Blood Glucose Levels In Mice Research Articles

Effectiveness of milk kefir administration with the addition of sorghum flour against total cholesterol levels, and blood glucose levels in obesity-induced mice

Introduction: Someone who is overweight has the potential to experience complications from various diseases which become a heavy economic burden for the community. Dietary modification is considered as one of the strategies to prevent and handling obesity. It can be done by adjust the type, amount, frequency, processing methods, and schedule. Maintenance of intestinal microflora can be done by regulating food intake by consuming foods or drinks that have physiological functions for health. Synbiotics can control the number of good micro-flora in the digestive tract, thus providing health and therapeutic benefits. The aim of this study was to see the effectiveness of milk kefir plus sorghum flour on maintain the cholesterol and blood glucose levels of mice that have been fed a high-fat diet or induced obesity. Methods: This type of research design is true experimental in vivo using a randomized controlled pre-test-post-test control group design. Based on the test results using one way ANOVA statistical test which can be seen, it can be concluded that there are differences in blood glucose levels in the treatment group using the COD-PAP method with a p-value of 0,031. Results: According to ANOVA test, there are differences in total cholesterol levels in the treatment group using the CHOD-PAP method with a p-value of 0,000. Conclusion: There are differences in blood glucose and total cholesterol levels in mice fed kefir milk with the addition of sorghum flour.

SCH772984 ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced hypoglycemia in mice through reversing MEK/ERK/Foxo1-mediated gluconeogenesis suppression.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) results in a lethal hypoglycemic response. However, the main molecular mechanism involved in LPS-induced glucose metabolism disorder is poorly understood. This study intends to investigate the signaling pathways involved in LPS-induced hypoglycemia and potential efficacy of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor SCH772984. The effects of LPS and SCH772984 on gluconeogenesis, glucose absorption, and glycogenolysis were evaluated by pyruvate tolerance test, oral glucose tolerance test, and glucagon test, respectively. After a single intraperitoneal injection of 0.5mg/kg LPS, the mice's blood glucose levels and gluconeogenesis ability were significantly lower than that of control group. Besides, mRNA and protein expression of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) decreased significantly after LPS treatment. LPS induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, MEK1/2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase), and Foxo1 while inhibited Foxo1 expression in the nucleus, indicating an important role of the MEK/ERK/Foxo1 signaling in the inhibition of gluconeogenesis by LPS. Furthermore, SCH772984 elevated blood glucose, increased the G6Pase and PEPCK expression, and inhibited pERK1/2 and pFoxo1 expression in LPS-induced mice. In summary, LPS inhibited gluconeogenesis and induced hypoglycemia through the MEK/ERK/Foxo1 signal pathway, and ERK inhibitor could effectively reverse decreased blood glucose in mice with LPS treatment. These findings provide a novel therapeutic target for LPS-induced hypoglycemia.

Acute Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Suppresses Hepatic Gluconeogenesis by Stimulating MAPK Phosphatase 3 Degradation.

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a widespread and harmful disease, and is closely linked to acute endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Previous reports have shown that acute ER stress can suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis and even leads to hypoglycemia. However, the mechanism is still unclear. MAPK phosphatase 3 (MKP-3) is a positive regulator for gluconeogenesis. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the role of MKP-3 in the suppression of gluconeogenesis by acute ER stress, as well as the regulatory role of acute ER stress on the expression of MKP-3. Results showed that acute ER stress induced by tunicamycin significantly suppressed gluconeogenesis in both hepatocytes and mouse liver, reduced glucose production level in hepatocytes, and decreased fasting blood glucose level in mice. Additionally, the protein level of MKP-3 was reduced by acute ER stress in both hepatocytes and mouse liver. Mkp-3 deficiency eliminated the inhibitory effect of acute ER stress on gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes. Moreover, the reduction effect of acute ER stress on blood glucose level and hepatic glucose 6-phosphatase (G6pc) expression was not observed in the liver-specific Mkp-3 knockout mice. Furthermore, activation of protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK) decreased the MKP-3 protein level, while inactivation of PERK abolished the reduction effect of acute ER stress on the MKP-3 protein level in hepatocytes. Taken together, our study suggested that acute ER stress could suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis by stimulating MKP-3 degradation via PERK, at least partially. Thus, MKP-3 might be a therapeutic target for DILI-related hypoglycemia.

