Blood Plasma Of Children Research Articles

Development of a method for evaluating the effectiveness of treatment of children with herpetic stomatitis.

The high frequency of herpes infection in children determines the need to search for new diagnostic markers, evaluate treatment efficacy and predict relapse of the disease. The purpose of the work is to assess the possibility of using biochemical analysis of oral fluid to assess the effectiveness of treatment of children with acute herpetic stomatitis. In the oral fluid and blood plasma of 28 children of patients with acute herpetic stomatitis in the dynamics of the disease, the content of total protein, proteins of the acute phase of inflammation, as well as the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc was determined spectrophotometrically. Oral fluid and blood plasma of 45 practically healthy children were used as a control. In acute herpetic stomatitis, the content of C-reactive protein, orosomucoid, α1-antitrypsin, ceruloplasmin, prealbumin and microalbumin, as well as magnesium, calcium and zinc, increases in the oral fluid of children, but the level of total protein and transferrin decreases. In this blood plasma, the level of ceruloplasmin, orosomucoid, C-reactive protein, α1-antitrypsin is higher, and zinc is lower than in healthy children. The copper content in the oral fluid and blood plasma of children increases with moderate herpetic stomatitis, and significantly decreases with severe herpetic stomatitis. The degree of changes in the content of the proteins of acute phase of inflammation and indicators of mineral metabolism of the oral fluid and blood plasma of children with a herpetic infection of the oral cavity correlates with the severity of the disease. Highly significant correlations were revealed when comparing the concentrations of proteins of the acute phase of inflammation, electrolytes between the oral fluid and the blood plasma of children with acute herpetic stomatitis. After treatment of children with acute herpetic stomatitis, the content of minerals and proteins of the acute phase of inflammation in the oral fluid returned to normal only with a mild disease severity. A method has been developed for evaluating the effectiveness of treatment of children with acute herpetic stomatitis by determining the content of minerals in the oral fluid. The ratio of copper to calcium in the oral fluid of children more than 45 should be considered an indicator of effective treatment of children with herpetic stomatitis.

The copper content in the blood plasma of children with different types of short stature

The aim: to investigate the copper content in blood serum of children with different short stature types. Materials and methods: In the first stage, a comprehensive survey of 258 school children aged 7-11 was carried out in Chernivtsi to assess the prevalence of short staturechildren of school-age. In the second stage, a comparative study of 42 children aged 3 to 15 years with different types of short stature was conducted. Research: anthropometry, determination of growth hormone, TSH, IGF-1, and copper level in blood plasma. Results: The largest growth rate in children with somatotropic insufficiency, the syndrome of a biologically inactive growth hormone ranged from 4.1 cm/year to 1.6 cm/year, the ones with a family constitutional low-growth - from 5.7 cm/year to 3.3 cm/year. In 57 cases, that makes 1% of children with short stature, the blood plasma level of copper made less and rated 0.89 ± 0.04 μg / ml, which is believed to be lower (pу0,001) the average copper in children of the control group - 1.07 ± 0.02 μg / ml. Indices of copper in blood plasma in children with somatotropic insufficiency were the lowest and averaged 0.75 ± 0.03 μg / l, p<0.05. Conclusions: The lack of copper in the blood plasma is observed in most children with short stature, which indicates the need for appropriate correction.

Late Biochemical and Cytogenetic Changes in Plasma and Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in People Exposed to Low-dose Radiation as a Result of the Accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant

A study was conducted to evaluate the biochemical and cytogenetic parameters in peripheral blood lymphocytes in participants in the Chernobyl accident liquidation who were exposed to external and internal radiation in the dose range (0.1–70 cSv) and children living in territories with different levels of radionuclide contamination (1–20 Ci/km2) as a result of the Chernobyl accident. The effects of low-intensity radiation were studied in a comparative analysis of the relationship between the chromatid break index, the rate of mutagenesis in somatic cells (lymphocytes), and the level of reduced glutathione in blood plasma. The increased frequency of chromatid breaks in lymphocytes and an increased level of reduced glutathione in the blood plasma in children and liquidators exposed to low doses of radiation (0.1–20 cSv) were found to be statistically significant compared to the control. As the radiation dose increased (20–70 cSv), the increase in cytogenetic abnormalities in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of liquidators and children from Chechersk (Gomelsk oblast, Belarus) was accompanied by a decrease in the water-soluble antioxidant level in the plasma. The data on the relationship of the reduced glutathione level with the major indices of the cytogenetic status are important for identification of later pathological health-related conditions in people exposed to chronic ionizing radiation.

