Blood Phagocytic Activity Research Articles

Combined effects of vitamin E and temperature on the growth, biochemistry, and natural immune response of juveniles snubnose pompano (Trachinotus blochii)

This study investigates the combined effects of Vitamin E and temperature on the growth, biochemical composition, and immune responses of juvenile snubnose pompano (Trachinotus blochii). A 70-day experiment was conducted with six treatments combining two levels of dietary Vitamin E (0 and 400 mg/kg) and three temperature levels (28°C, 31°C, and 34°C). The results revealed that both temperature and Vitamin E significantly influenced growth performance, feed utilization efficiency, protein and lipid content, and certain immune parameters (P < 0.05). Fish reared at 34°C with 400 mg/kg vitamin E demonstrated the highest growth indicators (SGRL, SGRW), protein efficiency, hepatosomatic index (HSI), and immune response, as indicated by elevated serum lysozyme levels, phagocytic activity, and white blood cells. Temperature notably affected lysozyme and respiratory burst activity, with values increasing at higher temperatures. Vitamin E supplementation improved these metrics regardless of temperature, increasing protein efficiency and reducing feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Moreover, Vitamin E enhanced immune responses, including increased white blood cell (WBC) counts and phagocytic activity. No interactive effects between Vitamin E and temperature were observed (P > 0.05). Overall, Vitamin E (400 mg/kg) positively influenced growth, biochemical composition, and immunity in snubnose pompano, particularly at elevated temperatures. The findings demonstrate that dietary vitamin E can enhance growth and immune performance, particularly under elevated temperatures, providing a basis for optimizing vitamin E use in snubnose pompano aquaculture.

Streptomyces kunmingensis XK9 and galactooligosaccharide synergistically enhance growth performance, nonspecific immunity and disease resistance in striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus)

Abstract The present study evaluated the effectiveness of the synergy of Streptomyces kunmingensis XK9 and galactooligosaccharides (GOS) in improving growth performance, nonspecific immunity, and protection of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Seven feed regimens were tested in striped catfish fingerlings, including commercial pellets supplemented with preparations S7, S8, and S9 containing XK9 at 107 CFU/mL, 108 CFU/mL, and 109 CFU/mL, respectively; G5 containing 5% GOS; S7G5, S8G5, and S9G5 including 5% GOS and XK9 at different doses of 107 CFU/mL, 108 CFU/mL, and 109 CFU/mL, respectively. After 3 months of treatment with different dietary regimens, weight gain, specific growth rate, weight gain rate, and feed conversion ratio were greatly improved in fish-fed diets containing S9, S8G5, and S9G5 (p<0.05). Nonspecific immune parameters, including total white blood cell, phagocytic activity, and phagocytic index, increased consistently in fish that were fed diets containing synbiotics S8G5 and S9G5 (p<0.05). Lysozyme and complement activity increased substantially in fish that were fed diets supplemented with S9G5 (p<0.05). The protective effect of XK9 and GOS on striped catfish was evaluated after 15 days of challenge with Edwardsiella ictaluri. The results achieved show that the cumulative mortality rate sharply decreased in fish fed a diet containing the synbiotic S9G5, down 2.17 times compared to the control group; pathogen density was lowest in tanks of fish that were fed regimens containing S8G5, S9G5, and S9 (p<0.05). The results suggest that synbiotics, including S. kunmingensis XK9 and GOS, have the potential to be applied in sustainable farming for the striped catfish industry.

IMMUNOLOGICAL CRITERIA OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF IMMUNOPREVENTIVE OF THE NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNOMODULATOR BIVEL AMONG CONTACTED CHILDREN

