Measuring Blood Glucose Levels Research Articles

Non-Invasive Optical Blood Glucose Measurement based on Discrete Fourier Transform and Fast Artificial Neural Network: Fasting Normal Glucose Participants Case Study

A prototype non-invasive blood glucose level measurement optical device (NI-BGL-MOD) has been developed. The NI-BGL-MOD uses a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) method and a fast artificial neural network algorithm to optimize device performance. The appropriate light-emitting diode for the sensory module was selected based on near-infrared spectrophotometry of a blood glucose model and human blood. DFT is implemented in an analog-to-digital converter module. An in vitro trial using the blood glucose model along with a clinical trial involving 110 participants were conducted to evaluate the performance of the prototype. The root-mean-square error of the prototype was 10.8 mg/dl in the in vitro trial and 3.64 mg/dl in the clinical trial, which is lower than the ISO-15197:2016 mandated value of 10 mg/dl. In each trial, consensus error grid analysis indicated that the measurement error was within the safe range. The sensitivity and specificity of the prototype were 0.83 (0.36, 1.00) and 0.90 (0.55, 1.00) in the in vitro trial and 0.81 (0.75, 0.85) and 0.83 (0.78, 0.87) in the clinical trial, respectively. In general, the proposed NI-BGL-MOD demonstrated good performance than gold-standard measurement. Key words: Non-invasive blood glucose measurement, optical device, discrete Fourier transform, multi-formulatric regression, fast artificial neural network

The Effect of Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa Bilimbi L.) and Red Guava (Psidium Guajava L.) Extract on Fasting Blood Glucose Levels of Diabetic Wistar Rats Model

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease with special characteristic which increased blood glucose level (hiperglicemic), its happens because of the abnormality of insulin secretion, insulin mechanisme or both of them. Belimbing wuluh and red guava extract can become alternative functional drink that contain rich of vitamin C to help controlling blood glucose level. The aimed of this study was to determined the effect of belimbing wuluh and red guava extract on blood glucose levels of Rattus novergicus strain Wistar diabetic model. This research was an true experimental study with a randomized post-test control group design. Twentyfour (24) male wistar strain rats weighing 200-250 grams, aged 2-3 months, were divided into 4 groups. The control group (K-) non-diabetic rats, the control group (K+) diabetic rats given standard diet, and the treatment group diabetic rats given standard diet and belimbing wuluh and red guava extract intervetion doses 10,7 ml/day (P1) and 21ml/day (P2). Measurement of pretest posttest fasting blood glucose levels was carried out using biolyzer. The data were analyzed by One Way Anova test. The results showed that there were significant differences in delta pretest and posttest fasting blood glucose levels between all groups. Blood glucose levels decreased at 55.6%. In conclusion, belimbing wuluh and red guava extract 21ml/day most effectively decreased fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic wistar rats moldel.
 
 Keywords: belimbing wuluh, blood glucose level, diabetes mellitus, red guava

Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Assay for Glucose Using Amine-Terminated Silicon Quantum Dots As a Non-enzymatic Bioprobe

This work presents a simple, economic and green technique for functionalizing fluorescent silicon quantum dots (Si QDs) as a bioprobe to measure blood glucose levels. The functionalized Si QDs are synthesized by adding 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane to a colloidal solution of Si QDs, freshly prepared by laser ablation of a silicon target in distilled water. The amine-terminated surface of Si QDs is confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and UV–visible absorption spectroscopy. The photoluminescence of the colloid exhibits high photo-stability and good reproducibility making it a good candidate for fluorescent probes in biosensor studies. We have investigated the use of such functionalized Si QDs as a probe for fluorescent glucose detection application based on its effective fluorescence quenching by hydrogen peroxide, which is produced from glucose. The room temperature fluorescent glucose sensor, based on amine-functionalized Si QDs, gave a detection limit of 0.97 μM and a linear range from 20 to 700 μM. This non-enzymatic fluorescent biosensor system shows high sensitivity, excellent selectivity and extreme stability toward glucose.

