Blood Group Testing Research Articles

緊急時における血液製剤の供給 都立墨東病院における供給状況

The prescribed form about releasing of blood products in urgent situations had not been established in our hospital. In 1986, however, agreement for emergent transfusion was decided in hospital transfusion committee and the manual was made about releasing of blood products in urgent situations. The outline of the manual contents is following. In this manual, the degree of uregent is composed of three classes that is, class A, B, and C respectively according to extent of urgency. Blood products are transported to doctors within ten minute as soon as blood grouping tests and crossmatching test by saline technique are completed in a case of class A. Blood products are issued at twenty minute after finishing crossmatching tests by saline and enzyme (bromelain) techniques in class B or are provided at thirty five minute after completing crossmatching tests by saline, enzyme and antiglobulin techniques in class C.Then, we analyzed the annual state of transfusion according to this manual at the emergency center in Bokuto hospital. As the result of findings, ordered number as class A had about one third of total urgent orders. The cases of multiple trauma due to traffic accidents which were most frequent occupied 43.2% of total cases in class A. Ordered number as class B was under 10%, and as class C was over 60% respectively. In class B, cases of gastrointestinal bleeding which was most frequent had 43.2% of total cases belonging to this class. In class C, although the request of blood products prepared for urgent operation was most frequent, actually transfused cases were about one third of total cases in this class.From investigation in this time, it was noticed that the situation called for uregent transfusion was various but there was no case to that transfusion could not be waited for ten minute at least.

Genetic study on ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament.

Family studies and blood grouping tests were conducted in an attempt to elucidate the etiology and genetic mechanism of ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine (OPLL). Analysis of the collected date revealed the following results: Testing of inheritance pattern Fitness of OPLL to the hypotheses of simple recessive inheritance, simple dominant inheritance and multifactorial inheritance was tested, but fitness to any one of these hypotheses was statistically denied. Analyses of OPLL and genetic markers A comparative study was made between the OPLL patients and healthy donors residing in Tokyo on the phenotype frequency of the blood groups (eight systems), serum groups (six systems) and red cell enzyme groups (three systems). A significant association of OPLL with MN blood groups, Hp types and PGM1 types was observed. Examination of the correlation after combining MN and Hp showed the coefficient of contingency to be C = 0.6739 and that after the multiple combination of MN, Hp and PGM1 revealed the coefficient of contingency to be C = 0.8923, indicating a remarkably high correlation.

The occurrence of the feline A blood group antigen on lymphocytes.

Sera from 300 cats were tested for the presence of anti-lymphocytic antibodies. One hundred and nineteen sera showed some activity with the majority (79) reacting only with lymphocytes from blood group A cats. Absorption of two such sera with A, AB and B erythrocytes and absorption of AB system reagents with lymphocytes from A and B blood group cats demonstrated that the A antigen is expressed on both erythrocytes and lymphocytes. Blood group and lymphocyte typing tests of foetuses indicated that the A antigen is present on these tissues as early as 46 days gestation. The erythrocytic B antigen could not be demonstrated on lymphocytes although a single antiserum, which reacted against lymphocytes from group B cats, was found. Several sera containing anti-lymphocytic antibodies which were not related to the AB type were also detected.

Landmark article Dec 23, 1922. Medicolegal application of human blood grouping. Third communication. By R. Ottenberg

Since 1907, when I did the first transfusion recorded in which tests for blood compatibility were made,¹I have performed many thousand blood group tests. Occasionally I have had to correct my own errors as well as those of others. Experience with successive generations of hospital interns has taught me that, in spite of the simplicity of the test, most beginners will make mistakes in grouping unless specifically taught about certain sources of error. The subject is particularly important at present because: (1) Blood transfusion is being increasingly used; (2) the group test will probably be employed in the near future in medicolegal work, and (3) Buchanan's recent articles²denying the correctness of all the preceding work on the heredity of the blood groups make it necessary for some other person to do an extensive piece of investigation. <h3>WHAT IS THE BEST TECHNIC?</h3> A number of different methods

Medicolegal Application of Human Blood Grouping

Since 1907, when I did the first transfusion recorded in which tests for blood compatibility were made,¹I have performed many thousand blood group tests. Occasionally I have had to correct my own errors as well as those of others. Experience with successive generations of hospital interns has taught me that, in spite of the simplicity of the test, most beginners will make mistakes in grouping unless specifically taught about certain sources of error. The subject is particularly important at present because: (1) Blood transfusion is being increasingly used; (2) the group test will probably be employed in the near future in medicolegal work, and (3) Buchanan's recent articles²denying the correctness of all the preceding work on the heredity of the blood groups make it necessary for some other person to do an extensive piece of investigation. <h3>WHAT IS THE BEST TECHNIC?</h3> A number of different methods

Carbohydrate Chains Specific for Blood Group Antigens in Differentiation of Human Oral Epithelium

