Artificial Blood Research Articles

A Poly(L-Arginine)-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Simultaneous Determination of Uric Acid, Tryptophan, and Hypoxanthine

This study presents the development of an efficient and cost-effective voltammetric sensor for the individual and simultaneous determination of uric acid (UA), tryptophan (Try) and hypoxanthine (HX), the three important biomarkers in the human body. The sensor consists of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with the conducting layer of poly(L-Arginine) (p-Arg) prepared by the electropolymerisation of L-Arginine using cyclic voltammetry. p-Arg modified GCE (p-Arg/GCE) provided well-resolved and improved electrooxidation responses for UA, Try, and HX due to the greater electrocatalytic activity and fast electron transfer ability of the polymer layer. The fabricated sensor was characterised using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and electroactive surface area calculations. Under optimal analytical conditions, determination of the three analytes was possible over wide linear ranges with the limit of detection of 1.97 × 10−8 M, 4.43 × 10−8 M, and 8.44 × 10−9 M, respectively for UA, Try, and HX. Practical utility of the sensor was successfully verified in synthetic urine and blood serum samples and determination of Try and HX was carried out in dietary supplements and commercially available samples of tea and coffee, respectively.

Precisely evaluation of temperature influence on artificial blood phantom properties made of polymers using ultrasound signals

<b>Purpose</b>: The study aims to evaluate precisely influence of temperature on the acoustical and physical properties of blood mimicking fluid (BMF) phantom made of polymer material.<br /> <b>Materials & methods</b>: Propylene glycol (PG) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were fabricated to create artificial blood phantom. Acoustic (speed and attenuation) and physical properties (density and viscosity) of BMF were tested at specific temperatures of range 22 °C, 25 °C, 35 °C, 36 °C, and 37 °C using ultrasound signals.<br /> <b>Results</b>: At center frequency of 5 MHz, pulse-echo allows to acoustical (speed and attenuation) and physical (density and viscosity) values to be linearly decreased with increasing of temperature. The difference in values of speed, attenuation, density, and viscosity was nuance (±0.01, ±0.001, ±0.005, and ±0.151), respectively.<br /> <b>Conclusions</b>: Temperature test of range 22C<sup>o</sup>-37C<sup>o</sup> have nuance influence (±0.01, ±0.001, ±0.005, and ±0.151) on acoustical and physical properties when BMF phantom of special material of PG and PEG was used. This nuance influence may be taken in account in quality assurance of ultrasound imaging system.

Aedes aegypti Vector Competence Assay for Rift Valley Fever Virus Using Artificial Blood Meal.

Vector competence assays allow to measure, in the laboratory, the ability of a mosquito to get infected and then retransmit an arbovirus while mimicking natural vector infection route. Aedes aegypti is a major vector of arboviruses worldwide and thus a reference species used in vector competence assays. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a major public health threat, mostly in Africa, that infects humans and animals through the bite of mosquito vectors. Here, we describe vector competence assay of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes for RVFV, from mosquito exposure to the virus through an infectious artificial blood meal to the measurement of virus prevalence in the mosquito's body, head, and saliva.

A review on animal blood as an artificial blood for humans

A review on animal blood as an artificial blood for humans

Bio Materials, Biocompatibility & its Advancements in Medical

There are different medical applications that utilize biomaterials to settle tissues, convey drugs, and make biomedical devices. This paper gives a relevant analysis of biomaterials talking about their groupings, highlights, biocompatibility issues, and a variety of medical uses or applications. The paper separates biomaterials into polymers, ceramics, metals, and composites explaining them in detail with a focus on particular traits that suit indicated medical purposes. According to the paper, Polymers are adaptable materials that can be utilized as scaffolds for tissue engineering, artificial blood vessels, or drug carriers in aqueous media. On talking about ceramics in this paper, ceramics are commonly utilized in bone replacement material due to their extraordinary mechanical properties and bioactivity. Basically, all ceramics such as tricalcium phosphate or hydroxyapatite have had higher success rates because of their high mineral substance making them perfect materials for dental implants. Metals like titanium, cobalt-chromium alloys, or stainless steel have found wide utilization since they have great mechanical strength and erosion resistance which is frequently required for end osseous dental implants. As a result, biocompatibility is given priority in biomaterial design, with the requirement for materials to connect safely and agreeably with natural frameworks. In reality, improvements in biomaterial innovation have empowered the advancement of innovative materials to boost their biocompatibility through such strategies as surface adjustments and bio-mimetic coatings. These all advancements have a high growth in this sector and become useful for the medical industry. Moreover, this paper clarifies how these biomaterials play an impactful portion in the mechanical advancement of medical devices which incorporates catheters, implantable devices, drug conveyance systems, and orthopaedic implants among others. The major utilization of artificial polymers is found in making medical instruments whereas ceramics are broadly utilized in orthopaedics and dentistry which upgrades bone recovery and Osseo integration. Similarly, metals that are well known for their mechanical ability, as well as biocompatibility, have a substantial existence in orthopaedic implants alongside cardiovascular devices. Through a wide range review of biomaterials and their numerous uses in healthcare, this paper can contribute a few valuable insights concerning how this will shape the future of medical technology and persistent care.