Accuracy Evaluation of Five Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems in Patients from Different Departments

Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) systems are expected to be accurate and provide reliable results. The international standard ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 15197:2013 is widely accepted for the accuracy evaluation for SMBG systems. Accuracy evaluation was performed for 5 different SMBG systems in patients from multi-departments at the hospital. A total of 120 patients from Changzhou Second People's Hospital (Changzhou, China) were randomized and enrolled in the study. Accuracy evaluation was performed for 5 different SMBG systems: Gold AQ (Sinocare), Freestyle Optium Xceed (Abbott), Contour TS (Bayer), OneTouch Ultra (J&J) and Accu-Chek Performa (Roche). For each system, comparison measurements were performed with YSI 2300 STAT PLUS Glucose and Lactate Analyzer and Roche Cobas 8000 Modular Analyzer. All 5 systems showed that 100% of results fall within consensus error grid Zones A and B. Compared with YSI 2300 or Roche Cobas 8000 Modular Analyzer, Gold AQ system showed the highest accuracy. The linearity analysis also showed that Gold AQ had the highest correlation coefficient. Compared with other SMBG systems, Gold AQ Glucose Monitoring System manufactured by Sinocare Inc. had the highest accuracy in measuring blood glucose level in patients from multi-departments at this hospital.

Assessment of life-skill for patient adults with diabetes mellitus type II

Objective: Study aims are to identify the type2 diabetes clients' life skills, and find out the relationship between variables which are (Age, gender, educational level, duration of DM diagnosis, and monthly income) with type diabetes clients 'life skills. Methodology: Quantitative design descriptive study was carried out through the present investigation from 2 January 2014to 2 2014 in order to achieve the objectives of the present study. A non-probability (purposive) sample, (200) cases which consists of clients who were attending An Nasiriyha Diabetic Center. The data were collected by utilization of the study instruments and employment of scheduled personal interview as means data collection. The data collection process was performed from 22/ July / 2014to / November / 2014. A questionnaire was designed constructed by the researcher to measure the variable. Such a construction was employed through the review of literature and related studies. The questionnaire consisted of seven parts which are demographical, and 6 diabetics life skills indicators. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined through a pilot study and the validity through 14 a panel of experts. The data were analyzed through the application of descriptive statistic frequency, percentage, and the application of inferential statistical procedures, which include Pearson correlation coefficient, and contingency coefficient. Results: Highest percent of the study samples (37.5) were (50-59) years old. with the mean age (52±7.1) years, (72%) 0f them are without of type diabetes client' life skills, were married male, with low educational level. group's duration of type DM diagnosis was (1-5) years. insufficient monthly income, unemployed, overweight. they had information from their physician, and diagnosed indecently measuring blood glucose level. There were significant association between type diabetes clients’ life skills and (age, educational level, monthly income). And there were no significant association with another variable. Recommendations: The researcher recommended that newly diagnose diabetic patients should be improving life skills by involved in educational program & supply by booklet which include typ2 diabetes clients' life skills and supported by videotapes to enforce their practices with nurse supervision during visit them to the center .and instructed to periodic blood glucose test, with control their blood sugar and body weight to avoid complications. Nurse in addition to the physician, have an important role to playing the education, counseling and skills building of diabetic patients.

Intensive monitoring for post-transplant diabetes mellitus and treatment with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor therapy

AimCurrent monitoring practices fail to diagnose patients with post-transplant hyperglycaemia and tend to delay initiation of treatment, which potentially results in adverse graft and morbidity outcomes. This real-world study set out to assess the impact on insulin resistance indices of a new clinical pathway for diagnosis and treatment of hyperglycaemia following renal transplantation. MethodsA hundred and forty-seven adult renal transplant recipients, without pre-existing diabetes, from a single centre were included. Patients transplanted between January 2008 to September 2015 formed the historical cohort. Patients transplanted between October 2015 and February 2018 were subject to a new clinical pathway - if they had fasting blood sugar levels more than 7 mmol/L or random blood glucose levels more than 11.1 mmol/L, they had early introduction of oral therapy, using the DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin. ResultsIn the historical cohort, 19.8% were diagnosed with PTDM, compared to 46.3% in the protocol cohort. Amongst patients with PTDM, there was a significant difference in HOMA-IR (p = 0.02) between the historical cohort (median HOMA-IR 3.33) and the protocol cohort (median HOMA-IR 2.21). There was a significant difference at each time point (0,1,2-h measurements) of blood glucose levels form oral glucose tolerance testing between patients with and without PTDM in the historical cohort (p < 0.001), but no difference between patients in the protocol cohort. ConclusionDetection of PTDM was higher with the new clinical pathway. Early treatment of hyperglycaemia resulted in better insulin resistance scores. Larger prospective controlled studies focussing on early detection and management of PTDM with linagliptin are warranted.