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF BLOOD PLASMA PROTEOMIC PROFILE VIOLATIONS DUE TO THE INCREASED CONCENTRATION OF FLUORIDE ION IN CHILDREN’S URINE

We evaluated the air quality by the content of fluorine-containing compounds according to monitoring studies, chemical and analytical determination of fluoride ion in urine and performed proteomic analysis of blood plasma in children of the observation and comparison group. The increased content of fluoride ion in the urine was found in children of the observation group relative to the same indicator in children of the comparison group and the reference level in conditions of poor air quality for the hydrofluoride content due to the economic activity of aluminum production facilities. The concentration of fluoride ion in the urine is justified as a marker of inhalation exposure. A comparative analysis revealed the presence of significant differences in the relative volume of protein spots. Mass spectra were obtained that contain information about the peptides included in the composition of the studied protein set and the genes encoding identifiable proteins were established.

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF BLOOD PLASMA PROTEOMIC PROFILE VIOLATIONS DUE TO THE INCREASED CONCENTRATION OF FLUORIDE ION IN CHILDREN’S URINE

We evaluated the air quality by the content of fluorine-containing compounds according to monitoring studies, chemical and analytical determination of fluoride ion in urine and performed proteomic analysis of blood plasma in children of the observation and comparison group. The increased content of fluoride ion in the urine was found in children of the observation group relative to the same indicator in children of the comparison group and the reference level in conditions of poor air quality for the hydrofluoride content due to the economic activity of aluminum production facilities. The concentration of fluoride ion in the urine is justified as a marker of inhalation exposure. A comparative analysis revealed the presence of significant differences in the relative volume of protein spots. Mass spectra were obtained that contain information about the peptides included in the composition of the studied protein set and the genes encoding identifiable proteins were established.

Influence of recombinant growth hormone treatment on the state of pituitary-thyroid and pituitary-adrenal systems in children with syndrome of biologically inactive growth hormone

Combined insufficiency of adenohypophysis such as thyrotropic and adrenocorticotropic, especially during treatment with recombinant growth hormone, were often observed among children with somatotropic insufficiency.Aim. To evaluate the adaptation mechanisms of the organism based on studying the peculiarities of pituitary-thyroid and pituitary-adrenal functions in patients with syndrome of biologically inactive growth hormone on the background of recombinant growth hormone treatment.Materials and methods. There were examined 158 patients with syndrome of biologically inactive GH (49 girls and 109 boys); the mean age of patients was 8.3 ± 0.24 years. The levels of thyrotropic hormone, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, thyroid peroxidase antibody, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol were determined. The examinations were performed before and against the recombinant growth hormone treatment for 6 months. The control group consisted of 42 healthy children (12 girls and 30 boys), the age was from 5 to 16 years.Results. The levels of thyrotropic hormone in blood plasma of children with syndrome of biologically inactive growth hormone were increased but remained within the normal range during therapy with recombinant growth hormone. Peripheral indices of thyroid function in patients with syndrome of biologically inactive growth hormone, according to free thyroxine, before treatment and against the background of the recombinant growth hormone use almost had no differences and did not reach a significant difference, although they tended to decrease compared with the control group. The levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol in blood plasma of children with syndrome of biologically inactive growth hormone before recombinant growth hormone treatment comparing to the control group did not have significant differences. Recombinant growth hormone therapy for 6 months resulted in an increase in the values of adrenocorticotropic hormone (p<0.01) and cortisol (p <0.01) compared with those of children with syndrome of biologically inactive growth hormone before the use of recombinant growth hormone and practically consistent with the reference values.Conclusions. Syndrome of biologically inactive growth hormone is not accompanied by disorder of the thyrotropic and adenocorticotropic functions of the pituitary gland. Reserve adaptive mechanisms of pituitary-thyroid gland and pituitary-adrenal gland systems have an adequate response to long-term treatment with recombinant growth hormone drugs

Immunoproteasome in the Plasma of Pediatric Patients With Moderate and Major Burns, and Its Correlation With Proteasome and UCHL1 Measured by SPR Imaging Biosensors.