Characterization and Investigation of Novel Benzodioxol Derivatives as Antidiabetic Agents: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study in an Animal Model.

In this study, we synthesized benzodioxol carboxamide derivatives and investigated their antidiabetic potential. The synthesized compounds (Ia-Ic and IIa-IId) underwent characterization via HRMS, 1H-, 13CAPT-NMR, and MicroED. Their efficacy against α-amylase was assessed in vitro, while MTS assays were employed to gauge cytotoxicity across cancer and normal cell lines. Additionally, the antidiabetic impact of compound IIc was evaluated in vivo using a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice model. Notably, IIa and IIc displayed potent α-amylase inhibition (IC50 values of 0.85 and 0.68 µM, respectively) while exhibiting a negligible effect on the Hek293t normal cell line (IC50 > 150 µM), suggesting their safety. Compound IId demonstrated significant activity against four cancer cell lines (26-65 µM). In vivo experiments revealed that five doses of IIc substantially reduced mice blood glucose levels from 252.2 mg/dL to 173.8 mg/dL in contrast to the control group. The compelling in vitro anticancer efficacy of IIc and its safety for normal cells underscores the need for further in vivo assessment of this promising compound. This research highlights the potential of benzodioxol derivatives as candidates for the future development of synthetic antidiabetic drugs.

The effect of Cocoa Fruits (Theobroma cacao L.) extracts on serum blood glucose levels in white rats (Rattusnovergicus)

Checking blood glucose levels supports healthy lifestyle and pattern changes to avoid foods that contain high glucose, which can increase blood glucose levels. This study aims to analyze the administration of cocoa pod extract (Theobroma cacao L.) to describe serum blood glucose levels in white rats (Rattusnovergicus). This study used an RCT (randomized controlled trial) design involving five groups of cocoa pod extract samples through an evaporation process using a rotary vacuum evaporator after going through the maceration process for 3 x 24 hours divided into three concentrations of 50 mg/Kg body wt, 100 mg/Kg body wt, 150 mg/Kg body wt. Furthermore, serum blood glucose levels will be measured on the 3rd, 7th, and 14th day after administration of metformin and waste extract of cocoa pod shell (Theobroma cacao L.). Analysis of the research data used a paired t-test. The results showed that the average fasting blood glucose levels of K1 rats (Mus musculus) to the average fasting glucose levels in K2, K3, K4, and K5, respectively, were as follows: 0.037 (p <0.05); 0.000 (p < 0.05); 0.028 (p < 0.05); and 0.015 (p <0.05). This shows that the average fasting blood glucose level is significantly different (p <0.05). The average fasting blood glucose levels of K2 (metformin group) to the average glucose levels in K3 (extract group 50 mg/kg body wt), K4 (extract group 100 mg/kg body wt), and K5 (extract group 150 mg/kg body wt) respectively are as follows: 0.157 (p > 0.05); 1.000 (p > 0.05); and 0.995 (p > 0.05). This shows that the average blood glucose levels between K2, K3, K4, and K5 did not differ significantly (p <0.05) after measuring cocoa pod extract for two days. Based on the results of data analysis from this experimental study, it can be concluded that there is an effect of giving cocoa pod extract (Theobroma cacao L.) on fasting blood glucose levels of mice (Mus musculus) with type 2 diabetes mellitus hypercholesterolemia model. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Cacao; Blood Glucose; Rats

Beneficial Effects of Dietary Flaxseed Oil through Inflammation Pathways and Gut Microbiota in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice.

