Blood Group Gene Frequencies Research Articles

Criteria for the determination of the direction of character state changes

Phylogenetic reconstructions cannot be adequately assessed except in terms of probability models which represent the processes of change. An tionary tree model of bifurcating splits, together with a Brownian motion model of genetic drift have been shown to allow successful reconstruction of phylogeny from data relating to gene frequencies of blood groups from human populations. Changes in state cannot be dealt with by the Brownian motion model, and no adequate models have been proposed for character state changes from the many possible sources. So, while the tionary tree model is applicable to these problems too, only heuristic methods of analysis of the state data are available, and these are known to be unsatisfactory under certain conditions. The concepts of homology, polarity and homoplasy have been developed out of the attempt to describe the nature of morphological state data, which is unpredictably related to genetic state data. The experimental study of comparative functional morphology, at any developmental stage of an organism, is considered to be the only valid tool for investigating the resulting character state tree hypothesis. However, the speculative nature of such investigations is admitted.

Phénotypes érythrocytaires et fréquence des gènes du système A B O dans la population congolaise: Estimation à partir de 5.400 sujets

The purpose of this study is to determine the gene frequencies of the ABO blood groups in Congo where there is no data available. High frequency of O gene (0,7252 is noted. The frequency of gene A found to be close to the B gene's. These data are obtained from 5 400 persons and are of the same order that the published results concerning Equatorial Africa peoples.

An Analysis of the ABO Gene Frequency Cline in Japan: A Migration Model

The well known cline in ABO blood group gene frequencies in Japan was analysed based on the working hypothesis of a transient cline formed by the admixture of two heterogeneous populations by diffusion.Mathematically, the model corresponds to solving the diffusion equation with a step function as the initial condition. Using the A allele frequency data, the position of the initial discontinuity in the gene frequency is estimated by simulation as having been in the vicinity of present day Gifu City, and again assuming 20 km per generation of 25 years for a standard deviation of migratory distance the time as approximately 2, 000 years since the commencement of admixture. This and other results of simulation were discussed in the light of possible population movements induced by rice crop farming during the Yayoi era in western Japan.

The theory of genetic distance and evolution of human races.

1. Theoretical works on Nei's genetic distance and its extensions are discussed. New formulae for the sampling variances of genetic distance estimates are presented. Formulae for the genetic identity of genes at the electrophoretic level when the mutation rate varies from locus to locus are also presented. 2. Empirical data suggests that the rate of gene substitution or mutation rate per locus varies considerably among protein loci, and if this factor is taken into account, the rate of decline of genetic identity (I) is no longer constant but decreases with evolutionary time. Using both the infiniteallele model and the stepwise mutation model, the numerical relationship betweenI and evolutionary time is presented. This relationship may be used for estimating the time after divergence between populations. The value of genetic distance or genetic identity is also affected considerably by the bottleneck effect. The bottleneck effect generally accelerates the increase of genetic distance with time, and the effect remains for a long time after the population size returns to the original level. A method for correcting for this effect is presented. 3. Application of the theory of genetic distance to data on protein polymorphism in man indicates that the genetic variation between the three major races, Caucasoid, Negroid, and Mongoloid, is much smaller than the variation within them, despite the fact that there is a conspicuous difference in some morphological characters such as pigmentation, facial structure, and hair texture. It is proposed that the differentiation of these morphological characters was brought about by relatively strong natural selection through a small number of gene substitutions, whereas general protein loci are subject to little or very weak selection. Analysis of blood group gene frequency data gives essentially the same result as those from protein loci, though they are likely to have been affected by nonrandom sampling of the loci. It is also shown that at the protein level the racial differences in man correspond to those between local races in other organisms. 4. Rough estimates of the number of codon differences between an individual of man and his various relatives are presented. It seems that the mean number of codon differences between man and chimpanzee is about 10 times larger than that between second degree relatives in Caucasians or Japanese, but about 1/19 of that between man and horse. 5. Genetic distance estimates suggest that among the three major races of man the first divergence occurred about 120,000 years ago between Negroid and a group of Caucasoid and Mongoloid and then the latter group split into Caucasoid and Mongoloid around 60,000 years ago. It is also shown that the genetic identity between man and chimpanzee corresponds to a divergence time of 4–6 million years if the assumption of constant rate of amino acid substitution is correct. 6. Methods of constructing a phylogenetic tree from genetic distance estimates are discussed. For constructing the topology of a tree, Fitch and Margoliash's method is quite efficient. For estimating branch lengths, however, Nei's method of averaging distances seems to be better. 7. A phylogenetic tree for twelve races of man is constructed by using gene frequency data for 11 protein and 11 blood group loci. This tree roughly agrees with what we expect intuitively from the morphological characters and the historical record of these races.

Gene frequencies of blood groups in Dutch swine breeds.

