Blood Group Gene Frequencies Research Articles

Distribution of ABO, Rh, and MNS blood groups from students in Walailak University, Thailand: A descriptive cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe presence or absence of blood group antigens can lead to alloimmunization, causing hemolytic transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. The distribution of these antigens varies among different ethnic populations, making it essential to study their prevalence in specific regions. ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate ABO, Rh, and MNS blood group antigens, phenotypes, and allele frequencies among university students in Southern Thailand. Materials and methodsBlood samples were collected and typed for blood group antigens using serological tests. Antigen, phenotype, and allele frequencies were calculated based on the observed phenotypes. ResultsThe most common ABO blood group was O (37.29%), followed by B (35.98%), A (19.47%), and AB (7.26%). Allele frequencies for ABO system were found to be 0.6107 for ABO*O, 0.2453 for ABO*B, and 0.1427 for ABO*A. Rh blood group distribution revealed a high prevalence of the D antigen (99.01%), followed by e (96.37%), C (95.05%), c (39.27%), and E (29.37%). The allele frequencies for D and d were 0.9005 and 0.0995, respectively. The MNS system showed M and N antigen frequencies of 85.81% and 67.66%, respectively. The most common phenotype was M+N+ (53.47%), followed by M+N− (32.34%) and M−N+ (14.19%). Mia antigen was present in 10.56% of our population. ConclusionsThis study provides an understanding of blood group distribution and gene frequency in our young population, which is crucial for blood management in community transfusion. Additionally, this knowledge holds significant value for population genetics studies.

Non-invasive prenatal testing for fetal Ss, Kidd, and CTL2 blood group prediction by multiplex digital droplet PCR.

Some blood groups, such as S and s blood groups in the MNS blood group system, and Kidd and CTL2 blood group systems, can cause severe fetal and newborn alloimmune disorders. Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) to predict fetal blood groups and knowledge of local blood group gene frequency are both important for pregnancy management decisions. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) has high specificity and sensitivity in detecting fetal single nucleotide variation. The objective is to predict fetal Ss, Kidd, and CTL2 blood groups using multiplex ddPCR. The gene frequencies of three blood groups were detected by ddPCR in northwest China. This is a prospective study. Cell-free fetal DNA isolated from 26 healthy single pregnant women at different gestational stages was tested with QX200 Droplet Digital PCR. Results were compared with fetal genotypes. DNA samples purified from 20 blood pools containing a total of 1000 donors in northwest China were subjected to ddPCR to detect the gene frequency of three blood groups. Ss, Kidd, and CTL2 blood groups of 26 pregnant fetuses were accurately detected by multiplex ddPCR. The multiplex ddPCR results were consistent with the Sanger sequencing results of 26 fetal blood samples after birth. The gene frequencies of the three blood groups detected by ddPCR were 9.30% for S, 90.70% for s, 48.43% for Jka, 51.57% for Jkb, 66.57% for HNA-3A, and 33.43% for HNA-3B. It is reliable to predict fetal Ss, Kidd, and CTL2 blood groups by multiplex ddPCR. Meanwhile, we designed a simple and efficient method for inferring the gene frequency of three blood groups based on ddPCR.

Applications of Genetic Distances on Blood-group Gene Frequencies and their Statistical Genetic Similarities

This paper studied the applications of genetic distances on Blood-group gene frequencies and their Statistical genetic similarities characterizing four populations, for data from Eakimo, Bantu, English and Korea. The study compared the following distances: Euclidean, squared Euclidean, Minkowski, Chebychev and City Block on the above mentioned data for the outlined countries. Correlation analysis was applied to evaluate the relationships between these countries on their blood group gene frequencies. Similarity check was also conducted to know the countries that have similar blood-group gene frequency. It was observed that Euclidean distance and Minkowski distance had equal distances. This means that the two distances are more similar in this particular data set than the other studied distances. The study revealed that Chebychev distance had the smallest neighbor distance as compared to other distances studied while City Block had the highest distance. It has been stated in literature that Chebychev and Minkowski distances are concentric circle shape, this suggests the reason behind their equality of distance. It is therefore proposed that the data may be a concentric circle data.