Flaxseed oil (FO) has displayed potential anti-diabetes properties by providing a high content of α-linolenic acid. However, the effects and mechanisms of FO on type 1 diabetes are still unclear. The present study aims to explore the effects of different doses of FO feeding on hepatic inflammation and gut microbiota in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Forty-eight six-week-old C57BL/6J male mice were divided into a control group (CON), a diabetic group (MOD), a diabetes with 7.0% w/w FO feeding group (FO-L), and a diabetes with 10.5% w/w FO feeding group (FO-H) for six weeks. The 7.0% w/w and 10.5% w/w FO feeding groups exhibited potential recovery of the number and size of pancreas tissues. The fasting blood glucose level was significantly decreased only after 4 weeks of feeding with 10.5% w/w FO in diabetic mice. The 10.5% w/w FO feeding group significantly decreased the postprandial blood glucose level of mice in the OGTT test. Hepatic glycogen levels were dramatically upregulated in the mice fed with both 7.0% w/w and 10.5% w/w FO. FO feeding significantly attenuated hepatic LPS, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels. In addition, we observed that 7.0% w/w and 10.5% w/w FO feedings notably downregulated hepatic gene and protein expressions of TLR4, MyD88, and P65. Furthermore, only 10.5% FO regulated fecal microbiota by increasing the relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum, Lactococcus family, and Muribaculaceae and Streptococcaceae family and genus in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Therefore, we conclude that FO feeding plays a role in anti-inflammation via the regulation of hepatic LPS/TLR4/MyD88 pathways and gut microbiota. In addition, different doses of FO supplementation may exhibit varying mechanisms in streptozotocin-induced mice.

Study of zeolite clinoptilolite d-glucose adsorption properties in vitro and in vivo

Beneficial effects of a natural zeolite clinoptilolite in vivo on mammals, including humans, have been empirically observed and documented in literature. The positive biological activities have been associated to its detoxifying and antioxidative properties, and its immunostimulative and adsorption properties. Herein, we present the in vitro and in vivo study of clinoptilolite zeolite materials adsorption properties for d-glucose. In particular, we present data on the interaction of d-glucose on the tested zeolites’ surface obtained by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and quantification by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). We also present results on the reduction of blood glucose levels in mice pre-treated with clinoptilolite in vivo upon feeding with d-glucose. In vivo results were in line with the in vitro adsorption and/or interaction properties of tested zeolite materials for d-glucose and were quantified by UHPLC as well (11.34% for TMAZ; 10.82% for PMA and 8.76% for PMAO2). In vivo experiments in mice showed that PMA zeolite reduces blood glucose levels upon 15 min for 13% (at p < 0.05) up to 19.11% upon 120 min (without statistical significance) in clinoptilolite pre-treated mice fed by addition of d-glucose. Due to lack of explicit mechanistic knowledge on zeolite clinoptilolite interactions or adsorption with sugars in vitro and in vivo, presented study provides novel insights into these aspects for researchers in the field. The presented data merit further investigations as the material clearly shows a potential in management of hyperglycemia, such as for example in obese people, people with diabetes and people with metabolic syndrome where it could help regulate blood glucose levels.

Antihyperglycemic, Neuropharmacological, Cytotoxic, Anticoagulant, and Anti-inflammatory Pharmacological Evaluations of Vernonia elaeagnifolia DC Leaves Secondary Bioactive Metabolites

The current investigation was carried out to confirm the antihyperglycemic, cytotoxic, neuropharmacological, anticoagulant, and anti-inflammatory effects of the ethanolic extract of Vernonia elaeagnifolia leaves in different experimental models. In the oral glucose tolerance test, the plant extract demonstrated significant (p &lt; 0.05) antihyperglycemic activity by reducing the elevated blood glucose level in mice at both doses (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) when compared to the control groups. The crude ethanolic leaf extract, however, didn’t afford to block the α-glucosidase enzyme up to 0.5 mg/mL. The experimental mice showed a noticeable (p &lt;0.001) decrease in locomotor and exploratory activities in the hole cross and open field tests, as well as head dipping in the hole-board test model in the neuropharmacological activity assay at both doses (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg). The extracts also showed cytotoxic activity in a brine shrimp lethality bioassay with an LC50 of 91.929 μg/mL and showed significant concentration-dependent anticoagulant activity (p&lt;0.001). Moreover, the extract (10–500 mg/kg) caused a significant (P&lt;0.01 – 0.001) dose-dependent reduction of inflammation induced in rats by using two different models: formalin-induced paw edema and egg-albumin-induced paw edema. From the above results, the crude extract of V. elaeagnifolia DC leaves have significant pharmacological potential in different in vitro and in vivo study model. So, it could be a source of a substance for isolating lead that could be used to treat several diseases.