Gene frequencies of blood groups at 6 loci were estimated within two Dutch breeds of swine, Dutch Landrace and Dutch Large White. At all loci there were significant differences between breeds. The relationship of the two breeds with, respectively, the Germany Landrace breed and the German Large White breed could be confirmed by the gene frequencies.

Blood group gene frequency differences between European and Asian pigs and their hybrids.

Most contemporary pig breeds have been constructed with a contribution of pigs of Asian origin (Volkopjalov et al., 1934; Tikhonov, 1967). At present, the closest relatives of the latter are the Vietnamese black and spotted pigs (Tikhonov, 1972a, 1972b). Immunogenetic characterization of Vietnamese pigs and hybrids between Vietnamese and European pigs may be of interst for the phylogenesis of the now existing pig breeds and the widening use of miniature laboratory pigs. Vietnamese

Blood type gene frequency and mental ability.

Blood group gene frequencies which are inherited according to Mendelian principles were correlated with performance on a broad base general-purpose mental ability test. Six blood groups were significantly related to the mental test scores of 54 Caucasians and of 42 Negroes. The six-variable R2s are impressive. Predictions can be made concerning the level of mental test performance from the blood group gene frequencies.

Gene frequencies of ABO blood groups with partial sub-classification of one allele.

A METHOD for calculating weighted estimates of gene frequencies from a population of two allelic autosomal genes with partial sub-classification of “dominants” is available1. In blood group studies, it is sometimes necessary to estimate gene frequencies from a population of three allelic autosomal genes with partial sub-classification of one allele. For example, when blood specimens are tested with antisera A and B, four phenotypic groups, O, A, B and AB, are obtained. Again, if portions of A and AB are examined with aiitiserum A1, these groups may further be subdivided into A1 A2, A1B and A2B phenotypes. I have modified Bernstein's method to determine weighted estimates of gene frequencies of A1, A2, A, B and O jointly as follows. Where represents the proportion of A phenotype classified as to A1 and A2 phenotypes and the proportion of AB phenotype classified as to A1B and A2B phenotypes. p1, p2 p, q and r are the frequencies of alleles A1, A2, A, B and O respectively and n is the total frequency.

BLOOD GROUP FREQUENCIES ALONG THE SOUTH COAST OF PAPUA

THIS paper reports blood group data and gene frequencies found in 732 natives inhabiting the South Coast of Papua between Daru and Marshall Lagoon, and attempts to summarize present knowledge. A number of surveys of blood group distribution among the peoples of this coast have been previously reported (Graydon and Simmons, 1945; Simmons et alii., 1946; Sanger et alii., 1951; Dunn et alii., 1956; Groves et alii., 1958 ; Juptner et alii., 1958). In general only broad outlines have thus been established. Some surveys have divided the subjects by Administrative Districts, each of which contains several ethnic groups, and the scope of earlier surveys was limited by availability of testing sera. Four of the nine main ethnic groups dealt with in this present work have not previously been separately surveyed, namely Roro, Rigo, Hula and Marshall Lagoon. Additional findings are presented for the Kiwai, Kikori, Erema, Motu and Koita peoples. The names used here for these ethnic groups are those in common usage in Papua, with two exceptions. The Erema people are colloquially referred to as Kerema, but this place name properly should be applied only to those speaking the Kerema dialect. Other Erema dialects are Orokolo, Vailala and Toaripl. Similarly the Roro people are called Kairuku, but this name really refers only to Yule Island. Among our Roro samples there are known to be a number of Mekeo, who live just inland of the Roro. Intermarriage is said to occur freely. The Rigo sample is from speakers of Sinaugolo and associated dialects. Hula is the name of the place, people and language. The Marshall Lagoon people form a well defined group, speaking Aroma. Notes on the Kiwai, Kikori, Motu and Koita are given in the papers already mentioned.

Genetic structure of human populations 3. Differentiation of ABO blood group gene frequencies in small areas of Japan.

Genetic structure of human populations III. Differentiation of Abo blood group gene frequencies in small areas of Japan 1

Genetic structure of human populations. II. Differentiation of blood group gene frequencies among isolated populations.

Genetic structure of human populations II. Differentiation of blood group gene frequencies among isolated populations 1

GENETICALLY DETERMINED BLOOD PROTEIN FACTORS IN AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES OF BENTINCK, MORNINGTON AND FORSYTH ISLANDS AND THE MAINLAND, GULF OF CARPENTARIA

IN recent reports Simmons, Tindale and Birdsell (1962) and Simmons, Graydon and Tindale (1964) have discussed fully possible reasons for the marked differences found in blood group gene frequencies in Australian aborigines of Bentinck, Mornington and Forsyth Islands of the Wellesley Islands, and in mainlanders of various tribes in the region of the Gulf of Carpentaria, with respect to their ABO, MNS and Rh blood groups. It was considered that the gene frequencies of the Bentinck Islanders, which are unique for Australian aborigines, were largely produced by random genetic drift, with its largest impact in the initial founder generation. The present study extends the investigations made on these populations and reports findings in relation to serum haptoglobins, transferrins, cholinesterase types, haemoglobins and erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Genetic structure of human populations. I. Local differentiation of blood group gene frequencies in Japan.

