Blood Pressure Sensor Research Articles

A Novel Approach for Health Monitoring System Using Wireless Sensor Network

Health care is very expensive for countries with large population. Recently, wireless sensor networks are used to structure health care in many applications. Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) and remote health monitoring has minimized the cost and improved the health care monitoring of patients' vital signs at hospital or outside hospital environment. Many types of wireless sensors are used for monitoring patient's health status, including those that are attached to the patient's body such as heart rate sensor, blood pressure sensor, temperature sensor, and those used on bed (bed sensor). Sensors use a modern communication technology, such as Zigbee, to transmit patients’ health status parameters to the central monitor. We propose a novel approach for health monitoring system. The new approach depends on a smart health network, where patients are classified into a set of clusters, based on their health status. This approach helps manage communications between patients' sensors and the monitoring center, and reduce power consumption by allowing patients with critical health status to continually transmit their health parameters, and allowing patients with less critical and noncritical health status to partially transmit their health parameters. For the experiments, we used QualNet V5.2 simulator, using standard health parameters. Simulations results show that the proposed approach outperform the non-classified based health monitoring system in terms of reducing energy consumption in transmit mode by 30% and in receive mode by 30%. Also simulation results show an improvement of average Jitter by 13%, and an average end-to-end delay by 9.6%.

Design and optimization of a three-terminal piezoresistive pressure sensor for catheter based in vivo biomedical applications

In recent times, catheters with integrated transducers have been extensively investigated in the field of biomedical engineering, especially for use in in vivo neonatal intensive care systems. An integral module of such systems is a blood pressure sensor that must fulfill the competing requirements of high sensitivity and small area. Typically, microelectromechanical systems-based membrane structures with integrated piezoresistors are used to realize such miniaturized blood pressure sensors. Conventionally, the electromechanical transduction of membrane deformation into an equivalent electrical signal is accomplished by piezoresistors connected in a fully active Wheatstone bridge configuration. However, such a configuration requires a large area for the placement of piezoresistors and layout of interconnects. Even though piezoresistors connected in a half-active Wheatstone bridge configuration overcome the area constraint, such an arrangement still suffers from reduced electrical sensitivity. In this paper we propose a novel three-terminal single-element piezoresistor membrane-based miniaturized blood pressure sensor for less than 1 French catheter application. Design and optimization of the sensor is performed using numerical simulations to satisfy the competing requirements of high sensitivity, low structural non-linearity and high mechanical stability. Simulations are carried out to optimize the piezoresistor position, piezoresistor doping concentration and relative dimensions of the piezoresistor and the membrane. Results depict that sensor with a die size of 175 × 150 × 50 μm3 results in an electrical sensitivity of 14.03 μA A–1 mmHg–1. Finally, a set of design guidelines are outlined for optimizing the performance of three-terminal piezoresistor-based blood pressure sensors.

GSM Based Patient Monitoring System

Health has become an important issue in today's world. People suffering from a disease or physical disorder might need their near ones and it is quite difficult for people to be continuously available for them. Most commonly people are suffering from Hypertension i.e., high blood pressure, Hypotension, low blood pressure, Diabetes, and many other diseases. Among India's population around 62 million people are suffering from diabetes in which 8.2 percent are adult male whereas 6.8 percent are adult female and this is increasing day by day. A major health problem in India is high blood pressure and the percentage of people suffering from hypertension ranges from 20-40% in urban adults and 12-17% in rural adults. Thus, the focus of this project is mainly on designing a system which measures blood pressure, pulse rate, body temperature of the patient. This paper deals with the design and development of a system that consist of different sensors such as blood pressure sensor, temperature sensor, heartbeat sensor and sugar level sensor these all are interfaced with the microcontroller which provides all these measurements to respective doctors with the help of GSM(Global Systems for Mobile communication). Also this paper shows that how the different health conditions of the patient are measured by microcontroller in real time and with the help of ADC these readings are converted into digital form. In this system GSM is used for mobile communication which means that all the readings are transmitted to the doctors PC through GSM network and then respective doctor will be able to access this information and further the patient's health is monitored. The design of this system is kept simple for home and ambulance use. This device is mainly designed for ambulance use and further it can be implemented in homes in rural areas. Efficiency of the proposed system is being demonstrated and it will be more efficient for doctors to check the patient as it gives real time information regarding to the patient's condition. To provide the medical services to the patients living in the rural areas of India, the use of telemedicine is one of the important concerns.