The distribution of A, B, and H blood group antigens and 2 blood group precursor carbohydrate chains (N-acetyl-lactosamine and lacto-N-triosyl-group) was examined in human buccal epithelium. The material included tissue from persons with blood group A, B, and O, 9 from each group. Six patients in each group were secretors of blood group antigens in the saliva and 3 were nonsecretors. The blood group antigens and the precursors of these were studied by an immunofluorescence staining technique. Murine monoclonal antibodies were used to identify H-antigen (type 2 chain) and for N-acetyl-lactosamine whereas polyclonal rabbit antibodies were used for lacto-N-triosyl-group. In all groups lacto-N-triosyl and N-acetyl-lactosamine were found on the cell membranes of basal and deeper spinous cells. The H-antigen was mainly present on cell membranes of the lower spinous cells. Only the basal cells above the connective tissue papilli showed cell membrane staining. Cytoplasmic staining in the upper two thirds of the epithelium was found with all antibodies when they were used in high concentrations. The A and B blood group antigens were detected by human blood group test sera and were found exclusively on the cell membranes of the spinous cells. The different sites of expression of A and B antigens and expression of H, and the precursor antigens N-acetyl-lactosamine and lacto-N-triosyl, suggest a stepwise building up of carbohydrates with blood group specificities during the differentiation of buccal epithelial cells.

Blood groups of Barbary apes (Macaca sylvanus).

32 Barbary macaques were all found to be secretors of the A and H blood group substances and to have an M-like agglutinogen on their red cells. Hemagglutination tests for other human-type red cell specificities were negative. In contrast, several so-called simian-type specificities were detected on the erythrocytes of Barbary apes by means of the cross-reacting rhesus and baboon antisera. Among these, only the specificities of the graded Drh blood group system were found to be polymorphic in this species of macaques. Blood groups of Barbary apes are compared with those of several other species of macaques and some taxonomic aspects of blood grouping tests are discussed.

Fetal blood sampling in the management of rhesus iso-immunization

SummaryScalp blood samples were taken during labour from 85 fetuses of mothers with rhesus antibodies. In all cases the results of the blood group and Coombs' tests were the same in the scalp and cord bloods. In the 56 cases where comparison was possible, the haemoglobin levels of the scalp and cord samples showed a highly significant correlation.Blood samples from the fetal scalp can be used to predict the severity of rhesus iso-immunization before delivery of the newborn.

Blood Group Testing of Ancient Material with Particular Reference to the Mummy Nakht

An international multidisciplinary team performed an autopsy on the mummy of Nakht, a 16-year-old Egyptian boy who died 3200 years ago. Excavation records and translation of hieroglyphics provide a positive identification. The histological techniques, both at the light and electron microscope levels, demonstrate remarkable preservation of normal and diseased structures. Splenic material and dark brown substance obtained from the inside of the sigmoid sinus of Nakht, during the examination of the contents of the cranial cavity, were tested using the SMM and IAT procedures. Repeated testing of the splenic material using SMM produced no agglutination and was complicated by hemolysis of the absorbed group O cells due to contaminating bacteria and fungi. However, when used in the IAT, splenic material gave a positive result for blood group B. The sigmoid sinus material produced a positive reaction for blood group B when used with the SMM and with the IAT. The blood cells recovered from Nakht are believed to be the oldest known preserved human red and white blood cells. The authors also believe that the testing techniques employed in this study are reliable and hence feel confident that the Egyptian boy Nakht, who is 3200 years old, was blood group B.

Occurrence of Su in a German family.

Investigating a paternity case we observed a pretended opposite homozygosity of the S and s alleles between a mother and her child. The presence of the rare allele Su in this family could be demonstrated with the aid of dosage studies and blood group testing of the mother's parents. 22 additional genetic marker systems, including the HLA-system were examined, a biostatistical calculation was performed as well. The results obtained from these testings were in accordance with the hereditary rules and the posssibility of ilegitimacy or of children's substitution could be excluded. Only Caucasoid ancestry was known to the family. In addition, family members showed another rare blood group marker, the allele GPT0.

Ceruloplasmin Polymorphism and Parentage Test in Hereford Cattle

In recent years parentage control by means of blood grouping tests (blood and protein systems) has been required for bulls to be registered in the Danish Hereford Herd Book. Because the Hereford breed shows less variation in the blood and protein systems, the probability of excluding an incorrectly stated bull (or cow) is estimated to be some 15 % lower in Hereford than in Danish dairy breeds (RDM, SDM and Jersey).

Information system for blood grouping of patients

The imrnuno-haernatology laboratory of the Blood Transfusion Centre of the Edouard Herriot Hospital at Lyon carried out 45 000 blood group tests in 1974, a number which exceeds the capacity of classical filing systems, whose use would require more work than the tests themselves; use of information systems allows easy storage of all the data related to blood groups and access in real time of these data. In the months and years to come, all the laboratories carrying out blood group tests in the Centre will have the use of the new system: every grouping performed by a laboratory will be available to all the others and to the medical services by way of the reference files of the patients.The laboratory possesses a terminal with CII Iriscope 300 screen and CII IS 180 printer, linked by tele-informatic network to the central CII Iris 60 computer of the Civil Hospital of Lyon, with 512 kbytes of central memory. With the help of the registration numbers of the patients, the user obtains information on the identit...