The aim of the study - to study the feasibility of using the natural immunomodulator BIVEL (conditionally called BI-V) as a nonspecific immunoprevention of tuberculosis (TB) among contacted children from the focies of chemodrug-resistant tuberculosis infection on the basis of clinical and immunological researches. Research metods. The object of study was 120 contacted from multidrug-resistant tuberculosis infection (FsMDR-TBI) including 75 children and 45 adolescents. The first contact group included 95 children/adolescents who did not receive BI-V and the second one ‒ 25 infected children/adolescents who received BI-V. Immunological studies determining the state of the phagocytic reactivity of immunity (phagocytic number and index, testes redox activity of neutrophils and non-enzymatic cationic lysosomal proteins of granulocytic leukocytes; cellular (CD3+, CD56+, CD3+HLA-DR+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+, CD4+45RA, CD16/56+) and humoral (CD19+, IgA, IgM, IgG, CIC) immunity; interleukins (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10) and specific immunity (tuberculin diagnostics, Quantiferon test). Statistical analysis of the results obtained based on the software package Excel Results and discussion. On the background of non-specific preventive with the BI-V immunomodulator among contact infected children, normalization of blood phagocytic activity indicators was noted in the form of an increase in phagocytic number, phagocytic index, non-enzymatic cationic lysosomal proteins of granulocytic leukocytes and a decrease in HST test compared to children who had not yet received preventive BI-V. In infected children/adolescents from FsMDR-TBI, while maintaining normal values of CD3+, CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, insignificant functional disorders of the cell response were revealed at the level of immunoregulatory processes due to the dominance of suppressor-cytotoxic reactions were revealed (decrease by 1.3 times IRI CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+, p<0.05, relative to donors), balance shift in the regulatory system of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines towards pro-inflammatory cytokines (increase by 2.0 times TNF-α/IL-10, p<0.01, relative to normal). The existing deviations in the regulatory system and the cellular response system disappeared after the completion of the autumn-spring BI-V course. Among the children from FsMDR-TBI who took a BI-V preventive course 8% people fell ill with various forms of primary pulmonary TB, among the children who BI-V was not prescribed ‒ 22.1%, p<0.05 during the 4-year observation. The maximum TB level occurred in the first two years of observation in both groups. Conclusions. The results of the appointment of a non-specific immunomodulator BI-V confirmed the feasibility of using this immunomodulator for contacted children and adolescents from FsMDR-TBI.

Enterovirus E infects bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Implications for pathogenesis?

Enterovirus E (EV-E) is a common viral pathogen endemic in cattle worldwide. Little is known, however, about its potential interactions with bovine immune cells. The EV-E-permissiveness of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was evaluated. The infectious titres of extracellular virus were measured and the intracellular viral RNA levels were determined by reverse transcription quantitative PCR after cell inoculation. The effects of EV-E on cell viability and proliferative response were investigated with a methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium bromide reduction assay, the percentages of main lymphocyte subsets and oxidative burst activity of blood phagocytes were determined with flow cytometry, and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion was measured with an ELISA. Enterovirus E productively infected bovine PBMCs. The highest infectious dose of EV-E decreased cell viability and T-cell proliferation. All of the tested doses of virus inhibited the proliferation of high responding to lipopolysaccharide B cells and stimulated the secretion of interleukin 1β, interleukin 6 and tumour necrosis factor α pro-inflammatory cytokines. Interactions of EV-E with bovine immune cells may indicate potential evasion mechanisms of the virus. There is also a risk that an infection with this virus can predispose the organism to secondary infections, especially bacterial ones.

The potential of shallot skin powder and actinomycetes metabolites as antimicrobe and antibiofilm in the treatment of eel (Anguilla bicolor bicolor) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila

BackgroundEel (Anguilla bicolor bicolor) is an Indonesian export commodity. However, it is facing a problem related to Aeromonas hydrophila, which can cause motile aeromonas septicemia (MAS) and produce biofilm formation. Problem with antibiotic resistance challenges the need of an alternative treatment. Therefore, it is important to explore a solution to treat infection and the biofilm formed by A. hydrophila.ObjectivesIn this study, we used shallot skin powder and actinomycetes metabolite 20 PM as antimicrobe and antibiofilm to treated eels infected with A. hydrophila.ResultsShallot skin powder (6.25 g 100 g−1 feed) and Actinomycetes 20 PM metabolite (2 mL 100 g−1 feed) were found to be effective as antimicrobe and antibiofilm agent in treating eels infected with A. hydrophila. Eel treated with antibiotic, shallot skin powder, and actinomycetes metabolite had 80%, 66%, and 73% survival rates, respectively. Other indicators such as red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were increased, but white blood cell count and phagocytic activity were dropped. Biofilm destruction were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy to determined antibiofilm activity of actinomycetes metabolite against biofilm of A. Hydrophila.ConclusionsShallot skin powder and actinomycetes metabolite were potential to treat infection of A. hydrophila in eel as an alternative treatment to antibiotics.