The aim of this study was to determine the immunoproteasome concentration in blood plasma of pediatric patients with moderate and major burns and its correlation with circulating proteasome and ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) with surface plasmon resonance imaging biosensor. The study population comprised of 30 patients with moderate (n = 21) and severe burns (n = 9), aged 9 months to 14 years. The control group represented 18 healthy, age-matched patients, admitted for herniotomy. Exclusion criteria were as follows: admission to the hospital later than 6 hours after burn, cardiovascular or immunological diseases, and severe preexisting infections. Mean concentrations of immunoproteasome, 20S proteasome, and UCHL1 in the blood plasma of children with burns-4 to 6 hours, 12 hours, 3 days, 5 days, and 7 days after thermal injury-were above the levels measured in controls. The immunoproteasome, 20S proteasome, and UCHL1 concentrations in the blood plasma of their patients were highest 12 hours after burn, slowly decreased over time, and on the 5th day still were higher than in controls (P < .05). There was a strong correlation between immunoproteasome and 20S proteasome concentrations 6 hours and 5 days after burn, and moderate correlation 12 hours after burn (P < .05). The immunoproteasome concentration is elevated after burn injury and slowly reaches the normal range during the wound healing process. There is strong correlation between immunoproteasome and 20S proteasome concentrations in the serum of children with moderate and major burns. They did not find such correlation between immunoproteasome and UCHL1 concentrations. Immunoproteasome concentration do not correlate with age or sex.

Concentration of Proteasome in the Blood Plasma of Children with Acute Appendicitis, Before and After Surgery, and Its Correlation with CRP.

The determination of 20S proteasome concentration in the blood plasma of children with appendicitis and its correlation with CRP. Thirty-one children with acute appendicitis, were randomly included into the study (age 5years up to 17years, mean age 11.5+1years). There were 17 girls and 14 boys. Eighteen healthy, age-matched subjects, admitted for planned surgeries served as controls. Exclusion criteria were: severe preexisting infections, immunological or cardiovascular diseases that required long-term medication, and complicated cases of appendicitis with perforation of appendix and/or peritonitis. The 20S proteasome concentrations in the blood plasma of patients with acute appendicitis were highest before the surgery and were above the range of concentrations measured in controls, and the difference was statistically significant. The 20S proteasome concentration measured 24 and 72h after the operation, slowly decreased over time, and still did not reach the normal range, when compared with the concentration measured in controls (p<0.05). 20S proteasome concentration may reflect the metabolic response to acute state inflammation, and the process of gradual ebbing of the inflammation. The method of operation-classic open appendectomy, or laparoscopic appendectomy, does not influence the general trend in 20S proteasome concentration.

Immunoproteasome in the blood plasma of children with acute appendicitis, and its correlation with proteasome and UCHL1 measured by SPR imaging biosensors.

The aim of this study was to determinate the immunoproteasome concentration in the blood plasma of children with appendicitis, and its correlation with circulating proteasome and ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1). Twenty-seven children with acute appendicitis, managed at the Paediatric Surgery Department, were included randomly into the study (age 2 years 9 months up to 14 years, mean age 9·5±1 years). There were 10 girls and 17 boys; 18 healthy, age-matched subjects, admitted for planned surgeries served as controls. Mean concentrations of immunoproteasome, 20S proteasome and UCHL1 in the blood plasma of children with appendicitis before surgery 24 h and 72 h after theappendectomy were higher than in the control group. The immunoproteasome, 20S proteasome and UCHL1 concentrations in the blood plasma of patients with acute appendicitis were highest before surgery. The immunoproteasome, 20S proteasome and UCHL1 concentration measured 24 and 72 h after the operation decreased slowly over time and still did not reach the normal range (P < 0·05). There was no statistical difference between immunoproteasome, 20S proteasome and UCHL1 concentrations inchildren operated on laparoscopically and children after classic appendectomy. The immunoproteasome concentration may reflect the metabolic response to acute state inflammation, and the process of gradual ebbing of the inflammation may thus be helpful in the assessment of the efficacy of treatment. The method of operation-classic open appendectomy or laparoscopic appendectomy-does not influence the general trend in immunoproteasome concentration in children with appendicitis.