Analysis of the hydrodynamic causes of thrombosis and hemolysis in the centrifugal pump of the artificial blood supply system

The article is devoted to the analysis of the hydrodynamic causes of complications of the use of centrifugal pumps in artificial circulation systems. In the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, rotary pumps began to be used: centrifugal, axial and disk. Of the three types of rotary pumps, centrifugal pumps have the highest power density due to the use of centrifugal force. Statistics show that the greatest blood damage in the form of thrombosis and hemolysis is observed in these pumps. The article concludes that the main hydrodynamic cause of thrombosis and hemolysis is the force field formed by the centrifugal force of inertia, which generates vortex and separation zones. When passing through these zones, red blood cells experience intense hydrodynamic effects in the form of local accelerations and impacts against the walls of the channels, which leads to their deformation, and then to the destruction of some red blood cells. On the one hand, thanks to this force, the intensity of energy conversion in a centrifugal pump becomes higher compared to other types of pumps. On the other hand, a large unevenness of speed and pressure occurs in the channels, which has a traumatic effect on red blood cells. Hydrodynamic solutions to weaken the force field that injures red blood cells will inevitably be accompanied by a decrease in the intensity of energy conversion and the benefits of using this type of pump.

Paper-based chemometer device for the estimation of α-amylase-a biomarker for pancreatitis.

Pancreatitis is a life-threatening inflammatory disease of the pancreas. In 2019, 34.8 out of 100 000 people suffered from acute pancreatitis globally. In humans, the level of α-amylase increases three times the normal value during pancreatitis. α-Amylase is an enzyme that hydrolyses α-1,4 glycosidic bonds of starch. In this study, we investigated a novel distance-based sensing method. We exploited the existing starch triiodide method, where the blue colour of starch-triiodide fades away and becomes colourless when α-amylase breaks the starch chain at the α-1-4 glycosidic bond. A hydrophilic channel was made on paper using a simple laser printer to create hydrophobic barriers. This channel was impregnated with starch triiodide, where α-amylase can turn it colourless. This distance covered by the change in colour is directly proportional to the concentration of α-amylase in a sample. Simulated samples with different concentrations of porcine α-amylase and pancreatin were used for testing using the developed paper-based chemometer device. The paper-based chemometer device was also tested with artificial blood serum with different concentrations of α-amylase. The R 2 of this device was found to be 0.9905, and the accuracy of the device when compared with a 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-α-d-maltotrioside method was found to be 95.54% with a sensitivity of 0.131 U L-1 mm-1. Correlation test also showed that the paper-based chemometer device for α-amylase can be used as a testing device for artificial blood serum. This is a preliminary investigation that shows promising results. The chemometer devices stored in air-tight packets at 4-8 °C in a refrigerator did not lose the colour intensity until day 90 and retained an accuracy of 94.5%. However, the device needs to be evaluated in clinical settings prior to using it for measuring α-amylase in patients.

