-based glucose sensors with good stability, linear range of response covering the normal glucose levels of human, lower detection limit, faster response, workable sensitivity and low cost, were studied. Here, we have researched thin film electrodes of single transition metal as well as bimetallic nanostructures to enhance the surface area, catalytic active sites and electrochemical properties via synergic effects. A two-stage electrochemical deposition technique was used to fabricate bimetallic thin films. A uniform film of nickel (Ni) crystals were formed on the titanium (Ti) cathode. Post the deposition of Ni coating, another two set of samples were prepared with a second-stage electrochemical reduction of silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) nanoparticles on the surface on Ni-coated Ti plate. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed a uniform film of transition-metal nanocrystals with varying diameter depending on the deposition conditions.The electrochemical behavior and the electrocatalytic properties of the as-prepared bimetallic films towards glucose oxidation were studied using cyclic voltammetry and amperometric techniques. The three metallic films investigated, namely, Ni, NiAg, and NiCu showed a fast response towards non-enzymatic glucose oxidation and detected amperometric signals that were linearly proportional in the 0.2-1.8 mM, 0.2-6.4 mM, and 0.2-12.2 mM ranges, respectively and with sensitivity values of 110 μm mM-1 cm-2, 320 μm mM-1 cm-2, and 420 μm mM-1 cm-2, respectively. The sensitivity of the bimetallic films was recorded higher than the monolayer of Ni nanocrystals due to higher surface area and low detection limits were recorded for all the samples. Besides that, for all the three samples, both the cathodic reduction peak current (Ipc) and anodic oxidation peak current (Ipa) increased linearly with the square root of the scan rate between 10 mV/s and 100 mV/s signifying that the electrocatalytic reaction is limited by the diffusion of the glucose molecules into the electrode/electrolyte interface. The as-fabricated bimetallic films are thus promising candidates for electrocatalytic glucose oxidation reaction with wide linear detection range covering the physiological levels of glucose.

The Behavior of TB-DM Patients in Controlling Blood Sugar Concentration in Medan City Community Health Center

North Sumatra is the region with the highest prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Indonesia, 759 per 100,000 population aged > 15 years. The male group had a higher prevalence of TB than women (1,083 versus 461). The incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Medan is still high (129 per 100,000 population). This showed that the burden of TB in Indonesia is still high. Patients with type 2 diabetes are more susceptible to pulmonary TB than non-DM, even though they get good nutrition and were established socio-economically. This is because microorganisms grow well in high blood glucose concentrations when the body is weak and DM complications. Pulmonary infection worsens DM and increases blood sugar concentration (BSC). This study aims to analyze the behavior of TB-DM patients in all Community Health Centers in Kota Medan in controlling the BSC. The design of this study was a cross-sectional study with a population of all TB-DM patients who took medication at the Medan City Community Health Center. The sampling technique used accidental sampling for two months with a sample size of 68 respondents. Data collection was done by interviewing the TB-DM patients. The results showed that people aged ≥40 years and most were men with low education. Respondents' knowledge about DM was low, respondents' knowledge about TB-DM was high, while respondents' attitudes and behavior were good. The chi-square analysis test showed no relationship between knowledge about DM and the behavior of TB-DM patients. There was no relationship between knowledge about TB-DM and the behavior of TB-DM patients, but there was a relationship between the attitudes and behavior of TB-DM patients.

Physiological and Histological Changes in Pancreatic Gland Associated with Ageing in Local Rabbits in Iraq.

The pancreas is a pear-shaped flat organ resembling the letter L, and yellowish to pink in color. This organ is of medical significance since it is associated with two life-threatening diseases including diabetes mellitus and pancreatic cancer. This study was conducted on male rabbits which were assigned into 3 age groups (6-month-old, 1-year-old, and 3-year-old rabbits). Physiological and histological changes of the pancreas were studied in the adopted age groups. The physiological aspect and the histological structure of the pancreas were also studied by the analysis of the level of pancreatic gland hormones and hormonal changes. Based on the results, there were significant differences in the concentration of pancreatic gland hormones. Insulin level in the second study group was more than that in the first and third groups, while the highest concentration of blood sugar (glucose) was observed in the third group, compared to the first and second. Although the basic structure of the pancreas was similar in all samples, changes were observed in the tissue structure of the pancreas throughout the process of aging. By the increase of age (from 1 to 3 years old), Langerhans islets increased in size, contained alpha and beta cells that were surrounded by a loose connective tissue in the third stage. Moreover, no significant difference was observed in the diameters of cells that produced enzymes at all stages of life. Physiological and histological changes indicated that age plays a role in the function and structure of the pancreas gland during different stages of life. In addition, this study indicated that the hormonal variability of the pancreas is closely related to the histological composition of gland components. Therefore, further studies on the role of factors, such as gender, different breeds, or environmental conditions seem to be necessary and may provide more information on factors that may affect the effectiveness and activity of the pancreas gland.