Gestational Diabetes Management Using Smart Mobile Telemedicine.

Gestational diabetes (GDM) burden has been increasing progressively over the past years. Knowing that intrauterine exposure to maternal diabetes confers high risk for macrosomia as well as for future type 2 diabetes and obesity of the offspring, health care organizations try to provide effective control in spite of the limited resources. Artificial-intelligence-augmented telemedicine has been proposed as a helpful tool to facilitate an efficient widespread medical assistance to GDM. The aim of the study we present was to test the feasibility and acceptance of a mobile decision-support system for GDM, developed in the seventh framework program MobiGuide Project, which includes computer-interpretable clinical practice guidelines, access to data from the electronic health record as well as from glucose, blood pressure, and activity sensors. The results of this pilot study with 20 patients showed that the system is feasible. Compliance of patients with blood glucose monitoring was higher than that observed in a historical group of 247 patients, similar in clinical characteristics, who had been followed up for the 3 years prior to the pilot study. A questionnaire on the use of the telemedicine system showed a high degree of acceptance.

GSM Based Health Assistant for People with Chronic Diseases

A GSM based health assistant for people with chronic diseases proposes and implements a prototype to help people with chronic diseases. The system is composed of two components namely, wearable body area network and a microprocessor unit with GSM and GPS. This project can track certain chronic diseases namely, heart problems, asthma, apart from the chronic diseases can also track blood pressure with sensors namely, electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor, temperature sensor, heart beatsensor and blood pressure sensor. This project keeps track of the readings from the sensors and if there are some abnormalities it would send messages via GSM stored in SIM.The location of the patient can be sent using GPS.

Energy harvesting from arterial blood pressure for powering embedded micro sensors in human brain

This manuscript investigates energy harvesting from arterial blood pressure via the piezoelectric effect for the purpose of powering embedded micro-sensors in the human brain. One of the major hurdles in recording and measuring electrical data in the human nervous system is the lack of implantable and long term interfaces that record neural activity for extended periods of time. Recently, some authors have proposed micro sensors implanted deep in the brain that measure local electrical and physiological data which are then communicated to an external interrogator. This paper proposes a way of powering such interfaces. The geometry of the proposed harvester consists of a piezoelectric, circular, curved bimorph that fits into the blood vessel (specifically, the Carotid artery) and undergoes bending motion because of blood pressure variation. In addition, the harvester thickness is constrained such that it does not modify arterial wall dynamics. This transforms the problem into a known strain problem and the integral form of Gauss's law is used to obtain an equation relating arterial wall motion to the induced voltage. The theoretical model is validated by means of a Multiphysics 3D-FEA simulation comparing the harvested power at different load resistances. The peak harvested power achieved for the Carotid artery (proximal to Brain), with PZT-5H, was 11.7 μW. The peak power for the Aorta was 203.4 μW. Further, the variation of harvested power with variation in the harvester width and thickness, arterial contractility, and pulse rate is investigated. Moreover, potential application of the harvester as a chronic, implantable and real-time Blood pressure sensor is considered. Energy harvested via this mechanism will also have applications in long-term, implantable Brain Micro-stimulation.

Quantification system of Parkinson’s disease

Technological advances in signal processing, electronics, embedded systems and neuroscience have allowed the design of devices that help physicians to better assess the evolution of neurological diseases. In this context, we are interested in the development of an intelligent system for the quantification of Parkinson's disease (PD). In order to achieve this, the system contains two parts: a wireless sensor network and an embedded system. The wireless sensor network is used to measure motor defects of the patient; it is constituted of several nodes which communicate among themselves. These nodes are intelligent sensors; they contains accelerometers, EMG and blood pressure sensors to detect any malfunction of the patient's motor activities. As regards to the embedded system, it allows analyzing the patient's voice signal in order to extract a descriptor that characterizes PD. The network detects the patient's posture and measures his or her tremors. The voice analysis system measures the degradation of the patient's condition. The embedded system combines the three decisions using the Chair---Varshney rule. The data fusion between the sensor network and the embedded system, will quantify the disease to facilitate the diagnostic for the physician, while providing the ability to effectively assess the evolution of the patient's health.