The Blood Hemoglobin Sensor Based On (Ba,Sr)TiO3 Films: The Performance Evaluation and Data Analysis

The information of blood hemoglobin level is very important for human health. Normal hemoglobin levels for men are in the range of 14-18.5 g/dL, and for women in the range of 12-16.5 g/dL. A hemoglobin level below the normal range indicates an anemia problem which could be fatal for human’s health. To detect the blood hemoglobin level, optical sensors must respond to the light within the range of 250-900 nm wavelength. In this paper we report the performance of Barium Titanate and Strontium Titanate (Ba,Sr)TiO3 films which are capable of detecting the blood hemoglobin level in the spectrum range of 380-780 nm. The performance of (Ba,Sr)TiO3 then compared with FDS100 standard sensor. The LED in this study, as a light source, has a wavelength of 545 nm and 570 nm. The (Ba,Sr)TiO3 film, LED and artificial blood samples were placed in a container and integrated with other electronic devices. The hemoglobin (Ba,Sr)TiO3 measurement data obtained was then processed using a machine learning method (linear regresion algorithm) and compared with the actual hemoglobin value from artificial blood. The evaluation of data measurement using linear regresion showed that BaTiO3 has more accuracy (84.83%) as compared to SrTiO3 (82.95%). This result is in accordance with the result from the optical and electrical properties, where a small band gap energy and a small resistance produce better optical and electrical properties resulting in a higher level of accuracy.

Simple and cost-effective pH and T sensors from top to bottom: New chemical probes based on sonogel-carbon transducers for plasma analyses

The present work introduces two novel approaches to fabricate simple and cost-effective pH and temperature probes. Sinusoidal voltage methodologies were employed to electrodeposit polyaniline (PANI) at different growth times (10–20 min) on the surface of an affordable Sonogel-Carbon electrode to conform a robust pH sensor. The presence of PANI and its phases were corroborated by electrochemical means. The sensibility, reversibility and selectivity of the produced sensor were very adequate to apply it in physiological samples. In this regard, the proposed sensor was evaluated in artificial blood serum as well as untreated plasma samples obtaining outstanding results in comparison with a gold reference technique (error <2 %). In addition, a new composite sonogel material, intrinsically modified with multiwalled carbon nanotubes, was attached on top of an electrode couple to one-step fabricate a new temperature probe, relating resistance of the probe with the surroundings temperature. In this case, an optical microscopy characterization was performed to study the sturdiness of the layer. Remarkably, suitable results in terms of sensitivity and selectivity were obtained. The probes were assessed in artificial and untreated plasma samples as well, with the corresponding validation step (error <1 %) by using a commercial temperature probe.

Development of a Carbon Nanotube-Enhanced FAS Bilayer Amphiphobic Coating for Biological Fluids.

This study reports the development of a novel amphiphobic coating. The coating is a bilayer arrangement, where carbon nanotubes (CNTs) form the underlayer and fluorinated alkyl-silane (FAS) forms the overlayer, resulting in the development of highly amphiphobic coatings suitable for a wide range of substrates. The effectiveness of these coatings is demonstrated through enhanced contact angles for water and artificial blood plasma fluid on glass, stainless steel, and porous PTFE. The coatings were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and contact angle (CA) measurements. The water contact angles achieved with the bilayer coating were 106 ± 2°, 116 ± 2°, and 141 ± 2° for glass, stainless steel, and PTFE, respectively, confirming the hydrophobic nature of the coating. Additionally, the coating displayed high repellency for blood plasma, exhibiting contact angles of 102 ± 2°, 112 ± 2°, and 134 ± 2° on coated glass, stainless steel, and PTFE surfaces, respectively. The presence of the CNT underlayer improved plasma contact angles by 29%, 21.7%, and 16.5% for the respective surfaces. The presence of the CNT layer improved surface roughness significantly, and the average roughness of the bilayer coating on glass, stainless steel, and PTFE was measured to be 488 nm, 301 nm, and 274 nm, respectively. Mechanistically, the CNT underlayer contributed to the surface roughness, while the FAS layer provided high amphiphobicity. The maximum effect was observed on modified glass, followed by stainless steel and PTFE surfaces. These findings highlight the promising potential of this coating method across diverse applications, particularly in the biomedical industry, where it can help mitigate complications associated with device-fluid interactions.

Nanotechnology-mediated photodynamic therapy: Focus on overcoming tumor hypoxia.