Динамика гликемии плазмы крови как фактор адекватного анестезиологического обеспечения и антистрессовой защиты ургентных абдоминальных оперативных вмешательств

Главной задачей анестезии является максимальный контроль стресс-ответа организма на хирургическую агрессию для улучшения результатов лечения, так как незаметный и, на первый взгляд, второстепенный операционный стресс вызывает существенные изменения в организме больных наряду с патологическими процессами, вызванными основным заболеванием. Так как контроль операционного стресса является на сегодняшний день не простой задачей, поиск альтернативных методов оценки его воздействия на организм больного становится очень важным для врача-анестезиолога. Проведенный анализ уровня гликемии до и в послеоперационном периоде у 40 больных, прооперированных путем лапаротомии по поводу острой тонкокишечной непроходимости, показал зависимость уровня глюкозы плазмы крови от достаточного анестезиологического обеспечения и хорошего обезболивания пациентов. Поэтому можно говорить о возможности использования такого простого и доступного метода, как уровень глюкозы крови, для оценки операционного стресса.

Surfactant‐free synthesis of self-assembled CuO spheres composited with MnO2 nanorods for non-enzymatic glucose detection

Cupric oxide (CuO) spheres and manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ) nanorods by hydrothermal synthesis are investigated for non-enzymatic glucose sensors. Self-assembled CuO spheres were first synthesized on ITO/glass substrate without surfactant. MnO 2 nanorods were then composited on the exterior of CuO spheres by using a drop-coating method. The MnO 2 nanorods/CuO sphere/ITO working electrode was used to analyze the catalytic ability to glucose. Large surface-to-volume ratio of the material enhances the glucose sensing performances. MnO 2 improves the sensitivity and the linearity of the glucose detection. The working electrode has high sensitivity of 2360.81 μA mM −1 cm −2 to glucose. Good linear range between 0.5 and 2.5 mM glucose concentration can also be found. It also has great anti-interference ability. Excellent performances of the MnO 2 nanorods/CuO sphere to glucose can help more accurately and quickly detecting the blood sugar concentration. • Cupric oxide sphere and manganese dioxide nanorods were synthesized by low-temperature hydrothermal method. • Cupric oxide can self-assembled into a spherical structure without surfactant. • Manganese dioxide nanorods/cupric oxide sphere has high sensitivity of 2360.81 μA mM −1 cm −2 to glucose.

Implication of Mode of Consumption of Allium cepa L. (Onion) on Lipoglycemic and Anthropometric Impacts in Diabetic Rats: A Function of Choice

Background: Use of Allium cepa L. (Onion) as spice in traditional cooking, concoctions and preparations has long been established since ancient time. However, the implication of its mode of consumption on health benefits is inadequately considered or explored. Objectives: This experimentally-controlled designed nutritional study aimed to determine and compare the effects of consumption of Allium cepa in its raw form and in mixed meal on body weight, glycemic tolerance/control and, lipid profile in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty one adult (170-200g) male Wistar rats were randomly categorized into three experimental groups (n=7, each): Diabetic Control (DC), Diabetic Onion Extract-Treated (DOE), and Diabetic Onion-supplemented Diet-Fed (DSO). Diabetes was inducted with 150 mg/dL, alloxan monohydrate solution intraperitoneally. Animals were fed according to the experimental design with water ad libitum for six weeks. Body weights and Fasting blood sugar (FBS) concentrations were measured twice weekly. LP and OGTT were conducted. Microsoft Excel and statistical SPSS program version 22 were used for data analysis. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM. Comparison between groups were made using Students’t-test and one way ANOVA. Results: Consumption of onion in its raw (aqueous extract) form caused more reduction in blood glucose concentration (DOE - 38.14% versus DSO - 11.2%; P = 0.02) and body weight gain (DOE -7.71% versus DSO - 16.32%; P = 0.01), with improved lipid profile than when ingested in mixed meal (supplemented diet). Glycemic response curves peaked at 60 minutes of glucose challenge in DSO and DOE groups. Conclusion: Mode of consumption of Allium cepa, influenced its therapeutic anthropometric and lipoglycemic effects in diabetic rats.