Features of immune status in patients with acute coronary syndrome with and without COVID-19, depending on the level of B1 lymphocytes

The aim of our study was to evaluate the blood cell indices and phagocytic activity of neutrophils in persons with acute coronary syndrome, depending on their history of COVID-19 infection.
 The study involved 65 males aged 35 to 65 years with acute coronary syndrome (acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina pectoris). All patients underwent coronary angiography and stenting of the coronary arteries within 3 days from the terms of admission to the hospital. The following clinical examination were carried out: a general blood test by a standardized method on a hematological analyzer Medonic M20 (Sweden). Of immunological indices, the phagocytic activity of neutrophils was assessed. Spontaneous and induced NBT test of neutrophils was determined by light microscopy using light microscopy (Olimpus, Japan). The phagocytic activity of neutrophils was recorded by their ability to absorb latex particles. B1 lymphocytes were determined using flow cytometry.
 All patients, depending on the content of B1 lymphocytes and the presence or absence of COVID-19 in previous history, were divided into 6 groups: patients with COVID-19 and those with reduced (group 1), normal (group 2), or elevated number of B1 lymphocytes (group 3). The patients who did not have COVID-19 were also classified into those with low (group 4), normal (group 5), or elevated B1 lymphocytes (group 6). The numbers of leukocytes in routine blood test were significantly higher, and the average corpuscular volume of hemoglobin was lower in the patients who have undergone COVID-19. Platelet counts were higher in post-COVID-19 patients, being maximal at normal B1 lymphocytes. The largest number of monocytes was recorded in patients with COVID-19 and normal B1 lymphocytes, and the minimal content of monocytes was registered in patients of group 4. The highest number of granulocytes was observed in individuals who did not have COVID-19, with reduced B1 lymphocytes. Thrombocytocrit was the highest in group 2 patients. The activity and intensity of neutrophil phagocytosis was lower in individuals with a history of COVID-19 and elevated B1 lymphocytes. The phagocytic number of neutrophils was minimal in those patients without COVID-19 who had low B1 lymphocytes. The maximal spontaneous HBT activity was recorded in individuals with high B1 lymphocytes and a history of COVID-19, and the minimal values have been recorded in those with low B1 lymphocytes and previous COVID-19. NBT spontaneous index was also the highest in patients of the 3rd group. The minimal NBT-induced activity and index were noted in group 1. The most severe patients were in groups 1 and 2. In group 1, 50% were diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis was diagnosed in 2 patients, four patients deceased. Among patients with normal B1 cell contents and a history of COVID-19, 2 patients died, 2 patients had stent thrombosis, 65% had acute myocardial infarction. These groups had higher platelet levels and lower HBT activity, both spontaneous and induced.
 In patients with acute coronary syndrome and prior COVID-19, in comparison with persons without a history of COVID-19, there is an increased number of leukocytes, platelets, a decrease in the activity and intensity of neutrophil phagocytosis, spontaneous and stimulated NBT activity, which was most pronounced in patients with low B1 lymphocytes. The most clinically severe patients were found in the group of people who had undergone COVID-19 and had low B1 lymphocytes.

Effects of a Commercial Feed Additive (Sanacore® GM) on Immune-Antioxidant Profile and Resistance of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) Against Vibrio alginolyticus Infection