The oxygen level in the tumor is a critical marker that determines response to different treatments. Cancerous cells can adapt to hypoxia and low pH conditions within the tumor microenvironment (TME) to regulate tumor metabolism, proliferation, and promote tumor metastasis as well as angiogenesis, consequently leading to treatment failure and recurrence. In recent years, widespread attempts have been made to overcome tumor hypoxia through different methods, such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), hyperthermia, O2 carriers, artificial hemoglobin, oxygen generator hydrogels, and peroxide materials. While oxygen is found to be an essential agent to improve the treatment response of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and other cancer treatment modalities, the development of hypoxia within the tumor is highly associated with PDT failure. Recently, the use of nanoparticles has been a hot topic for researchers and exploited to overcome hypoxia through Oxygen-generating hydrogels, O2 nanocarriers, and O2 -generating nanoparticles. This review aimed to discuss the role of nanotechnology in tumor oxygenation and highlight the challenges, prospective, and recent advances in this area to improve PDT outcomes. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Cells at the Nanoscale Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.

Peripheral artery disease diagnosis based on deep learning-enabled analysis of non-invasive arterial pulse waveforms

This paper intends to investigate the feasibility of peripheral artery disease (PAD) diagnosis based on the analysis of non-invasive arterial pulse waveforms. We generated realistic synthetic arterial blood pressure (BP) and pulse volume recording (PVR) waveform signals pertaining to PAD present at the abdominal aorta with a wide range of severity levels using a mathematical model that simulates arterial blood circulation and arterial BP-PVR relationships. We developed a deep learning (DL)-enabled algorithm that can diagnose PAD by analyzing brachial and tibial PVR waveforms, and evaluated its efficacy in comparison with the same DL-enabled algorithm based on brachial and tibial arterial BP waveforms as well as the ankle-brachial index (ABI). The results suggested that it is possible to detect PAD based on DL-enabled PVR waveform analysis with adequate accuracy, and its detection efficacy is close to when arterial BP is used (positive and negative predictive values at 40 % abdominal aorta occlusion: 0.78 vs 0.89 and 0.85 vs 0.94; area under the ROC curve (AUC): 0.90 vs 0.97). On the other hand, its efficacy in estimating PAD severity level is not as good as when arterial BP is used (r value: 0.77 vs 0.93; Bland-Altman limits of agreement: −32%-+32 % vs −20%-+19 %). In addition, DL-enabled PVR waveform analysis significantly outperformed ABI in both detection and severity estimation. In sum, the findings from this paper suggest the potential of DL-enabled non-invasive arterial pulse waveform analysis as an affordable and non-invasive means for PAD diagnosis.

A synthetic notch (synNotch) system linking intratumoral immune-cancer cell communication to a synthetic blood biomarker assay.

Introduction: Cellular immunotherapy has greatly improved cancer treatment in recent years. For instance, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has been proven highly effective in treating hematological malignancies, and many CAR cell designs are being explored for solid tumors. However, many questions remain why responses differ across patients and some tumor types are resistant. Improved and relatively inexpensive ways to monitor these cells could provide some answers. Clinically, blood tests are regularly used to monitor these therapies, but blood signals often do not reflect the activity of immune cells within the tumor(s). Here, using the synthetic Notch (synNotch) receptor that tethers antigen binding to customized transgene expression, we linked intratumoral immune-cancer cell communication to a simple secreted reporter blood test. Specifically, we engineered immune cells with a CD19-targeted synNotch receptor and demonstrated that binding to CD19 on cancer cells in vivo resulted in the production of secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) at levels that are readily detected in the blood. Methods and Results: Jurkat T cells were engineered via sequential lentiviral transduction of two components: an anti-CD19 synNotch receptor and a synNotch response element encoding SEAP. Co-culture of engineered cells with CD19+, but not CD19-, Nalm6 cells, resulted in significantly elevated SEAP in media. Nod-scid-gamma (NSG) mice were subcutaneously injected with either CD19+ or CD19- Nalm6 cells. Intratumoral injection of engineered T cells (1x107) resulted in significantly elevated blood SEAP activity in mice bearing CD19+ tumors (n = 7), but not CD19- tumors (n = 5). Discussion: Our synNotch reporter system allows for the monitoring of antigen-dependent intratumoral immune-cancer cell interactions through a simple and convenient blood test. Continued development of this system for different target antigens of interest should provide a broadly applicable platform for improved monitoring of many cell-based immunotherapies during their initial development and clinical translation, ultimately improving our understanding of design considerations and patient-specific responses.