Gene Frequencies of Haemoglobin Genotype, ABO and Rhesus Blood Groups among Students Population of a Private University in Nigeria-Implications for Blood Banking

Gene Frequencies of Haemoglobin Genotype, ABO and Rhesus Blood Groups among Students Population of a Private University in Nigeria-Implications for Blood Banking

Gene frequencies of ABO and rhesus blood groups in Sabians (Mandaeans), Iraq

The present study aimed to determine the frequency of ABO and Rh blood group antigens among Sabians (Mandaeans) population. This paper document the frequency of ABO and Rh blood groups among the Sabians (Mandaeans) population of Iraq.There is no data available on the ABO/Rh (D) frequencies in the Sabians (Mandaeans) population. Total 341 samples analyzed; phenotype O blood type has the highest frequency 49.9%, followed by A 28.7%, and B 13.8% whereas the lowest prevalent blood group was AB 7.6%. The overall phenotypic frequencies of ABO blood groups were O>A>B>AB. The allelic frequencies of O, A, and B alleles were 0.687, 0.2 and 0.1122 respectively. Rhesus study showed that with a percentage of 96.2% Rh (D) positive is by far the most prevalent, while Rh (d) negative is present only in 3.8% of the total population. The Sabians (Mandaeans) ethnic group showed the same distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups with others ethnic groups in Iraqi population.

Gene frequencies of ABO and rhesus blood groups in Sabians (Mandaeans), Iraq

The present study aimed to determine the frequency of ABO and Rh blood group antigens among Sabians (Mandaeans) population. This paper document the frequency of ABO and Rh blood groups among the Sabians (Mandaeans) population of Iraq.There is no data available on the ABO/Rh (D) frequencies in the Sabians (Mandaeans) population. Total 341 samples analyzed; phenotype O blood type has the highest frequency 49.9%, followed by A 28.7%, and B 13.8% whereas the lowest prevalent blood group was AB 7.6%. The overall phenotypic frequencies of ABO blood groups were O>A>B>AB. The allelic frequencies of O, A, and B alleles were 0.687, 0.2 and 0.1122 respectively. Rhesus study showed that with a percentage of 96.2% Rh (D) positive is by far the most prevalent, while Rh (d) negative is present only in 3.8% of the total population. The Sabians (Mandaeans) ethnic group showed the same distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups with others ethnic groups in Iraqi population.

A1A2BO and Rh gene frequencies among six populations of Jammu and Kashmir, India

A study was undertaken to record gene frequencies of ABO blood groups, their subtypes and Rh antigen for six different endogamous groups including a tribal population. The ABO phenotypic frequency varies among six different populations showing significant difference (p<0.0005). Gujjar and Bakarwal (a tribal population) shows highest (42.29%) of B blood phenotypes. A1 is the highest among Syeds (39.31%), O blood group frequency highest among Mughals (43.23%) and A1B and A2B are rare phenotypes showing very low frequency among all populations. The pattern of allele frequencies (p<0.025) is in order of I(O)>I(B)>I(A1)>I(A2), except Syeds (I(O)>I(A1)>I(B)>I(A2)). The rhesus protein (Rh) phenotypic frequency (p<0.01) shows significant increase in Rh(D) positive (87.86% in Syed to 96.03% in Khan) among all populations. The Rh allele (p<0.05) and genotype (p<0.02) frequencies shows a significant difference. Heterozygosity for Rh protein is less than homozygosity among six populations. The result from this study provides information on the genetic variation in blood antigens and rhesus protein among human populations inhabiting Jammu and Kashmir.

ABO and Rh (D) group distribution and gene frequency; the first multicentric study in India.

Background and Objectives:The study was undertaken with the objective to provide data on the ABO and Rh(D) blood group distribution and gene frequency across India.Materials and Methods:A total of 10,000 healthy blood donors donating in blood banks situated in five different geographical regions of the country (North, South, East and Center) were included in the study. ABO and Rh (D) grouping was performed on all these samples. Data on the frequency of ABO and Rh(D) blood groups was reported in simple numbers and percentages.Results:The study showed that O was the most common blood group (37.12%) in the country closely followed by B at 32.26%, followed by A at 22.88% while AB was the least prevalent group at 7.74%. 94.61% of the donor population was Rh positive and the rest were Rh negative. Regional variations were observed in the distribution. Using the maximum likelihood method, the frequencies of the IA, IB and IO alleles were calculated and tested according to the Hardy Weinberg law of Equilibrium. The calculated gene frequencies are 0.1653 for IA (p), 0.2254 for IB (q) and 0.6093 for IO (r). In Indian Population, O (r) records the highest value followed by B (q) and A (p); O > B > A.Conclusion:The study provides information about the relative distribution of various alleles in the Indian population both on a pan-India basis as well as region-wise. This vital information may be helpful in planning for future health challenges, particularly planning with regards to blood transfusion services.