Abstract The effects of a functional additive (Sanacore® GM; SAN) on immune and antioxidant indices, and the resistance of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) against Vibrio alginolyticus infection were investigated. For this, four diets containing 0% (the control), 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4% SAN were offered to triplicated groups of fish (20–23 g) for ten weeks. Subsequently, fish were injected intraperitoneally with V. alginolyticus and monitored for further ten days. Feeding the fish on SAN-supplemented diets showed positive effects on leukocyte counts and its differential percentages. Serum lysozyme activity and total immunoglobulin values, as well as blood phagocytic activity and indices, were linearly and quadratically higher in SAN-fed fish, especially at the 0.4% SAN diet. Similarly, linear and quadratic increases in catalase, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity were observed in SAN-fed fish, particularly at the 0.4% SAN diet. Conversely, malondialdehyde values decreased in SAN-fed fish compared with the control group, which showed its highest value. The highest expression of the IL-1β gene coupled with the lowest TNF-α and HSP70 genes expressions was found in the fish fed with the 0.4% SAN. On the other hand, fish fed on the control diet showed the lowest IL-1β gene coupled with the highest TNF-α and HSP70 genes expressions. After bacterial infection, most of the control fish died with a relative percent of survival of 5.0%; meanwhile feeding gilthead seabream on SAN-enriched diets significantly enhanced their protection against V. alginolyticus infection fed on the 0.4% SAN diet showed 100% survival. The SAN administration to gilthead seabream especially at the 0.4% level led to significant promotions in antioxidative and immune responses and augmented the fish resistance to V. alginolyticus infection.

ВЛИЯНИЕ АНТИОКСИДАНТОВ НА ЕСТЕСТВЕННУЮ РЕЗИСТЕНТНОСТЬ И ГИСТОЛОГИЧЕСКУЮ СТРУКТУТУ ПЕЧЕНИ ЦЫПЛЯТ-БРОЙЛЕРОВ

In our work, we studied the effect of antioxidants on the natural resistance of broiler chickens, as well as their effect on the histostructure of the liver. Studies have shown that hypoxene and heptran increase the bactericidal activity of blood serum and phagocytic activity of pseudoeosinophils. In addition, the studied drugs had a positive effect on the restoration of the structure of liver cells. At the end of the experimental period after poultry slaughter, there were no signs of fatty liver degeneration in chickens of the experimental groups, which indicates the hepatoprotective effect of hypoxene and heptran.

The immune status of the organism of bulls under cadmium load and the effects of correcting factors

Man-made pollution of the environment through food chains has a significant impact on animal productivity and product quality. The studied environmental pollutant, cadmium, is classified as an extremely dangerous heavy metal. That is why the study of the effect of this toxicant on the immune system of the body of young cattle and the development of its correction is relevant. Research in this direction is relevant and has significant prospects. The experiments were carried out on six-month-old bulls, a Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed. The bulls were subjected to a cadmium load by feeding cadmium chloride with feed at a dose of 0.04 mg/kg of animal body weight. It has been established that the cadmium load in bulls had an immunosuppressive effect on the activity of the immune system, which indicates a decrease in the indicators of humoral and nonspecific parts of the immune defense. To prevent the development of chronic cadmium toxicosis, experimental animals were given the feed additive Metisevit at a dose of 0.36 g/kg of feed and the liposomal preparation Butaintervit at a dose of 5 ml per animal. These preparations contributed to an increase in nonspecific resistance, in particular, an increase in the bactericidal and lysozyme activity of blood serum, phagocytic activity and phagocytic index with a simultaneous decrease in the level of circulating immune complexes in their blood. Under the experimental cadmium load, the best effect on the immune defense of the organism of bulls was exerted by the combined use of the feed additive Metisevit and the liposomal preparation Butaintervit. These changes in the body of young cattle are associated with the complex action of both the components of the feed additive and the liposomal preparation. The liposomal form of Butaintervit has a more pronounced and lasting effect. Metisevit and the liposomal preparation Butaintervit complement the prescribed therapy and, when used together with a cadmium load, show high therapeutic efficacy

The use of the larvae of Zophobas morio and galleria mellonella in feeding growing pigs

Insects represent a promising alternative source to more expensive components of the feeding regimen of farm animals for meat production. With this aim in mind, we conducted this experiment to investigate the effects of dried larvae of darkling beetles (Zophobas morio L.) and larvae of wax moths (Galleria mellonella L.) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood profiles in growing piglets. A total of 27 crossbred piglets ((LWхL)хD), 39 days of age and 14.39±0.19 kg of body weight) were randomly divided into three groups (n=9 per group) based on gender and body weight. We substituted part of a fishmeal and a grain with 2.5% of dried larvae of darkling beetles (Zophobas morio L.) or with 3.0% of dried larvae of wax moths (Galleria mellonella L.). The replacement of fishmeal with insect biomass in the feeding regimen of the pigs did not change growth rate among groups and did not altered the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and crude fiber (p ˃ 0.05). At the same time, the digestibility of the fat has increased in the experimental groups with dry larvae (p ≤ 0.05). Blood counts in all groups were within the physiological norm. As compared to control group, piglets of the experimental groups had an increase in bactericidal, lysozyme activity of the blood serum and phagocytic activity of neutrophils. Thus, supplementation of dry larvae of superworm or waxworm in the ration didn’t affect negatively growth performance of experimental piglets while improving their parameters of non-specific immunity.