Chemical-computational comparison of organometallic complexes in oxygen carriers and their incidence on blood color

Blood typically carries small amounts of molecular oxygen (O2) dissolved in the plasma and large amounts chemically combined with hemoglobin. Partial pressure depends only on physically dissolved oxygen, which determines how much oxygen will combine with hemoglobin. The blood needs an O2 carrier in humans because this gas is not sufficiently soluble in the blood plasma to satisfy the body's requirement. At 37 ºC, a liter of blood only dissolves 2.3 mL of O2. However, one liter of blood contains 150 g of hemoglobin, and since each gram of hemoglobin dissolves 1.34 mL of O2, 200 mL of O2 are transported per liter of blood. This quantity is 87 times more than what plasma could carry by itself. Without an O2 carrier like hemoglobin, blood would have to circulate 87 times faster, requiring a high-pressure pump, turbulent flow, and a considerable ventilation-perfusion mismatch. This is why other transporter molecules exist in various organisms, giving each of them a representative color. This is how it is in the human being that blood is red; in spiders, crustaceans, mollusks, octopuses, and squids, the blood is blue; in some segmented worms, some leeches, and some marine worms, there is green blood; finally, in marine worms and brachiopods, the blood is violet.

A Blood Substitute for Blood Pattern Analysis of Low-Velocity Passive Stains – Its Implications in the Examination of Crime Scenes

A Blood Substitute for Blood Pattern Analysis of Low-Velocity Passive Stains – Its Implications in the Examination of Crime Scenes

Experimental study on real-time detection of artificial blood vessel micro-leakage via triboelectrification effect

Artificial blood vessels are prone to breakage in the form of apertures or fractures during periodic blood pulsation and installation. It has caused great threats and hidden danger to the treatment and rehabilitation of patients. Therefore, it is of great research value and practical significance to develop a rapid real-time detection method with high detection accuracy and good response characteristics for artificial blood vessels. Based on the triboelectrification(TE) effect and fluid boundary layer theory, this paper proposes and systematically studies a liquid–solid contact single-electrode mode sensing device for micro-leakage detection of vascular prosthesis (MLDVP). By real-time monitoring and analyzing the voltage and frequency characteristics of the output electrical signal, the damage form prediction, damage degree estimation, and leakage area location can be carried out quickly and effectively. The results show that the boundary layer structure and velocity gradient of the inner wall of the tube change when the artificial blood vessel is damaged, which changes the directional movement law of carriers at the liquid–solid interface, resulting in slow growth of the output open-circuit voltage. Further research shows that under the same damage type, with the gradual increase of damage degree, the output current of the external circuit detected by the system decreases gradually, and the corresponding output voltage change ratio also decreases. Therefore, the real-time monitoring and analysis of the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current output by MLDVP can effectively realize the rapid detection and estimation of the damage location, damage type, and damage degree of the artificial blood vessel.

The Effect of Plasma Treatment on the Mechanical and Biological Properties of Polyurethane Artificial Blood Vessel.

In recent years, the incidence of cardiovascular disease has increased annually, and the demand for artificial blood vessels has been increasing. Due to the formation of thrombosis and stenosis after implantation, the application of many materials in the human body has been inhibited. Therefore, the choice of surface modification process is very important. In this paper, small-diameter polyurethane artificial blood vessels were prepared through electrospinning, and their surfaces were treated with plasma to improve their biological properties. The samples before and after plasma treatment were characterized by SEM, contact angle, XPS, and tensile testing; meanwhile, the cell compatibility and blood compatibility were evaluated. The results show that there are no significant changes to the fiber morphology or diameter distribution on the surface of the sample before and after plasma treatment. Plasma treatment can increase the proportion of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of the sample and improve its wettability, thereby increasing the infiltration ability of cells and promoting cell proliferation. Plasma treatment can reduce the risk of hemolysis, and does not cause platelet adhesion. Due to the etching effect of plasma, the mechanical properties of the samples decreased with the extension of plasma treatment time, which should be used as a basis to balance the mechanical property and biological property of artificial blood vessels. But on the whole, plasma treatment has positive significance for improving the comprehensive performance of samples.