Influence on Calculated Blood Pressure of Measurement Posture for the Development of Wearable Vital Sign Sensors

We studied a wearable blood pressure sensor using a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor, which is a highly accurate strain sensor. This sensor is installed at the pulsation point of the human body to measure the pulse wave signal. A calibration curve is built that calculates the blood pressure by multivariate analysis using the pulse wave signal and a reference blood pressure measurement. However, if the measurement height of the FBG sensor is different from the reference measurement height, an error is included in the reference blood pressure. We verified the accuracy of the blood pressure calculation with respect to the measurement height difference and the posture of the subject. As the difference between the measurement height of the FBG sensor and the reference blood pressure measurement increased, the accuracy of the blood pressure calculation decreased. When the measurement height was identical and only posture was changed, good accuracy was achieved. In addition, when calibration curves were built using data measured in multiple postures, the blood pressure of each posture could be calculated from a single calibration curve. This will allow miniaturization of the necessary electronics of the sensor system, which is important for a wearable sensor.

English

In this work, a real time blood pressure, temperature measurement and reporting system for inpatients was developed. The function of this system is to constantly measure the blood pressure and temperature of a patient and send the measured values to the medical doctor or other relevant care givers through wireless link. The system is built around the STM32F103C8 Microcontroller programmed in C language which performs the overall control action and interfaces with other peripherals like MPX5050GP and the DS18B20 which acts as primary sensors for blood pressure and temperature respectively. The health monitoring system was designed, constructed and tested. The results of blood pressure and body temperature measurements were compared with those of an OMRON blood pressure monitor and a clinical thermometer respectively. The deviations in measurements are on average ±4 mmHg and ±0.17°C for blood pressure and temperature respectively. This is considered satisfactory as the measurement error is found to be within tolerable limits. Key words: Microcontroller, blood pressure sensor, temperature sensor, wireless link.

New Approaches to Evaluating and Monitoring Blood Pressure.

Digital health innovations for hypertension include cuffless blood pressure sensors, wireless smartphone-enabled upper arm blood pressure monitors, mobile applications, and remote monitoring technologies. Wearable trackers have drawn interest from medical professionals and patients alike. They have the potential to improve hypertension control and medication adherence through easier logging of repeated blood pressure measurements, better connectivity with health-care providers, and medication reminder alerts. With increasing emphasis on home and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to confirm hypertension prior to treatment, such devices also can help improve the diagnostic landscape. However, privacy, accuracy, and cost concerns have prevented widespread clinical uptake. To foster implementation, device designers and clinical researchers should collaborate on development of rigorous clinical trials that test cardiovascular outcomes associated with emerging technologies. We review the current literature on mobile health technologies and novel diagnostic and management protocols and make recommendations on how to incorporate these innovations into practice.

Optimizing a new cuffless blood pressure sensor via a solid–fluid-electric finite element model with consideration of varied mis-positionings

The sizes of a newly-developed non-invasive, cuffless blood pressure sensor are successfully optimized for maximizing its output signal quality. The optimization is conducted via establishing a coupled solid---fluid-electric model and considering varied mis-positionings. The non-invasive, cuffless blood pressure sensor consists of a gel-capsule and a strain sensor in a number of parallel electrodes. Towards sensing blood pressure, the BP sensor is designed to sense the vibration of radial artery by converting the deformation of the sensor electrodes to electrical signals. In practical uses, it is inevitable that the sensor is not placed right on the location where maximum vibration of the artery occurs, thus undermining the signal quality of the sensor output signals for accurate BP estimates. This study is dedicated to optimize the sizes of sensor electrodes with a required level of robustness to be able to obtain quality signals with presence of reasonable mis-positionings. The optimization is made possible by first establishing a coupled fluid-mechanics-electric model to predict sensor output due to dynamic artery dilations, and then the sizes of sensor electrodes are successfully optimized for maximum sensor outputs with consideration of reasonable mis-positionings. The range of sensor mis-positions considered is between ?5 and +5 mm to cover all possible users in different heights, weights, ages, genders, etc. The optimal electrode length of the sensor is found to be 7 mm, while the accuracy of the predicted pressure levels are within ±7 mmHg, which conforms to the required accuracy of ±8 mmHg by The Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI).