Dynamics of indicators of non-specific resistance in cows with genital Mycoplasmosis on the background of therapy with Tulathromycin

Modern livestock breeding technologies imply the maximum use of the productive potential of animals. Animal diseases of various etiologies are a significant obstacle to the fulfillment of this task, causing significant economic damage, consisting of a shortage of products, restrictions on its sale and treatment costs. One such disease is genital mycoplasmosis in cattle. The aim of our research was to study the effect of treatment of genital mycoplasmosis in cows with tulathromycin on some indicators of nonspecific resistance. Studies were carried out on two groups of pregnant cows, a group of animals with mycoplasmosis was treated with tulathromycin, healthy cows served as controls. In both groups of animals, the activity of lysozyme, bactericidal activity of blood serum, phagocytic activity and phagocytic index were determined. It has been established that the use of tulathromycin leads to the recovery of 75% of infected cows, and also leads to an increase in phagocytosis, which does not significantly differ from the level of healthy animals. To a lesser extent, the use of this drug in genital mycoplasmosis affects the bactericidal and lysozyme activity of blood serum.

Effect of glyprolins on white blood cell parameters and phagocytic activity of neutrophils in conditions of experimental hyperthyroidism

This study investigated the effects of glyproline neuropeptide compounds (selank and Pro-Gly-Pro) on the white blood cell count and phagocytic activity of neutrophils in 40 nonlinear white male rats aged 68 months with experimental hyperthyroidism. Experimental hyperthyroidism was simulated by intragastric administration of L-thyroxine sodium salt pentahydrate at a dose of 150 g/kg/day for 21 days. All animals were equally divided into four groups: healthy rats (control), rats treated with L-thyroxine sodium pentahydrate (hyperthyroidism), rats treated with selank, and rats treated with Pro-Gly-Pro at doses of 200 g/kg/day intraperitoneally for 21 days, starting one day after the last administration of L-thyroxine sodium pentahydrate. After the animals were removed from the experiment, the white blood cell count and the percentage of lymphocytes, stick, and segmentonuclear neutrophils were calculated, and the phagocytic activity of neutrophils was evaluated. In the case of experimental hyperthyroidism, neutrophilic leukocytosis with a shift to the right, lymphopenia, and decreased phagocytic activity of neutrophils were observed. Glyproline neuropeptides contributed to the correction of observed changes in white blood cell indices and phagocytic processes, which indicates the immunocorrigating effect of the test compounds. Thus, glyproline neuropeptides demonstrated pronounced immunotropic activity, which manifested in the correction of changes arising from the leukocyte count and phagocytosis processes. However, further detailed study of the pharmacological effects of neuropeptide agents on experimental hyperthyroidism is necessary.

Immune Status of Bighead Catfish (Clarias macrocephalus Günther, 1864) Crossbreeds Between Wild and Domesticated Strains and Their Response to Challenge With Aeromonas hydrophila

Aeromonas hydrophila is a major pathogen causing septicemic disease and high mortality in cultured bighead catfish, Clarias macrocephalus Günther, 1864. Crossbreeding for enhanced disease resistance may help alleviate the infection. This study aimed to evaluate the crossbreeding effects of bighead catfish from three broodstock sources, including one domesticated strain (Can Tho - CT) and two wild strains (Ca Mau - CM and Hau Giang - HG), on the innate immune response. Eight diallel crosses (excluding HG × CT) were reared in tanks for 100 days to the juvenile stage for use in this study. Forty-five bighead catfish juveniles of similar sizes, 4.5–6.1 g, were sampled from each cross to evaluate the immune response and stress indicators. Thirty fish from each cross were challenged with A. hydrophila. The results showed that innate immune responses of domesticated CT strains were higher than wild strains (HG and CM). Higher values of white blood cells, phagocytic activity, and lysozyme activity were observed in CT × CT and CT × CM crosses. These crosses had significantly lower cortisol levels and lower mortality rates of 40 % (CT × CT) and 43.3 % (CT × CM) after being challenged with A. hydrophila compared to the other crosses. The results demonstrate that domesticated CT strain and crossbreeding between CT and CM wild strains could improve the innate immune system and resistance to A. hydrophila. The innate immune responses of the domesticated CT strain were higher than wild strains (HG and CM).