HM-chromanone alleviates hyperglycemia and inflammation in mice with endotoxin-induced insulin resistance.

This study was designed to investigate whether (E)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(2'-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone alleviates inflammation and hyperglycemia in mice with endotoxin-induced insulin resistance. (E)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(2'-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone (10, 30, and 50mg/kg bodyweight) was orally pre-administered to C57BL/6J mice. An hour later, lipopolysaccharides (20mg/kg bodyweight) was administered intraperitoneally to induce endotoxins. Blood samples were collected from the tail vein of the mice every 0, 30, and 90min. The results indicated that (E)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(2'-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone effectively regulated blood glucose levels in mice with endotoxin-induced insulin resistance. Furthermore, (E)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(2'-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone significantly reduced the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin, ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1, and protein kinase C θ. Additionally, (E)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(2'-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone suppressed the phosphorylation of c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase and IkB kinase β, thereby decreasing the phosphorylation of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B α and activating the nuclear factor-κB and activator protein-1 in the liver. Therefore, the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β was significantly reduced by suppressing the nuclear factor-κB and activator protein 1 activity. Suppression of mammalian target of rapamycin, S6 kinase 1, protein kinase C θ, c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase, and IkB kinase β also ameliorated insulin resistance by reducing the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 serine 307, thereby decreasing hyperglycemia. These findings suggest that (E)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(2'-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone can alleviate hyperglycemia and inflammation in mice with endotoxin-induced insulin resistance.

Uji Efektivitas Antidiabetes Rebusan Daun Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) pada Mencit (Mus musculus)

Diabetes mellitus is a condition where blood glucose levels increase due to the body's metaboIism of protein, fat, and carbohydrates. The purpose of this study was to determine the antidiabetic effectiveness of star fruit leaf decoction (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) on mice (Mus musculus). This type of research is a laboratory experimental study using 15 male mice divided into 5 groups of mice, each of which is fed for ± 8 hours. Then, the blood glucose level of mice was measured after being fed. Then, a glucose solution of 0.195 mg/0.2 ml was given. Next, blood glucose was measured, if each group of mice had experienced an increase in blood glucose levels, then given a negative control solution, positive control, and 10%, 15% and 20% decoction of starfruit leaves. Then measured the glucose levels of mice using a glucometer at 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The results showed that giving a 20% concentration of star fruit leaf (Averrhoa bilimbi L) decoction was effective as an antidiabetic with a percentage reduction of 42% in mice (Mus musculus).

Anti-ricin toxin human neutralizing antibodies and DMAbs protection against ricin toxin poisoning

DNA-encoded monoclonal antibodies (DMAbs) and in vivo expression of antibody therapeutics presents an innovative alternative to conventional delivery methods. Therefore, in order to prevent the lethal dose of ricin toxin (RT) and to avoid human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA) reaction, we developed the human neutralizing antibody 4–4E against RT and constructed DMAb-4–4E. The human neutralizing antibody 4–4E could neutralize RT in vitro and in vivo, while the mice in RT group all died. Using intramuscular electroporation (IM EP), antibodies were rapidly expressed in vivo within 7 days and were enriched in intestine and gastrocnemius muscle mostly. Besides, we found that DMAbs have shown a broad protective efficacy of RT poisoning prophylaxis. Driven by plasmids for IgG expression, mice were survived and the blood glucose level of mice in DMAb-IgG group returned to normal at 72 h post RT challenge, and the RT group died within 48 h. Furthermore, hindrance of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and accumulation of RT in endosomes were found in IgG-protected cells, revealing the possible mechanism of neutralization details. These data support the further study of RT-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in the development.