Genetic structure of human populations I. Local differentiation of blood group gene frequencies in Japan 1

BLOOD GROUP GENE FREQUENCIES IN NATIVES OF CAPE GLOUCESTER, WESTERN NEW BRITAIN, AND THE GAZELLE PENINSULA, EASTERN NEW BRITAIN.

BLOOD GROUP GENE FREQUENCIES IN NATIVES OF CAPE GLOUCESTER, WESTERN NEW BRITAIN, AND THE GAZELLE PENINSULA, EASTERN NEW BRITAIN.

THE BLOOD GROUPS OF SOME NATIVE INHABITANTS OF THE GULF DISTRICT, NEW GUINEA

Kooptzoff, Price and Walsh (1956) determined the blood groups of some members of the Pacific Islands Regiment stationed in Port Moresby, New Guinea. The subjects were divided according to the administrative districts where they were born and the blood group gene frequencies were calculated for ten of these districts. Heterogeneity was demonstrated in respect of the ABO, MN and S systems. Included in this survey were 137 subjects from the Gulf District. One of the present authors (H.J.) has collected specimens from a further 339 subjects living in the neighbourhood of Kikori in the Gulf District, and the blood groups have been determined on the samples in Sydney. The results of this more recent survey are recorded in this paper and in addition are combined with those of the earlier investigation. Some details of the heights and weights of these natives have been given by Whyte (1958). In the Kikori sub-district the population numbers approximately 9,500 living in 121 villages of which only 30 have more than 100 inhabitants. Frequently whole villages move to seek more fertile land or to escape floods or local superstitions. In contrast to the natives of the eastern part of the Gulf District (Ihu and Kerema) the Kikori natives are not good gardeners. The staple diet is of sago, fish, crabs, pigs, bananas, pawpaw and coconuts, but the standard of nutrition is poor. Tuberculosis, both glandular and pulmonary, is common and helminthiasis and malaria are major problems. Bacillary and amoebic dysentery both occur sporadically but leprosy is only rarely seen.

Limitations in the Accuracy of Estimates of Blood Group Gene Frequencies

Summary and Conclusions1. For reporting results of calculations of blood group frequencies no more significant figures should be used than are justified by the size of the series tested.2. Technical and clerical mistakes have been responsible for gross discrepancies in reports on blood group distribution published in the literature, which qualified investigators can recognize by mere inspection of the data.3. Maximum likelihood calculations are complex and laborious and require a mastery of mathematics which few workers possess. Even in the hands of experts gross errors have resulted when carrying out the laborious computations, so that such calculations are not only expensive but impracticable and dangerous.4. The application of maximum likelihood calculations by Boyd to two series of individuals tested for the M-N-S types has yielded estimates of gene frequencies differing only in the third decimal place from the values obtained by the author with the aid of simple square root formulae. When one considers, even disregarding the possibility of technical and clerical errors, that the sizes of these two series justified the use of only two significant figures, it is evident that the maximum likelihood method contributed only a dubious increase in „ accuracy ”. Therefore, such calculations consume misdirected energy and place emphasis on superficialities while disregarding more important factors which can affect the accuracy of the data.5. Many investigators when studying the distribution of the blood groups make the tacit but incorrect assumption that the population is undergoing random mating and is therefore homogeneous. This appears to be one basis for the recent series of fallacious reports on the supposed relationship between the blood groups and various diseases.6. Confusion in the blood grouping field is due to the fact that most of the articles and books which are published have been written by individuals who have only superficial knowledge and understanding of the subject. The widespread use of the incorrect G-D-E notations reflects the lack of mastery of Rh-Hr serology shared by these workers.7. It is significant that the same workers who are enthusiastic for maximum likelihood calculations also endorse the pointless studies on blood group distribution in disease, and the use of the superficially attractive but fallacious C-D-E notations.

Intra-Uterine Selection by the ABO Incompatibility of Mother and Foetus

With the Japanese materials consisting of 2, 709 families with 6, 360 children, the author examined the selective effect caused by the ABO incompatibility of mother and foetus. Attention was focused on the O×A and O×B matings. It was revealed that there actually exists a considerably strong selection and a shortage of children of certain groups from the incompatible matings. As the cause of such elimination of children two different ways of selection could be suggested; the one is at the time of fertilization and the other is by the incompatibility after fertilization. If the gene frequencies of blood groups in population would remain constant independently of each generation, it could also be surmised that mutations were occurring to compensate the losses of gene due to the selection.

Genetic Drift in a Religious Isolate: An Analysis of the Causes of Variation in Blood Group and Other Gene Frequencies in a Small Population

Genetic Drift in a Religious Isolate: An Analysis of the Causes of Variation in Blood Group and Other Gene Frequencies in a Small Population