The effect of lipopolysaccharide extracted from Escherichia coli on total WBCs, granulocytes and on phagocytic activity in female rats

The present study was conducted to compare the total white blood cells count, granulocytes and phagocytic activity in female rats immunized with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracted from two different isolates of Escherichia coli, one normal isolate from the gut of healthy adult and the other was pathogenic strain isolated from patients suffering from urinary tract infection. The study was included 35 female albino rats divided randomly into seven groups, three groups injected with different concentrations of LPS of normal flora of E.coli 90, 120 and 150 microgram/kilogram body weight respectively and the other three groups were injected with the same concentrations of LPS extracted from pathogenic strain of E.coli, the last group (7th) represented the control group which given normal saline only. The results showed that the LPS from normal isolate causes a significant increase in the total number of leukocytes, granulocytes and phagocytic activity in animals immunized with the concentration of 120 µg/kg compared with the control group, and the concentration of 150 µg/kg of the same extract resulted in a high significant increase in phagocytic activity and the concentration of 90 µg/kg did not stimulate any significant differences in all the variables, while immunization with the extract of pathogenic strain increases the total leukocytes at a concentration of 90 µg/kg only with a significant increases in phagocytic activity at all concentration, and it also did not cause any significant differences in the granulocytes count.

Improving Rabbit Doe Metabolism and Whole Reproductive Cycle Outcomes via Fatty Acid-Rich Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract Supplementation in Free and Nano-Encapsulated Forms.

Simple SummaryUnder intensive rabbit production systems, due to the increased energy requirements of reproductive events, specifically pregnancy and lactation, rabbit does may confront several metabolic disorders as a result of energy imbalance. Moringa oleifera leaf ethanolic extract (ME) is one of the phytogenic extracts that has an impressive range of phytochemicals, specifically fatty acids (FAs). These phytochemicals may be biologically effective to support metabolism and reproductive functions of rabbit does during different reproductive cycle events. However, the high FAs content of ME makes them highly susceptible to lipid oxidation, diminishing their nutritional value and biological effects. In this study, we aimed to test the effects of FAs of ME either in a free-from or in a nano-encapsulated form on metabolism, immunity, milk production, milk composition, and reproductive performance of rabbit does during different physiological status (premating, mating, pregnancy, and lactation). The results showed that ME improved health, metabolism, immune functions, milk production and composition, and reproductive performance of rabbit does. These effects remained obvious even when a lower dose of ME was used in a nano-encapsulated form.The effects of free and nano-encapsulated ME supplementations on the metabolism, immunity, milk production and composition, and reproductive performance of rabbit does during premating, mating, pregnancy, and lactation were investigated. Multiparous rabbit does (n = 26 per group) received 50 mg of free ME (FME) daily, 25 mg of nano-encapsulated ME (HNME), or 10 mg of nano-encapsulated ME (LNME) per kilogram of body weight or were not supplemented (C) during a whole reproductive cycle. The ME contained 30 fatty acids with 54.27% total unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs). The fatty acid encapsulation efficiency of alginate nanoparticles was 70.46%. Compared with the C group, rabbits in all ME treatments had significantly increased body weight, feed intake, and glucose concentration and significantly decreased non-esterified free fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. Rabbits supplemented with ME also had significantly increased white blood cell counts, phagocytic activity, lysozyme activity, and immunoglobulin G and decreased interleukin-1β concentrations. Moreover, ME supplementation significantly increased the concentrations of colostrum immunoglobulins, milk yield and energy content, and milk USFAs (omega-3 and 6). Rabbit does in the ME treatments had significantly higher conception and parturition rates and better litter characteristics than the C rabbit does. These results demonstrate the positive role of ME fatty acids on the health status and productive and reproductive performance of rabbit does at different physiological stages. Compared with the FME treatment, these parameters were further improved in rabbits that received nano-encapsulated ME at lower doses, illustrating how nano-encapsulation technology improves the bioavailability of ME.