The relationship of level of transforming growth factor beta 1 with liver fibrosis in children with congenital diseases of hepatobilliary system.

The article considers results of studying level of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) in blood plasma of children with terminal stage of hepatic failure before and after transplantation of liver. The relationship of level of cytokine with degree of of liver fibrosis is analyzed. It is demonstrated that level of TGF-β1 in blood plasma of children with hepatic failure is lower in comparison with healthy children and depends on degree of severity of liver fibrosis. Thus, level of cytokine in blood of patients is higher under fibrosis severity stage II and III, than under fibrosis of severity stage I and IV. After kindred transplantation of hepatic lobe, level of TGF-β1in blood plasma of patients increases independently of initial degree of severity of fibrosis.

LEVELS OF CIRCULATING MICRORNA-21-5P IN CHILDREN WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS

Objective . To determine the levels of circulating microRNA-21-5p in various fractions of blood plasma in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) and to study their relationship with the clinical and laboratory characteristics. Design and methods . The study included 12 patients with confirmed DM1 (mean age 12 years, boys/girls = 6/6). The control group consisted of 12 healthy children without diabetes mellitus and other metabolic disorders) (mean age 9 years, boys/girls = 5/7). Ultracentrifugation was used to separate blood plasma into the exosome fraction and the fraction without membrane vesicles. A quantitative analysis of the levels of mature microRNA-21-5p in plasma fractions was carried out by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results. In the control group, age is not associated with either the levels of microRNA-21-5p in the exosome fraction, or with the levels of microRNA-21-5p in the supernatant fraction. In patients with DM1, the age is not associated with the level of microRNA-21-5p in the exosome fraction. In the supernatant fraction, the level of microRNA-21-5p negative correlated with the age of patients with DM1 (r = –0,75; p = 0,005), as well as with the glycated hemoglobin level (r = –0,59, p = 0,045). In children with DM1 aged 10 years and older, a 1,6-fold decrease (p = 0,026) in the levels of microRNA-21-5p from the supernatant fraction compared to the control group is observed. There were no differences in the levels of microRNA-21-5p between the sex-different cohorts of children, both in the control group and among patients with diabetes mellitus. Conclusions. In 2–16-year-old children with DM1, levels of circulating extravesicular microRNA-21-5p correlate with age and the level of glycated hemoglobin. DM1 is accompanied by a decrease of circulating extravesicular microRNA-21-5p levels in 10–16 years old children.

Оценка нарушений протеомного профиля плазмы крови у детей при ингаляционной экспозиции мелкодисперсной пыли, содержащей ванадий

Оценка нарушений протеомного профиля плазмы крови у детей при ингаляционной экспозиции мелкодисперсной пыли, содержащей ванадий

Оценка нарушений протеомного профиля плазмы крови у детей при ингаляционной экспозиции мелкодисперсной пыли, содержащей ванадий

Оценка нарушений протеомного профиля плазмы крови у детей при ингаляционной экспозиции мелкодисперсной пыли, содержащей ванадий

TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR 1 IN CHILDREN OF EARLY AGE WITH LIVER TRANSPLANTATION

Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) plays a key role in the development of the immune response, as well as in the process of liver regeneration. Measuring the level of TGF-β1 may have important clinical implications in liver transplantation, because cytokine concentration in the tissue and in blood plasma varies with different liver diseases. Aim. To analyze the dynamics of TGF-β1 levels in children-recipients with liver transplant from related donors, including from incompatible blood groups. Materials and methods. The study involved 127 children aged 3 to 72 months (median – 8, average age – 12 ± 14 months), including 57 boys and 70 girls, with liver cirrhosis, developed as the result of congenital and hereditary diseases of the hepatobiliary system. All patients underwent transplantation of the left lateral liver sector from living related donors: 98 patients were transplanted fragment of a liver from identical or AB0-compatible donors and 29 – from incompatible donors. The concentration of TGF-β1 was determined by enzyme immunoassay method in blood plasma samples. Results. Average level of TGF-β1 in blood plasma of children with liver cirrhosis, developed as the result of congenital and hereditary diseases of the hepatobiliary system was 5,2 ± 5,5 ng/ml. A month after liver transplantation from a related donor level of TGF-β1 in blood plasma of recipients increased to 8,1 ± 9,6 ng/ml. One year after transplantation, the average level of TGF-β1 in the recipients of liver fragment was 7,7 ± 8,4 ng/ml, and signifi cantly (p = 0,00) differed from the level prior to transplantation. No association between TGF-β1 level in a month and a year after transplantation and the compatibility of the recipient with AB0 donor was found. A correlation (r = –0,23, p < 0,05) between level of TGF-β1 prior to transplantation and the development of graft dysfunction was observed: in recipients with graft dysfunction (16 cases) cytokine level prior to surgery was lower (p = 0,047) than in other recipients. Conclusion . Liver transplantation leads to a signifi cant increase in the level of TGF-β1 in the blood plasma of children and that level is not different in recipients after transplantation of a liver fragment from AB0-compatible and AB0-incompatible donors and in recipients with anti-group antibodies before and/or after transplantation, and without them.