Elucidating the binding properties of methemoglobin in red blood cell to cyanide, hydrosulfide, and azide ions using artificial red blood cell

Methemoglobin (metHb), the oxidized form of hemoglobin, lacks the ability of reversible oxygen binding; however, it has a high binding affinity to toxic substances such as cyanide, hydrosulfide, and azide. This innate property of metHb offers the clinical option to treat patients poisoned with these toxins, by oxidizing the endogenous hemoglobin in the red blood cells (RBCs). The binding properties of naked metHb (isolated from RBC) with these toxins has been studied; however, the binding behaviors of metHb under the intracellular conditions of RBC are unclear because of the difficulty in detecting metHb status changes in RBC. This study aimed to elucidate the binding properties of metHb in RBC under physiological and poisoned conditions using artificial RBC, which was hemoglobin encapsulated in a liposome. The mimic-circumstances of metHb in RBC (metHb-V) was prepared by oxidizing the hemoglobin in artificial RBC. Spectroscopic analysis indicated that the metHb in metHb-V exhibited a binding behavior different from that of naked metHb, depending on the toxic substance: When the pH decreased, (i) the cyanide binding affinity of metHb-V remained unchanged, but that of naked metHb decreased (ii) the hydrosulfide binding affinity was increased in metHb-V but was decreased in naked metHb. (iii) Azide binding was increased in metHb-V, which was similar to that in naked metHb, irrespective of the pH change. Thus, the binding behavior of intracellular metHb in the RBC with cyanide, hydrosulfide, and azide under physiological and pathological conditions were partly elucidated using the oxidized artificial RBC.

Applications of Silk Fibroin in Human and Veterinary Medicine.

The properties of silk make it a promising material for medical applications, both in human and veterinary medicine. Its predominant amino acids, glycine and alanine, exhibit low chemical reactivity, reducing the risk of graft rejection, a notable advantage over most synthetic polymers. Hence, silk is increasingly used as a material for 3D printing in biomedicine. It can be used to build cell scaffolding with the desired cytocompatibility and biodegradability. In combination with gelatine, silk can be used in the treatment of arthritis, and as a hydrogel, to regenerate chondrocytes and mesenchymal cells. When combined with gelatine and collagen, it can also make skin grafts and regenerate the integumentary system. In the treatment of bone tissue, it can be used in combination with polylactic acid and hydroxyapatite to produce bone clips having good mechanical properties and high immunological tolerance. Furthermore, silk can provide a good microenvironment for the proliferation of bone marrow stem cells. Moreover, research is underway to produce artificial blood vessels using silk in combination with glycidyl methacrylate. Silk vascular grafts have demonstrated a high degree of patency and a satisfactory degree of endothelial cells coverage.

Abstract 18114: Generating Human Artery and Vein Cells From Pluripotent Stem Cells Highlights the Arterial Tropism of Nipah and Hendra Viruses

Introduction: biology research endeavors to generate specific subtypes of endothelial ‘‘cell types’’ such as artery and vein cells. Despite substantial progress, incomplete knowledge of artery and vein development challenges efforts to generate artery and vein cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Hypothesis: We hypothesize that TGFb and PI3K are artery and vein-specifying signals, respectively. We can efficiently specify artery cells by inhibiting vein-specifying signals and vice versa in chemically defined media. Methods: To generate artery cells, we activated TGFb and inhibited PI3K signaling (amongst other signals). Conversely, to generate vein cells, we inhibited TGFb and activated PI3K signaling. Results: We generate &gt;90% pure artery and &gt;80% pure vein endothelial cells from hPSCs within 3-4 days of differentiation, respectively. Both artery and vein cells could form 3D blood vessel networks in vitro and in vivo , sense and respond to shear stress, and uptake low-density lipoproteins. These cells modeled viral infection of human vasculature by Nipah and Hendra viruses, which are extraordinarily deadly and require biosafety-level-4 containment. Generating pure populations of artery and vein cells showed that Nipah and Hendra viruses preferentially infected arteries; arteries expressed higher levels of their viral-entry receptor. Virally-infected artery cells fused into syncytia containing up to 23 nuclei, which rapidly died. Despite infecting arteries and occupying 6%-17% of their transcriptome, Nipah and Hendra largely eluded innate immune detection, minimally eliciting interferon signaling. Conclusions: In conclusion, we efficiently generate artery and vein cells, introduce stem-cell-based toolkits for biosafety-level-4 virology, and explore the arterial tropism and cellular effects of Nipah and Hendra viruses. This large-scale supply of human endothelial cells could also enable applications, including vascular disease modeling and tissue engineering synthetic blood vessels.