Predisposing factors for hypoglycaemia in the emergency department.

ObjectiveHypoglycaemia is a common complication of diabetes mellitus. Previous studies suggest that hypoglycaemic episodes may occur with other comorbidities, influencing the outcome of recovery. Recognising the predisposing factors for hypoglycaemic episodes in the emergency department is important. Therefore, we investigated the characteristics of and predisposing factors for hypoglycaemia in the emergency department.MethodsData from 186 patients were retrospectively collected from a medical centre in northern Taiwan. We divided the patients into the advanced-age group (132 patients) and the younger group (54 patients). Associated data collected for statistical analysis included vital signs on arrival, first measured blood glucose level, laboratory results, related comorbidities, length of hospital stay, and survival to discharge.ResultsHypoglycaemia was more frequently observed in women in the advanced-age group than in the younger group. Tachycardia and elevated systolic blood pressure were less predominant in the advanced-age group than younger group. More patients in the advanced-age group had concurrent infection, and more patients in the younger group had liver dysfunction, elevated liver enzymes, liver cirrhosis, and concurrent stroke.ConclusionsCloser attention should be paid to the possibility of infection in patients of advanced age. Liver disease and stroke need to be ruled out in younger patients.

Immunomodulating effect of Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen on course of induced diabetes mellitus in experimental mice

Background: Helminth infections, particularly S.mansoni, are known to induce a protective role against various forms of autoimmune diseases, including type 1diabetes (TID). The observed S.mansoni significant inhibition or delay of diabetes development in non-obese diabetic mice (NOD), appeared to be due to a modulation of the diabetes-associated th1response towards protective th2 responses through IL-10 production. Objective: To study the effect of S. mansoni SEA on the immune response in induced TIDmouse moduel. Material and Methods: In this study, 90 male Swiss Albino mice of 6 weeks old, weighing between 90 and 100g were divided into 5 groups; control group (I): Streptozontocin (STZ)-treated group (II); soluble egg antigen (SEA)-immunized group (III); (STZ+SEA) group (IV); (SEA+STZ) group (V). Mice were subjected to measurement of blood glucose levels at two and four weeks by colorimetric method, and measurement of IL-10 by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Histopathological examination of pancreatic sections of the five groups investigated signs suggesting presence or absence of pancreatic inflammation. Results: Significant lowering of blood glucose level occurred at 2-weeks in groups III and V compared to group II and at 4-weeks in groups III, IV and V compared to group II, and in group V compared to group IV. Significant higher IL-10 level occurred at 2-weeks in groups IV and V compared to group II, and in groups IV and V compared to group III and in group V compared to group IV. In 4-weeks, significant increase in IL-10 level occurred in groups II, IV, V compared to group I, and in group V compared to group IV. No significant difference between groups III and I was recorded. Histopathological changes of pancreatic sections of groups I and III showed normal architecture of pancreatic cells; While groups II and IV coinciding with STZ treatment showed vacuolation and necrosis of islets of Langerhans at 2-weeks the inflammation subsided in group IV. In group V there was dilation of blood vessels with inflammatory cells at both weeks. Conclusion: S.mansoni derived SEA proved to be protective against TID leading to improvement of blood sugar control and indicating the protective role of S.mansoni infection.