Hypoglycemic Effect Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan) in Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Pigeon pea is a local food containing active substances and antioxidants that can potentially manage diabetes mellitus (DM). This disease has become a public health problem worldwide. As a result, various management efforts have been made, including utilizing potential foods in meal planning for people with diabetes.Objective: To determine the hypoglycemia effect of consuming pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) in diabetes mellitus.Research Methods: This type of research is a literature review. Literature search used ProQuest, science direct, Pubmed, Garuda Garba, and Google Scholar databases. Strategies for finding articles using the PICOS framework, reviewing the quality of reports using the PRISMA checklist, and critical appraisal according to the experimental research design.Research Result. The eleventh study reviewed found a significant effect (p &lt;0.05) on reducing blood sugar levels in animal and diabetes mellitus patients.Conclusion. The content of isoflavones and high antioxidant activity in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) can reduce blood glucose levels in mice, rats, and people with diabetes mellitus.

Effervescent Powder Activity of the God’s Crown Fruit Extract (Phaleria macrocapa) (Scheff) Boerl) in Rats Model of Alloxan-Induced Balb/C Diabetes Mellitus

God's crown fruit (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl) is one of the ingredients that can be used as a natural anti-diabetic because of the presence of flavonoids which have activity as antioxidants. This study aimed to determine the anti-diabetic activity of the powder-effervescent God's crown fruit extract in various doses in test animals and to determine the effective dose of the powder-effervescent God's crown fruit extract as an anti-diabetic. This study is an in vivo experimental study. This study used 25 rats (Mus musculus) Balb/c, which were grouped into 5 groups (negative control, positive, and 3 treatment groups). Rats were induced diabetes mellitus with alloxan, then blood glucose levels were assessed. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS software version 25 in univariate and bivariate. There was no significant effect on reducing blood glucose levels in mice treated with effervescent powder of God's crown fruit extract.

Twelve Weeks of Oral L-Serine Supplementation Improves Glucose Tolerance, Reduces Visceral Fat Pads, and Reverses the mRNA Overexpression of Renal Injury Markers KIM-1, IL-6, and TNF-α in a Mouse Model of Obesity

Comorbidities associated with obesity, including diabetes and kidney diseases, greatly increase mortality rates and healthcare costs in obese patients. Studies in animal models and clinical trials have demonstrated that L-serine supplementation is a safe and effective therapeutic approach that ameliorates the consequences of obesity. However, little is known about the effects of L-Serine supplementation following high-fat diet (HFD) consumption and its role in the mRNA expression of markers of kidney injury. We provide a descriptive action by which L-serine administration ameliorated the consequences of HFD consumption in relation to weight loss, glucose homeostasis as well as renal mRNA expression of markers of kidney injury. Our results indicated that L-Serine supplementation in drinking water (1%, ad libitum for 12 weeks) in male C57BL/6J mice promoted a significant reduction in body weight, visceral adipose mass (epididymal and retroperitoneal fat pads) as well as blood glucose levels in mice consuming a HFD. In addition, the amino acid significantly reduced the mRNA expression of the Kidney Injury Marker 1 (KIM-1), P2Y purinoceptor 1 (P2RY1), as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNFα). L-serine administration had no effect on mice consuming a standard chow diet. Collectively, our findings suggest that L-serine is an effective compound for long-term use in animal models and that it ameliorates the metabolic consequences of HFD consumption and reduces the elevated levels of renal pro-inflammatory cytokines occurring in obesity.

Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Alginate Extracted from Sargassum sp

Scientists have proved alginate which is extracted from brown seaweed, to be able to reduce blood glucose levels in mice. These results indicate that alginate has health benefits. Sargassum sp. is a brown seaweed growing wildly in Indonesian waters and is considered a prospective source of alginate to be developed and used for various purposes. This study aimed to explore the potency of alginate production using Sargassum sp. as raw material, particularly to reveal the physical and chemical properties of alginate obtained. Alginate was extracted using a method developed by Ref. [1]. During the extraction process, alginate yield was determined. The alginate was analyzed for physical parameters (whiteness degree and viscosity) and chemical parameters (moisture content, acid insoluble ash content, ash content, fat content, and protein content). Results showed that the yield of alginate was 20.30%. The whiteness degree and viscosity values of alginate were -31.53 and 47.25 cPs, respectively. At the same time, the moisture content, insoluble acid content, ash content, fat content, and protein content of alginate were 11.76%, 2.28%, 27.55%, 0.18%, and 0.76%, correspondingly. The alginate was classified as low viscosity and suitable for processing various foods, including functional food, by taking the health benefits of alginate.

Effect of ethanol leaf extract of Plukenetia volubilis on blood glucose and triglyceride levels of mice induced by alloxan

The study aims to determine the phytochemical profile of ethanol extract of kacang saca leaves and its effect on reducing blood glucose and triglyceride levels. Used 18 mice were divided into six groups, namely the normal group, the positive control group (glibenclamide treatment), the negative (alloxan induction), and the treatment group doses used were 0.0262 mg/dL, 0.0525 mg/dL, and 0.105. mg/dL. The treatment of mice was carried out for 10 days with three measurements, namely before treatment, on the 7th day, and on the 10th day of giving the extract. Phytochemical test results showed the presence of flavonoid compounds, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, and tannins. The data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS application. The results of the measurement of blood glucose levels in mice on the 7th day showed normal numbers, the results of data analysis showed no significant difference, namely 0.164. In the measurement of triglycerides, triglyceride levels fell in two groups, namely groups 1 and 3. Data on the 10th day there was an increase in blood glucose and triglycerides. Analysis of the data showed that there was no significant difference in each group on day 7 and day 10. The ethanol extract of cacao beans has the potential to reduce glucose levels used for 7 days but does not affect the triglyceride levels of mice. Keywords: Alloxan; Glucose; Mice; Triglyceride; Plukenetia volubilis

Effectiveness of Fig Leaf Extract (Ficus Carica L.) in Lowering Blood Glucose in Mice (Mus Musculus)

Fig leaves (Ficus carica L.) is a plant that has antidiabetic properties, because fig leaves contain alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, saponins, terpenoids, and steroids. This study aims to determine the extract of fig leaves (Ficus carica L.) in lowering blood glucose in mice (Mus musculus). Extraction is carried out by maceration with 96% ethanol solvent, then evaporated using Rotavapor. This study used alloxane as a diabetes inducer, the dose of fig leaf extract tested was 5%, 10% and 15% given orally. Observations were made on day 3 and day 7. As a positive control used Glibenclamide and Na. CMC 1% w/v as a negative control. The results showed an average percent reduction in blood glucose levels for negative controls by 18.6%, for 5% extracts by 29.1%, for 10% extracts by 46.6%, for 15% extracts by 83.9% and for positive controls by 45.8%. The results of research have been obtained that the administration of Fig Leaf extract (Ficus carica L.) is proven to reduce blood glucose levels in mice (Mus musculus) induced by alloxane at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%. In the One-way ANOVA test, it shows a significant value (p &lt; 0.05) showing a significant difference in each contract. It can be concluded that fig leaves can be a potential alternative treatment for diabetes mellitus with the right concentration can be an effective and natural treatment option.

Breadfruit Flour, Food to Lower Blood Sugar Levels in Mice Model Diabetes Mellitus