Lipidic Classes Involved in Diabetes Mellitus, Review

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of multiple etiology, characterized by an increase in blood sugar concentration (hyperglycemia) and impaired glucose metabolism either as a result of decreased insulin secretion or due to decreased cells sensitivity to insulin.

Biochemical Parameters Determination for Prognosis of Retinal Diseases and their Relationship to Cataract, Diabetes and Hypertension Patients in Ibn Al-Haytham Hospital in Baghdad-Iraq

The role of serum retinol activity in association with the Blood sugar level, and their link as biochemical marker risk for lens inflammation and damage stage under pandemic, for the Retinal disease patients with cataract, hypertension, and diabetes, and in healthy for both genders. Total of seventy-five patients and thirty healthy control have been studied. Retinal disease patients were subdivided on the basis of pathological condition into three subgroups (First group was cataract, second was hypertension, and the third group was diabetes. Assessment, of serum retinol activity, and blood glucose levels were done for all groups. The concentricity of serum retinol levels is decreased in diabetic patients than control (13.147±7.195 (μmol/L) with 21.930±16.241 (μmol/L) versus P = 0.011)), while for cataract patients, they showed extremely similar concentricity of serum retinol levels to healthy (20.760±15.941 (μmol/L) with P = 0.790), whilst the retinol-activity was exhibited to be higher in hypertension patients (24.190±21.972 (μmol/L) versus P = 0.663). retinol activity is correlated significantly negatively with both diabetic patients and cataract. Moreover, blood sugar levels are increased in diabetes than control (10.256±4.119 (μmol/L) versus 5.365±1.084 (μmol/L) with P = 0.0001), in comparison with cataract (5.288±0.9560 (μmol/L) with P = 782). The retinol levels are correlated significantly negatively for diabetic and cataract patients. The purpose of this work: is to investigate association between retinal diseases with cataract hypertension &amp; diabetes for risk of fasting at least eight hours in Ramadan and out of Ramadan time, and directly pre surgery gets started by artificial intraocular lens, and by estimation of retinol and blood sugar concentrations.

The effect of cocoa/dark chocolate consumption on lipid profile, glycemia, and blood pressure in diabetic patients: A meta-analysis of observational studies.

Due to the increasing rate of cardiovascular disease and related risk factors in the worldin recent decades, the present meta-analysis was performed to investigate the effects ofcocoa/chocolate consumption on lipid profile, glycemia, and blood pressure control in diabetic patients. A systematic search of the databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochran Library was performed up to July 2020. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using cocoa/dark chocolate in diabetic patients were included in the study. The search results were limited to English-language publications. Eight RCTs, including 433 participants, were selected for this meta-analysis. Pooled analysis indicated a significant reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol LDL-c levels (WMD: -15.49 mg/dl; 95% CI: -24.56, -6.42, p= .001) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) concentrations (WMD: -6.88 mg/dl; 95% CI: -13.28, -0.48, p= .03) following cocoa/dark chocolate consumption. The analysis of papers included in current study indicates that the consumption of cocoa/dark chocolate reduced the serum fasting blood glucose (FBS) and LDL cholesterol concentrations. However, further high quality trials are essential for confirming the clinical efficacy of cocoa/dark chocolate consumption on complete metabolic profile.

Diagnosis Of Diabetic Retinopathy: A Survey

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) which is an eye-related disease that usually occurs in diabetic patients due to an increase in blood sugar content level. As the diabetes progresses in different stages, the patient's eyesight may or may not weaken, which is the sign of the early stage of DR. On increasing blood sugar levels in these patients, DR is a major concern of the world's population as the advanced stage may cause complete vision loss. The early detection is necessary for the treatment, but the diagnosis of DR is difficult and expensive for a common man to afford as the task demands highly qualified doctors to check the existence of different features present at different stages of DR, which leads to time consumption and delay in reports. In this paper we have done a survey on the different techniques used for detection diabetic retinopathy.