Tablet PC Enabled Body Sensor System for Rural Telehealth Applications.

Telehealth systems benefit from the rapid growth of mobile communication technology for measuring physiological signals. Development and validation of a tablet PC enabled noninvasive body sensor system for rural telehealth application are discussed in this paper. This system includes real time continuous collection of physiological parameters (blood pressure, pulse rate, and temperature) and fall detection of a patient with the help of a body sensor unit and wireless transmission of the acquired information to a tablet PC handled by the medical staff in a Primary Health Center (PHC). Abnormal conditions are automatically identified and alert messages are given to the medical officer in real time. Clinical validation is performed in a real environment and found to be successful. Bland-Altman analysis is carried out to validate the wrist blood pressure sensor used. The system works well for all measurements.

THE WAYS OF LONG-TERM BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

The significance of arterial hypertension (AH) is discussed as the main predictor of cardiovascular catastrophes development — myocardial infarction and stroke, and technologies for the solution of blood pressure (BP) control. The most modern world developments are presented for the distant observation of cardiovascular system (CVS) condition, including BP level in high risk patients. The main specifications of abroad invasive BP systems are provided, and Russian developing system with a layout of BP sensor and the method of no wired signal transmission and electrical supply. It is presupposed that such invasive device can in real time mode send the data on BP and its values, that characterize CVS condition. In critical BP changes the signals of alarm are incorporated to send to the emergency care stations and to the physician for proper solutions on the care, including urgencies. Such system might increase the effectiveness of prophylactic and medical care for the patients with cardiovascular pathology, increase the duration of life, and decrease funding, and not need supplementary inclusion of higher qualified specialists for dispensary screening.

Personal Monitoring Of Blood Pressure Using Android Smart Phones

Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels and is one of the principal vital signs. High blood pressure is a common risk factor for heart attacks, strokes and aneurysms, so diagnosing and monitoring it are critically important. Blood pressure can change from minute to minute, so continuous monitoring offers a much broader picture of cardiovascular health. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) is one of the important vital signs that need to be monitored for personal healthcare. We get the data from the blood pressure sensor and heart beat sensor and given to the microcontroller .The microcontroller send the data to the mobile phone through the wireless communication. Here we are using Bluetooth technology for wireless data transfer. We can monitor the sensor value whenever the patient needs. If any abnormality occurs, then it will send an email to a person may be the doctor or any relative. People can easily measure the blood pressure value. Therefore it is more efficient for the patient under low cost.

IJIREEICE - Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and Control

4 Abstract: Majority of the population, especially the people older than 65, suffer from Chronic Heart Failure leading to frequent hospitalizations which results in high health expenditure. So, we have developed a complete and integrated Information and Communication Technology system on LabVIEW platform that enables the doctors to diagnose and monitor the CHF patients from distance. This system measures the heart rate and blood pressure of the patient through heart rate sensor and blood pressure sensor. The output from these sensors are transmitted to the remote system via Bluetooth. It is then transmitted to the Hospital Information System by using LabVIEW tool. This enables the CHF patients to daily collect vital signs at home and automatically send them to the Hospital Information System and it also allows the physicians to monitor the patients from distance and to take timely actions in case of necessity.