Metabolomics as a tool for discovery of biomarkers of autism spectrum disorder in the blood plasma of children.

BackgroundThe diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) at the earliest age possible is important for initiating optimally effective intervention. In the United States the average age of diagnosis is 4 years. Identifying metabolic biomarker signatures of ASD from blood samples offers an opportunity for development of diagnostic tests for detection of ASD at an early age.ObjectivesTo discover metabolic features present in plasma samples that can discriminate children with ASD from typically developing (TD) children. The ultimate goal is to identify and develop blood-based ASD biomarkers that can be validated in larger clinical trials and deployed to guide individualized therapy and treatment.MethodsBlood plasma was obtained from children aged 4 to 6, 52 with ASD and 30 age-matched TD children. Samples were analyzed using 5 mass spectrometry-based methods designed to orthogonally measure a broad range of metabolites. Univariate, multivariate and machine learning methods were used to develop models to rank the importance of features that could distinguish ASD from TD.ResultsA set of 179 statistically significant features resulting from univariate analysis were used for multivariate modeling. Subsets of these features properly classified the ASD and TD samples in the 61-sample training set with average accuracies of 84% and 86%, and with a maximum accuracy of 81% in an independent 21-sample validation set.ConclusionsThis analysis of blood plasma metabolites resulted in the discovery of biomarkers that may be valuable in the diagnosis of young children with ASD. The results will form the basis for additional discovery and validation research for 1) determining biomarkers to develop diagnostic tests to detect ASD earlier and improve patient outcomes, 2) gaining new insight into the biochemical mechanisms of various subtypes of ASD 3) identifying biomolecular targets for new modes of therapy, and 4) providing the basis for individualized treatment recommendations.

Human serum albumin modified under oxidative/halogenative stress enhances luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of human neutrophils

It is shown that human serum albumin, previously treated with HOCl (HSA-Cl), enhances luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of neutrophils activated by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that addition of HSA-Cl to neutrophils promotes exocytosis of myeloperoxidase. Inhibitor of myeloperoxidase--4-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide, without any effect on lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence of neutrophils stimulated with PMA, effectively suppressed luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (IC50 = 20 microM) under the same conditions. The transfer of the cells from medium with HSA-Cl and myeloperoxidase to fresh medium abolished an increase in PMA-induced luminol-dependent chemiluminescence, but not the ability of neutrophils to respond to re-addition of HSA-Cl. A direct and significant (r = 0.75, p) correlation was observed between the intensity of PMA stimulated neutrophil chemiluminescence response and myeloperoxidase activity in the cell-free media after chemiluminescence measurements. These results suggest the involvement of myeloperoxidase in the increase of neutrophil PMA-stimulated chemiluminescence response in the presence of HSA-Cl. A significant positive correlation was found between myeloperoxidase activity in blood plasma of children with severe burns and the enhancing effects of albumin fraction of the same plasma on luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of PMA-stimulated donor neutrophils. These results support a hypothesis that proteins modified in reactions involving myeloperoxidase under oxidative/halogenative stress, stimulate neutrophils, leading to exocytosis of myeloperoxidase, a key element of halogenative stress, and to closing a "vicious circle" of neutrophil activation at the inflammatory site.