Effects of water quality on growth performance and health of nursery pigs.

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of providing drinking water of differing qualities on growth performance and health of nursery pigs. Weanling pigs (n = 450; 150 pigs/group; 10 pigs/pen) were assigned randomly to one of three experimental groups consisting of three water sources of varying qualities: 1) Water source A containing 1,410 ppm hardness (CaCO3 equivalent), 1,120 ppm sulfates, and 1,500 ppm total dissolved solids (TDS); 2) Water source B containing 909 ppm hardness (CaCO3 equivalent), 617 ppm sulfates, and 1,050 ppm TDS; and 3) Water source C containing 235 ppm hardness (CaCO3 equivalent), 2 ppm sulfates, and 348 ppm TDS. Pigs were provided ad libitum access to their respective water sources for the duration of the study which began at weaning (21 d of age) and ended 40 d later (61 d of age). Individual pig weights were recorded weekly along with feed intake on a pen basis. Occurrences of morbidity and mortality were recorded daily. Subjective fecal scores were assigned on a pen basis and blood samples were used to evaluate blood chemistry, cytokine concentrations, and phagocytic activity. A differential sugar absorption test was used to assess intestinal permeability. Fecal grab samples were used to establish diet digestibility, and drinking behavior was video-recorded to assess pigs’ acceptance of water sources provided. The statistical model considered fixed effects of water source, room, and their interaction with the random effect of pen. A repeated measures analysis was conducted to determine the effects of water quality over time. There were no differences (P > 0.440) among water sources in average daily gain (A, 0.46 kg/d; B, 0.46 kg/d; C, 0.47 kg/d) or average daily feed intake (A, 0.68 kg/d; B, 0.69 kg/d; C, 0.71 kg/d). Overall mortality of pigs was 0.44% and did not differ across the three water sources. There were no differences in apparent total tract digestibility of the diet, intestinal permeability, immune parameters, or blood chemistry attributable to quality of water consumed by pigs. Pigs did not show an aversion to the water sources provided, because total time pigs spent at the drinker did not differ (P > 0.750) among water sources on days 1 through 3 of the experiment. These data indicate that the water sources of differing quality studied did not affect growth performance or health of nursery pigs.

Effect of lidocaine on oxidative activity of peripheral blood phagocytes

BACKGROUND: Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by leukocytes can cause damage to intrinsic tissues. The pathogenesis of sepsis is based on an excessive inflammatory response of the body. Several studies have reported the inhibitory effect of lidocaine on neutrophilic granulocytes.
 AIM: This study aimed to analyze the effect of lidocaine on the oxidative activity of phagocytes.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood from 16 healthy donors was used in this study. Leukocyte mass was extracted using spontaneous sedimentation. Half of the leukocyte samples were incubated in buffered physiological saline with lidocaine. The other half of the leukocyte samples were incubated in physiological saline without lidocaine. The generation of ROS was studied using two methods. Method 1 included a nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) test), which is based on the ability of ROS to reduce NBT to insoluble diformazan. Method 2 was based on the chemiluminescence reaction. A culture of S. Aureus was used to induce the production of ROS.
 RESULTS: NBT test revealed a decrease in the oxidative activity of leukocytes in the presence of lidocaine by 18% (p 0.05). The study of luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of leukocyte suspension in the presence of lidocaine revealed a significant 2-fold decrease in both spontaneous and stimulated respiratory activity of cells.
 CONCLUSIONS: After incubation with lidocaine, phagocytes generated ROS to a significantly lower extent. However, their complete blockade was not recorded. This property of lidocaine may be used in clinical practice to treat an excessive inflammatory response in sepsis.

Effect of Electroactive Water Solutions on Homeostasis and Healing Processes of Intestinal Anastomosis Combined with Simulated Anemia in Wistar Rats.