Consumption of foods with high amylose content (&gt;25%) as well as a low glycemic index (&lt;55) is able to improve the insulin sensitivity of people with diabetes mellitus. Breadfruit has in about 23-60 which means that breadfruit is safe to consume. The purpose of this research is to find out the levels of reduced sugar, amylose, and blood sugar levels mice after being fed breadfruit flour. This research used a Complete Randomized Design using 5 treatments namely normal control group (KN), negative control (K-), positive control (K+), STZ + breadfruit flour dose 5 g (P1) and STZ + breadfruit flour dose 10 g (P2). Breadfruit is taken and then processed into breadfruit flour, after which testing of reduced sugar content and amylose breadfruit flour. Before treatment, all mice were measured for initial glucose levels. After that in groups K (-), K (+), P1, and P2 injected STZ on days 1, 2, and 3. After 3 days, the blood glucose level (post-STZ) was measured again, then compared to the blood glucose level on the first day before being given STZ. If there is an increase in blood glucose levels of mice that is to ±128 mg / dL then mencit is considered to be diabetic. Then in group K (+) drug given Metformin, P1 and P2 were fed breadfruit flour with a predetermined dose for 7 days. The results showed that the sugar content of reduced breadfruit was cut by 3.26%. While the level of amylose in breadfruit flour is 19.3%. Breadfruit flour can also lower the sugar content of mice.

The Effectiveness of Red Ginger Extract (Zingiber Officinale Var. Rubrum) on Decreased Blood Glucose Levels in Mice (Mus Musculus)

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia conditions (increased blood glucose) caused by abnormalities in insulin secretion, abnormalities in the action of insulin or perhaps both. Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) contains alkaloids, flavanoids, tannins, saponins, gingerol and shagol which have blood glucose-lowering, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antitumor effects. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Red Ginger extract against decreasing blood glucose levels in mice (Mus musculus). This research is a type of experimental study conducted to determine the effectiveness of red ginger extract against decreasing blood glucose levels in mice. This study was conducted using alloxane as a diabetes inducer, Na CMC 1% as a negative control, glibenclamide as a positive control, extract dose 2 %, 5 % and 7 % orally for 7 days in 5 groups of test animals. The results of the study obtained 1% Na-CMC results showed a percentage decrease, namely -16.32% and -103.03%. In the group of mice given Red Ginger extract 2% showed a percentage decrease, namely 105.57% and 102.04%. The group of mice given Red Ginger extract 5% showed a percentage decrease of 105.83% and 86.84%. The group of mice given 7% Red Ginger extract showed a percentage decrease, namely 67.34% and 97.45%. The group of mice suspended by glibenclamide showed a percentage decrease of 73.05% and 66.66%. It can be concluded that the administration of Red Ginger extract has been shown to reduce blood glucose levels in aloxane-induced mice at concentrations of 2%,5% and 7% with significant values (p &lt; 0.05) indicating a difference and obtained the most effective concentration in lowering blood glucose levels in mice (Mus musculus) is a concentration of 7%.

Normal β-Cell Glut2 Expression Is not Required for Regulating Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion and Systemic Glucose Homeostasis in Mice

Glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) is expressed in the pancreatic β-cell, intestine, liver, and kidney in mice. Although GLUT2 is considered as a major regulator of insulin secretion, in vivo contribution of β-cell Glut2 to glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and systemic glucose homeostasis is undefined. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to determine the role of β-cell Glut2 in regulating insulin secretion and blood glucose levels in mice. We produced mice in which we can knock down Glut2 at a desired time specifically in β-cells (β-Glut2 KD) by crossing Glut2LoxP/LoxP mice with Ins1CreERT2 mouse strain and using the Cre-Lox recombination technique. We measured fasting blood glucose levels, glucose tolerance, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in the β-Glut2 KD mice. We used qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence to validate the deficiency of β-cell Glut2 in β-Glut2 KD mice. We report that both male and female β-Glut2 KD mice have normal glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Moreover, the β-Glut2 KD mice exhibit normal fasting blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance. The β-Glut2 KD mice have upregulated GLUT1 in islets. Our findings demonstrate that normal β-cell Glut2 expression is not essential for regulating glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and systemic glucose homeostasis in mice. Therefore, the currently assumed role of β-cell GLUT2 in regulating insulin secretion and blood glucose levels needs to be recalibrated. This will allow an opportunity to determine the contribution of other β-cell glucose transporters or factors whose normal expression may be necessary for mediating glucose stimulated insulin secretion.