Роль α-дефензинів 1–3 у формуванні антимікробного захисту в дітей, хворих на рецидивуючий бронхіт, викликаний бактеріями роду Haemophilus

Досліджено рівень α-дефензинів 1–3 (HNP 1–3) у плазмі крові дітей, хворих на рецидивуючий бронхіт, викликаний бактеріями роду Haemophilus. Доведено, що рівень HNP 1–3 у плазмі крові залежить від форми Haemophilus. Тригером вивільнення HNP 1–3 із нейтрофілів є наявність капсули бактерії, у той час як наявність L-форм гемофільної палички не супроводжується підвищенням синтезу антимікробних пептидів, що може бути одним із факторів формування антибіотикорезистентності Haemophilus.

Biomonitoring of Perfluorinated Compounds in Children and Adults Exposed to Perfluorooctanoate-Contaminated Drinking Water

Objective40,000 residents in Arnsberg, Germany, had been exposed to drinking water contaminated with perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). Internal exposure of the residents of Arnsberg to six PFCs was assessed in comparison with reference areas.Design and participantsOne hundred seventy children (5–6 years of age), 317 mothers (23–49 years), and 204 men (18–69 years) took part in the cross-sectional study.MeasurementsIndividual consumption of drinking water and personal characteristics were assessed by questionnaire and interview. Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanoate, perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), perfluoropentanoate, and perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) in blood plasma and PFOA/PFOS in drinking water samples were measured by solid-phase extraction, high-performance liquid chromatrography, and tandem mass spectrometry detection.ResultsOf the various PFCs, PFOA was the main compound found in drinking water (500–640 ng/L). PFOA levels in blood plasma of residents living in Arnsberg were 4.5–8.3 times higher than those for the reference population (arithmetic means Arnsberg/controls: children 24.6/5.2 μg/L, mothers 26.7/3.2 μg/L, men 28.5/6.4 μg/L). Consumption of tap water at home was a significant predictor of PFOA blood concentrations in Arnsberg. PFHxS concentrations were significantly increased in Arnsberg compared with controls (p < 0.05). PFBS was detected in 33% of the children, 4% of the women, and 13% of the men in Arnsberg compared with 5%, 0.7%, and 3%, respectively, in the reference areas (p < 0.05). Regression analysis showed that age and male sex were significant predictors of PFOS, PFOA, and PFHxS; associations of other regressors (diet, body mass index) varied among PFCs.ConclusionsPFC concentrations in blood plasma of children and adults exposed to PFC-contaminated drinking water were increased 4- to 8-fold compared with controls.

Parameters of blood plasma proteolysis and phenotypes of α1-proteinase inhibitor in children with duodenal ulcer

The aim of this study was to determine correlation between parameters of proteolysis and phenotypes of α1-proteinase inhibitor in blood plasma of children with duodenal ulcer. Activation of kininogenesis, pepsin-and trypsin like proteinases was accompanied by the decrease in activity of α2-macroglobulin and the increase in activity of acid-stable inhibitors. Three subtypes of normal phenotype of α1-proteinase inhibitor (M1M3, M1M1, M2M2) were determined. Activation of proteolysis was more pronounced in the individuals with subtype M2M2. In M2M2 activity of α1-proteinase inhibitor was two times lower than in control, in M1M1 it insignificantly differed from control group and in the M1M3 subtype it was 1.9 times higher than in control. Low activity of α1-proteinase inhibitor seen at the M2M2 subtype was accompanied by higher activity of acid-stable inhibitors; this may be regarded as the protective compensatory reaction of the body. Determination of the α1-proteinase inhibitor phenotypes may be used for evaluation of a state of proteolysis and as a basis for employment of polyvalent proteinase inhibitors for therapy of ulcer.

The content of gamma-aminobutyric acid and its synthesis enzyme activity in the blood plasma of children exposed to ionizing radiation because of the Chernobyl power plant accident

Marked individual fluctuations in blood levels of GABA and GDC revealed in 35 to 50% of adolescents exposed to ionizing radiation several years before indicate the presence of an imbalance in the GABA-ergic system. These children (with GABA- ergic system disturbances) represent a group at risk of developing remote effects of radiation exposure presenting as disturbed rhythms and terms of sexual maturation, of growth, thyroid and adrenal abnormalities, and they should be regularly checked up.