Comparative Study of Various Genetic Distance Measures between Populations for the ABO Gene

Quantification of the genetic distance between populations is essential in many genetic research programs. Several formulae have been proposed for the estimation of the genetic distance between populations using gene frequency data. Nei’s D has been the most widely used genetic distance measure in different research programs. But the selection of a suitable measure to estimate genetic distance between real-world human populations is a very difficult task. The present study was undertaken to estimate the genetic distance between Barak Valley Muslims (BVM) and other twenty four nations with the ABO blood group gene frequency data using seven different formulae, as well as to estimate the correlation coefficients between distance measures and to work out the regression equations. Seven genetic distance measures namely Nei’s D, Nei’s Nm, La, Nei’s Da, Dc, Re and Nei’s Ne were calculated between BVM and other 24 nations. Correlation coefficients of Nei’s D with other measures were determined to find out which other genetic distance measures were similar to Nei’s D. Linear regression equations of Nei’s D with other distance measures were determined. Nei’s D showed a highly significant (p=0.01) positive correlation with Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards chord distance Dc (0.90), Reynolds Re (0.90), Nei’s Da (0.74) and Nei’s Ne (0.63) but a negative correlation with Nei’s Nm and La. Since Nei’s D had very high positive correlation with Dc and Re distance measures, any one of these measures could be reliably used in genetic analysis instead of all the three measures for estimating genetic distance between populations.

Statistical methods for evolutionary trees.

In 1963 and 1964, L. L. Cavalli-Sforza and A. W. F. Edwards introduced novel methods for computing evolutionary trees from genetical data, initially for human populations from blood-group gene frequencies. The most important development was their introduction of statistical methods of estimation applied to stochastic models of evolution.

Population studies in northern Sweden. V. Regional heterogeneity of the A 2 blood group gene frequency.

Regional variations of the A, blood group gene frequency were studied in the county of Västerbotten in northern Sweden. The IA2 frequency was significantly higher in the northwestern part of the area, which most likely is due to the Lappish admixture. The estimate of the coefficient of inbreeding measuring regional differentiation (FST) was rather high and in agreement with estimates from previous studies of this population.

Gene frequencies of abo and rhesus blood groups and haemoglobin variants in ogbomoso, South – West Nigeria

The distribution and gene frequencies of ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood groups and haemoglobin variants for samples of the Nigerian population at Ogbomoso, was determined. Data consisting of records of blood groups and haemoglobin types of different ages ranging from infants to adults for a period of 4 to 6 years (1995 – 2000) was collected from Baptist Medical Centre (BMC), Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Health Centre (LAUTHC) and Oyo State General Hospital (OSGH), all in Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. Overall, a total number of 7653, 7053 and 14,845 individuals were typed for ABO and Rh blood groups; and haemoglobin genotypes, respectively. 3824 (50 %) were blood group O, 1750 (22.9 %) were blood group A, 1629 (21.3 %) were blood group B and 450 (5.9 %) were blood group AB. This distribution differs significantly (P AS (21.0 %) > AC (5.7 %) >SS (3.0 %) >SC (2.0 %) >CC (0.3 %). The gene frequencies were 0.81, 0.14 and 0.04 for A, S and C alleles, respectively. Our results are representative of the distribution of these genetic variants in Nigeria. (Global Journal of Medical Science, 2004, 3 (1&2): 17-22)

Effect of Divergent Selection for IgM and IgG Levels on the Change in Gene Frequency of Blood Group Systems and Blood Protein Loci in Chickens

To examine the effect of divergent selection for serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG) levels two pairs of chicken lines of four generations were selected. The base population from which the experiment was started composed of six lines. Serum IgM and IgG levels and changes in gene frequencies of blood groups and blood protein loci were monitored for all individuals in each generation. Selection was effective (P<0.01) in changing the serum IgM and IgG levels. The differences between the high immunoglobulin M (HIM) and low immunoglobulin M (LIM) lines as well as high immunoglobulin G (HIG) and low immunoglobulin G (LIG) lines became gradually larger during the process of selection. A remarkable effect of selection on the changes of gene frequencies of blood proteins was not observed. In the HIM line, gene frequency of the BA allele increased and that of the BG and BN alleles decreased over the course of selection. In the LIM line, gene frequency of the BA allele decreased and that of BG and BN alleles increased during the selection. Similar tendency was also observed for the BA, BG, and BN alleles of HIG and LIG lines. This contrasting change in gene frequency of the BA, BG, and BN alleles in the two selected lines suggest that the B blood group alleles may be involved in IgM and IgG production.