Design of a Miniaturized Wireless Blood Pressure Sensing Interface Using Capacitive Coupling

This paper presents the implementation of a miniaturized wireless blood pressure sensor interface. The system uses capacitive cou- pling in order to transmit the data, as well as wireless inductive powering. Designed for a bit length of 6.4 μs, the average power consumption of the device has been measured to be 20.5 μW and 2.85 mW in air and phantom material, respectively. The miniaturized sensor interface circuit consists of two plates with a diameter of 2.5 cm, which are connected by means of a thin wire; the device's maximum thickness is 5 mm. Index Terms—Capacitive coupling, inductive powering, wireless im- plantable sensor interface.

A real-time life-care monitoring framework: WarnRed hardware and software design

It is shown by many statistical studies that the senior population, especially in developed countries, is in an increasing trend. For many reasons they tend to have in-home health care providers. The recent studies on biomedical information management focused on remote health monitoring frameworks including heart rate monitoring systems, glucose measurements for diabetics, and remote monitoring EEG and ECG. The main purposes of these studies are timely response to emergency situations and ensuring that the person is in a stable condition. In this study, developed via a system-on-chip circuit, we process the data collected from subjects through a temperature sensor and blood pressure sensor. Data are submitted in real time via a wireless secure channel to medical experts. An easy-to-use software interface is also developed as part of the framework.

Design and Optimization of a Low Power Pressure Sensor for Wireless Biomedical Applications

A blood pressure sensor suitable for wireless biomedical applications is designed and optimized. State-of-the-art blood pressure sensors based on piezoresistive transducers in a full Wheatstone bridge configuration use low ohmic values because of relatively high sensitivity and low noise approach resulting in high power consumption. In this paper, the piezoresistance values are increased in order to reduce by one order of magnitude the power consumption in comparison with literature approaches. The microelectromechanical system (MEMS) pressure sensor, the mixed signal circuits signal conditioning circuitry, and the successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) are designed, optimized, and integrated in the same substrate using a commercial 1 μm CMOS technology. As result of the optimization, we obtained a digital sensor with high sensitivity, low noise (0.002 μV/Hz), and low power consumption (358 μW). Finally, the piezoresistance noise does not affect the pressure sensor application since its value is lower than half least significant bit (LSB) of the ADC.

A New Image Blood Pressure Sensor Based on PPG, RRT, BPTT, and Harmonic Balancing

A new blood pressure (BP) sensor, also named sphygmomanometer, is developed in this paper for estimating BPs accurately from fingertips. The hardware of the sensor is a low-cost optical CMOS imaging device for detecting photoplethysmography (PPG) signals at fingertips. Therefore, the sensor neither needs to contact human skin nor pressurize it for accurate BP predictions. To calculate BPs based on captured PPG signals, the modified radial resonance theory is applied to develop a new BP transport theory (BPTT), and then composes a computation algorithm for implementing BPTT in a typical smart phone with limited computation load required. The algorithm is successfully implemented in a typical smart phone with minimum computation load and equipped with an efficient calibration process. An experiment is conducted to evaluate the performance of the designed BP-sensing techniques. The resulted data clearly show that the difference between the systolic BPs (SBPs) sensed by the propose sensor and a validated cumbersome instrument is 1.37 mmHg, while for diastolic BPs (DBPs) is -1.40 mmHg. The afore-reported accuracy is well below those required by the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, which are ±5 and 8 mmHg, respectively, for SBPs and DBPs.

WEB BASED SERVICE FOR DIABETES PATIENT MONITORING SENSORS

Diabetes mellitus is a major cause of blindness, renal failure, amputation, heart attacks and stroke. For a diabetes patient, many factors are to be considered. Change in the meal may cause unpredictable changes in blood sugar levels. The diabetes patient monitoring considers these factors and proposes a solution using the sensors like glucometer sensor, blood Pressure sensor and the RFID tag with arduino given to the individual patients. The internet of things integrates many technologies, such as Internet, Zigbee, Bluetooth, infrared, Wi-Fi, GPRS, 3G, etc., This paper provides low cost global connectivity between the patients personal device and the patient’s web portal that updates the personal details, drugs remainder and the blood sugar level. When there is an increase, an automatic update is sent by a phone call or an SMS to the personal doctor.