Gastroduodenal bleeding is one of the most challenging issues in surgery nowadays. The crude mortality rate due to severe blood loss in gastrointestinal bleeding is very high. Therefore, the use of medications to prevent severe blood loss and protect cells from the harmful effects of hypoxia should be the focus of attention in these conditions. This experimental study was carried out to establish changes in blood parameters and humoral immunity in rats after intestinal anastomoses combined with acute blood loss after the application of catholyte and anolyte. The study included 45 male Wistar rats weighing 290-320 g that were divided equally (15 animals per group) into three groups of intact animals (group 1), animals exposed to the small bowel resection (1.5 cm) with the end-to-end anastomosis and simulated acute blood loss (group 2), and animals exposed to the small bowel resection with end-to-end anastomosis and simulated acute blood loss that were daily given catholyte in the postoperative period group (group 3). After the surgery, the rats were given a catholyte solution per os, and the operative wound was treated with an anolyte. The blood samples and the wall of the small intestine in the anastomotic zone were used as a biological substrate to study the effect of catholyte on changes in the body during the healing process. The experiment was conducted for 15 days, and the data were recorded in two intervals on the 5th and 15th days after starting the experiment. The analyzed materials evidenced that the use of catholyte and liquid with negative oxidoreduction potential (ORP) (minus 500-520 mV) resulted in positive changes in the blood cell count, humoral immunity, and phagocytic activity impaired after the small bowel resection and blood loss. The use of an anolyte disinfectant (liquid with positive ORP+710-770 mV) prevented bacterial contamination of the surgical wound. The obtained findings proved that the catholyte had a positive effect on humoral immunity and healing processes in the anastomotic zone. Furthermore, the anolyte prevented the development of purulent complications and inflammation in the area of the surgical wound, and therefore, promoted the healing processes.

Effect of a liquid with a negative redox potential on the indicators of blood and humoral immunity after resection thin gut

An experimental study was conducted to establish changes in blood indices and humoral immu1nity in rats in the postoperative period with the use of catholyte and anolyte. The experiments were carried out on 45 male rats weighing 290–320 g, which were distributed equally into 3 groups: group 1 — intact animals, group 2 and 3 — animals which underwent surgery in the amount of resection of the small intestine (1.5 cm) with anastomosis end to end.After surgery, rats used catholyte as a drink, instead of drinking water. The surgical wound was treated with anolyte. Blood and the wall of the small intestine in the anastomosis zone were used as a biological substrate. The material was studied on days 5 and 15. A study of the composition of blood and the walls of the small intestine was carried out on days 5 and 15 4. An analysis of the materials showed that the use of catholyte (a liquid with negative AFP-leads to positive changes in blood counts, humoral immunity and phagocytic activity, impaired after resection of the small intestine. The use of anolyte antiseptic (liquid with positive AFP) prevents bacterial contamination of the surgical wound. The studied parameters indicate that catholyte positively affects humoral immunity, and anolyte prevents bacterial insemination of the surgical wound.

A mixture of β-Glucan and Mannanoligosaccharide Ameliorated the Growth Rate, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Intestinal Morphometry, and Immunity of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Abstract The feasible strategies to keep up the growth and wellbeing of aquatic organisms by using beneficial dietary additives are highly recommended. Among these additives, β-glucan (BG) and mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) were examined on common carp performances in the current experiment. For 80 days, carps were fed four diets with 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% BG/MOS (1:1) and distributed in four groups (triplicates). Higher final weight and weight gain (P<0.05) were detected in carps fed 1%, 2%, and 3% of BG/MOS than the control group. The feed conversion ratio showed lower values (P<0.05) in carps fed BG/MOS mixture at 2%, and 3% than 0% and 1% levels. The activities of amylase, lipase, and protease were higher in fish fed BG/MOS mixture than in the control group. Interestingly, fish fed BG/MOS mixture had markedly increased villi length and width with branched villi integrity. Further, the count of goblet cells was increased (P<0.05) in groups fed BG/MOS mixture than in carps fed the basal diet. The hemoglobin and hematocrit levels and the counts of red and white blood cells were higher in carps fed BG/MOS mixture than the control with the highest counts in 3% level. Additionally, the blood total protein, globulin, and phagocytic activity were higher (P<0.05) in groups that received BG/MOS mixture at 3% than the control. The lysozyme had a higher value in 1% group than the control (P<0.05). Therefore, using the mixture of BG/MOS at 2–3% is suggested for improving the growth rate, intestinal health, blood health, and immunity of common carp.