Hypolactasia in Saami subpopulations of Russia and Finland

Primary hypolactasia is a gene attributed condition of the inability of adult individuals to consume whole milk. Subpopulations of the Russia (Kildin) and Finland Saami are characterized by a large variability of the LAC*R (lactase restriction) gene frequencies (0.50-0.77). The distribution of primary hypolactasia among the Saami is ranging from 25% to 60%. The intensive reindeer breeding was developed by the Saami only 300-400 years ago. Reindeer milk is poor in lactose (2.4%) and is consumed by the Saami in small amounts. Thus, "milk behaviour" connected with reindeer breeding could not have influenced the trait evolution too much. The large between-group differences of the LAC*R gene frequencies in the Saami seem to reflect the level of genetic influence of neighbouring non-Saami populations. The role of gene inflow in reducing the level of primary hypolactasia in various Saami subpopulations is confirmed by historic data of various ethnoterritorial groups as well as by the reduction of the number of traditional family name bearers and the change of the AB0 blood group gene frequencies among the Kildin Saami in the last 30 years.

PGM1 Polymorphism and Rho (D) Incidence in the Turkish Population

This research work, represents an attempt at contributing towards the determination of the genetic structure of the Turkish population Phosphoglucomutase 1 (PGM1) from erythrocyte enzymes and Rho (D) antigen incidence, were investigated. For this purpose, 200 blood samples from healthy unrelated individuals from different regions of Turkey were examined. Phenotypes of PGM1 enzyme were determined with the cellulose-acetate electrophoresis method and of the Rh blood group with the aglutination method; in this way, gene frequencies were calculated. It was determined that the gene frequencies of the PGM1 enzyme were PGM1*1= 650±0.023, PGMx1x2= 0.350±0.023 (x2= 0.633, p>0.01). As for the gene frequencies of the Rh blood groups, these were Rh (+)= 0.646 and Rh (-)= 0.354 (x2= 8.7, p>0.05). As a result, it was observed that Turkey occupied a place between Asia and Europe according to gene frequency of the PGM1 enzyme system. In addition, when the Turkish population was examined following classification into 7 geographical subpopluations, it was observed that the distribution of gene frequencies among the regions was homogeneous. Both the PGM1 enzyme system and Rh blood group system were found to be in confirmity with the Hardy-Weinberg law. When the Rh blood-group and PGM1 systems were compared, no association in between the two was observed.

D&lt;sup&gt;_&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;_&lt;/sup&gt; andDc&lt;sup&gt;_&lt;/sup&gt; Gene Complexes in the Coloureds and Blacks of Natal and the Eastern Cape and Blood Group Phenotype and Gene Frequency Studies in the Natal Coloured Population

Following the detection of apparent exclusions in the Rh system in two Coloured (mixed race) families during paternity testing, a rare D-- gene complex was identified in one family and two examples of an unusual gene complex producing weak e and very weak or non-demonstrable f antigen in the other. The latter, which almost certainly belong to the heterogeneous collection known as Dc-, were found when the Rh phenotypes expected to give f+, instead gave f- or f+W (weak positive) results and those expected to give f-, gave f+W results. Blood group phenotype and gene frequency studies showed that the Natal Coloured population contains a mixture of approximately 40% Black, 30% White and 30% Indian (Asian) genes. The phenotypes A1 high H, B high H, B low H, K+ and Kp(a+) associated with Caucasoids and the phenotypes Abantu, Dantu+, hrS- (Rh: -18,-19), hrB- (Rh: -31,-34) and Fy(a-b-) associated with Negroids were all represented. The DCe/Dc- frequency was 6.9% and the DcE/Dc- frequency 2.6%.

Possible changes in the frequency of the human ABO blood groups in Iceland due to smallpox epidemics selection.

The hypothesis is put forward that the low frequency of A and high frequency of O blood group genes in the Icelandic human population is the result of a selective disadvantage of A during severe smallpox epidemics. The hypothesis is supported by data from India in 1965-6, which show a marked selective effect of a smallpox epidemic against the phenotypes A and AB (Vogel & Chakravartti, 1971). The conclusion is drawn that the present-day ABO blood group gene frequencies of the Icelandic population should be used with reservation as markers in the study of the origin of the Icelanders.

The estimation of blood group gene frequencies: a note on the allocation method

The principles for estimating gene frequencies in complex blood group systems by the allocation method are discussed. This numerical method is simpler than the maximum likelihood method, but gives the same estimate. It is shown that there are some cases in which the application of a previous description of the method gives incorrect results. The principles are discussed for how family information may be included in the estimation process in order to obtain more precise estimates.

8.2. Rare and new variants found in a survey of blood group gene frequencies in South Australia

8.2. Rare and new variants found in a survey of blood group gene frequencies in South Australia

Influence of random drift and selection on AB0 blood group gene frequencies in Jewish populations

Influence of random drift and selection on AB0 blood group gene frequencies in Jewish populations