The Stability of PGM and AK Isoenzymes in Human Tissues

Abstract Many blood group systems are known and are in regular use in blood transfusion laboratories. Such laboratories deal with fresh samples of blood in good condition. The forensic laboratory, on the other hand, mostly must work with dried blood in the form of stains on many different substrates and in all types of condition, and the only blood grouping tests suitable for forensic use are those in which the group factors are stable to drying. In this context it is useful to know how stable the various blood group factors are and to determine whether these factors change with age, for this could lead to confusion in typing the material.

Crossbreeding experiment with mixed semen of boars of different breeds

Sows of the Finnish Landrace and Yorkshire breeds (L and Y) were artificially inseminated with mixed semen of Finnish Landrace and Yorkshire boars. Purebred and crossbred progeny were identified by blood group testing. The pairs of boars were selected to be as identical as possible in regard to semen quality. Mixing of the two diluted semen fractions did not affect unfavourably the viability and motility of the sperm. Normal conception rates and litter sizes were obtained. The progeny fell into groups as follows: LL 34, YL 28, YY 24, and LY 20 piglets. The distribution, however, varied greatly within the various litters. One litter consisted merely of purebreds. The sires were successfully determined by blood group testing in 95 % of the Cases. The crossbred piglets grew very significantly (P &lt; 0.001) faster than the purebreds. They also were more vital than the purebreds. In carcass characteristics the purebreds and crossbreds were either similar to each other or the crossbreds represented intermediate forms between the two parent races.

Blood Grouping Tests for Non-Paternity

Abstract The use of blood grouping tests in disputed paternity, filial relationship, personal identification, forensic medicine, and other medicolegal problems has become increasingly frequent in the past twenty years [1–7]. Several recent articles concerned with pitfalls and exceptions in the interpretation of the laws pertaining to this highly accurate science have appeared [8–10]. Since the major medicolegal impact is in relation to disputed paternity, this report presents a study of an additional 1000 cases in this area. The previous report in 1963 [11] emphasized the fact that only 10 percent of defendants in paternity proceedings requested blood grouping tests to substantiate their denial, whereas a statistical study indicated that approximately 40 percent of men were in fact not the fathers in the actions brought before the courts. To fail to demand a blood grouping test is indeed to disregard a most important defense, and thus fail to provide the most substantial evidence of nonpaternity.

Another pitfall in blood group testing for nonpaternity.

A pitfall in testing for nonpaternity, heretofore not encountered, is described. Errors caused by admixture of donor's blood following an exchange transfusion resulted in false exclusion of paternity. The need for an adequate history is emphasized.

Biostatistical Opinion on Parentage: Based Upon the Results of Group Tests.

Blood grouping tests are now being used routinely in medicolegal cases of disputed parentage in courts throughout the world. As more and more blood group systems are discovered, and with the introduction of serum grouping tests and tests for serum and red blood cell isozymes, the chances of excluding paternity for a man who has been falsely accused have increased progressively over the past two decades. This has led to the suggestion that such tests now be used not merely as proof of nonpaternity but also as circumstantial evidence of actual paternity. For example, if the tests used are such that 95% of men falsely accused of paternity could be excluded, then when the tests fail to exclude the defendant in a paternity action, it could be considered circumstantial evidence that the accused man actually is the father, with a likelihood as great as 95%. In fact, it has recently

Limited blood group tests on samples from two coelacanths (Latimeria chalumnae).

Abstract. Very limited blood group tests on small samples from two coelacanths are recorded. The red cells gave no evidence of the existence of antigens similar to human A, H, M, N, T, Ena or Xga. The plasma of both coelacanths contained species agglutinins: the first had a definite anti‐B‐like agglutinin and the other did not.

Limited Blood Group Tests on Samples from Two Coelacanths (Latimeria chalumnae)

Very limited blood group tests on small samples from two coelacanths are recorded. The red cells gave no evidence of the existence of antigens similar to human A, H, M, N, T, En^a or Xg^a. The plasma of both coelacanths contained species agglutinins : the first had a definite anti-B-like agglutinin and the other did not.

Problems and Pitfalls in Blood Grouping Tests for Non-Parentage IV. Qualifications of Experts

Abstract The ready availability of commercial blood typing sera has led to the tacit assumption that any pathologist or laboratory technician is qualified to carry out blood grouping tests in medicolegal cases of disputed paternity, even without any previous experience or contact with problems of this nature. Suspensions of red cells from the putative father, mother, and child are merely mixed in turn with each of a battery of antisera, according to the printed directions of the manufacturer, and after the specified period of incubation, centrifugation or mixing, the reactions are read as positive or negative, depending on the presence or absence of agglutination of the red cells. The reactions for each blood specimen are then listed in tabular form for all the antisera used, and a decision is made whether or not paternity is excluded. However, the tests are by no means as simple as this description indicates; to be fully qualified to carry out such examinations one must have extensive training and experience in the field because the tests are delicate and subject to technical errors. Moreover, when the worker lacks thorough understanding, mistakes in the interpretation of the findings are inevitable, especially when it comes to the important and complex Rh-Hr blood types.