The Preventive Effect of Oxytocin on Retinopathy in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Objectives:The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of intravitreal and intraperitoneal use of oxytocin (OT) on retinopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.Materials and Methods:Twenty-four 6-8-week-old adult male and female Sprague Dawley rats were used in the study. Diabetes was induced in the rats with a single injection of intraperitoneal streptozotocin. Diabetes was verified after 48 hours by measuring blood glucose levels of 260 mg/dl (14.4 mmol/L) or higher in diabetic rats. The rats were divided into 4 groups and treated as follows: intravitreal physiological saline group (0.01 mL saline weekly), intravitreal OT group (10 μU/μL OT weekly), intraperitoneal physiological saline group (1 mL daily), and intraperitoneal OT group (100 IU/kg OT daily). Hamilton syringes fitted with 27-gauge needles were used for intraperitoneal injections while 31-gauge needles were used for intravitreal injection. After 4 weeks of treatment the rats were euthanized to evaluate outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) immunoexpression, and plasma VEGF levels from blood samples obtained by cardiac puncture.Results:Morphometric analysis of retinal cross-sections showed that intravitreal and intraperitoneal OT significantly increased ONL thickness compared to physiological saline-treated groups. Also, OT treatment significantly decreased VEGF protein expression compared with the physiological saline groups. Plasma VEGF level was significantly higher in the physiological saline treatment group compared to the OT treatment group.Conclusion:OT reduces diabetic retinopathy progression, particularly when administered intravitreally. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to investigate the impact of OT on diabetic retinopathy and may provide a new area for further research.

USING OF RM-ANOVA IN R AND SPSS SOFTWARE ON THE EXAMPLE OF PROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST RESULTS IN PATIENTS WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME

The paper presents the use of repeated measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) in biomedical studies. Special attention is given to conceptualization of research questions, data computerization and data presentation as well as to assumptions for this method. We also discuss recommendations for presenting results of RM-ANOVA in scientific reports. For better understanding of the method we present practical example using the data on repeatedly measured blood glucose levels in patients with PCOS and healthy women from different ethnic groups after oral glucose tolerance test. Practical implementation of RM-ANOVA in R and SPSS software is also given with syntax and graphs.

Hypoglycemia in blood glucose level in type 2 diabetic Japanese patients by continuous glucose monitoring

BackgroundHypoglycemia is associated with cardiovascular diseases, increased risk of death. Therefore, it is important to avoid hypoglycemia. The aim of this study was to characterize hypoglycemia according to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level and determine the contributing factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM).MethodsT2DM patients (n = 293) receiving inpatient care were divided into five groups according to HbA1c level on admission (Group 1: ≥ 6 to < 7%, Group 2: ≥ 7 to < 8%, Group 3: ≥ 8 to < 9%, Group 4: ≥ 9 to < 10%, and Group 5: ≥ 10%). The frequency of hypoglycemia and factors associated with hypoglycemia were analyzed.ResultsHypoglycemia occurred in 15 patients (5.1%), including 4 (8%), 4 (6%), and 7 (10%) patients of Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively, but in none of groups 4 and 5. Patients with hypoglycemia of Groups 1 had low insulin secretion and were high among insulin users, those of Groups 2 had low homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Those of Group 2 and 3 had significantly lower mean blood glucose levels, those of Group 3 only had significantly lower maximum blood glucose level and percentage of AUC > 180 mg/dL. In any of the HbA1c groups, variations in blood glucose level were significantly larger in patients with hypoglycemia than without.ConclusionsHypoglycemia occurred in patients with a wide range of HbA1c on admission (range 6–9%), suggesting that prediction of hypoglycemia based on HbA1c alone is inappropriate. Among patients with low HbA1c, strict control sometimes induce hypoglycemia. Among patients with high HbA1c, the possibility of hypoglycemia should be considered if there is a marked discrepancy between HbA1c and randomly measured blood glucose level. Larger variations in blood glucose level induce hypoglycemia in any of the HbA1c groups. The treatment to reduce variations in blood glucose level is important to prevent hypoglycemia.

Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Activities of Psychotria sylhetensis Hook in Alloxan-induced Type 2 Diabetic Rats

The current study was carried out to determine the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of methanolic extract P. silhetensis leaves in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. In this study diabetes was induced in rats by intraperitoneal administration of 150 mg/kg of alloxan. Animals were treated for one week with the plant extract at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. Metformin (100 mg/kg b.w.) was used as standard for comparison. The anti-diabetes activity was examined by measuring blood glucose level at 0, 3, 5 and 7 days in diabetic induced animal models. Blood samples were collected at day eight of the treatment and analyzed for triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) after sacrifice. Alloxan-induced diabetic rats exhibited a significant decrease in plasma glucose level when treated with P. silhetensis leaf extract as compared to normal, diabetic control and standard rats. All tested lipid parameters were improved after the treatment with methanolic extract of P. silhetensis and metformin as compared to diabetic rats. The results of the present study showed that P. silhetensis possesses significant anti-diabetic properties and has beneficial effects on diabetic hyperlipidemia. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(1): 41-44, 2019

Evaluation of Linearity and Interference Effect on SMBG and POCT Devices, Showing Drastic High Values, Low Values, or Error Messages.

When a patient with diabetes measures blood glucose levels using a simple blood glucose meter, an error message or abnormal value may be displayed because of interfering substances, potentially leading to unnecessary medical treatment. Here, we tested 10 self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and point-of-care testing (POCT) devices to investigate under what conditions they fail to measure blood glucose levels or display abnormal values instead. We also evaluated the influence and linearity of several well-known interfering substances and hematocrit (Ht). Each adjusted sample was measured by each device twice and the values compared with the reference values. Linearity was favorable in all but one model. The impact of the interfering substances and Ht has been confirmed in many SMBG and POCT devices. In particular, some models showed significant pseudo-high or -low levels for samples that contained ascorbic acid, which is used widely in infusion solutions. Three devices showed error messages to avoid presenting a false value. Since pseudo-high levels may result in the excessive administration of insulin and lead to adverse events, this report serves as a critical reminder of the importance of device choice for specific indications. Three new devices have safety functions that prevent the showing of false values.

Hiperglikemia Tidak Menyebabkan Perubahan Bobot Badan dan Jumlah Neuron Mienterik Nitrergik Usus Halus Tikus Wistar (Rattus norvegicus)

Digestive dysfunction is a common symptom of diabetes. Diabetes can lead to the loss of enteric neurons as well as nerve dysfunction and gastrointestinal complications. There has been no complete report of mienteric nitrergic of small intestines on hyperglycaemia condition, so the purpose of this study was to assess changes of nitrergic neural profile of small intestines on hyperglycemic Wistar strain rats (Rattus norvegicus). Twelve rats were adapted for 3 days, then they were randomly divided into 3 groups namely group I (K-1, as control), group II (K-2), and group III (K-3). Before treatment all rats were fasted for 12 hours, rats K-1 were induced with 1.0 ml of buffer citrate single peritoneal dose; rats K-2 were induced with 40 mg streptozotocin (STZ)/ kg body weight of single peritoneal dose; and rats K-3 were induced with 45 mg STZ /kg body weight of single peritoneal dose. On the 1st and 5th days after STZ induction, blood was collected through the coccigea vein to measure blood glucose levels and weigh the weight. On the day 5th the rats were uthanated with a high dose of ketamine, dissected and taken small intestines (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) for staining with Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d). Morphometric changes of nitrergic neurons of the small intestine segments were observed. The results showed that on the 5th day increased blood glucose levels of the K-2 and K-3 groups were significantly higher than K-1 (P &lt;0.01). The weight of three groups did not show any significant improvement difference (P&gt; 0.05). The number of neurons in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of K-2 group increased higher than that of K-1 and K-3 groups. These results indicate that in hyperglycaemic states, the number of nitrergic neurons increases (K-2 group), and there is a significant decrease in the number of neurons (group K-3) compared with K-1 and K-2 groups (P &lt;0.01). The results of this study concluded, that the STZ induction treatment causes hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia does not affect to the body weight and the number of nitrergic neurons of small intestines in Wistar strain rats (Rattus norvegicus).

Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of glucagon-like peptides: evaluation of their actions on serotonergic, nitrergic, and opioidergic systems.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) are gut derived hormones. GLP-1 and GLP-2 were shown to have pleiotropic effects in intestinal and pancreatic diseases. We aimed to investigate the activities of GLP-1 and GLP-2 on nociception and inflammation in mice, involving their actions on serotonergic, nitrergic, and opioidergic systems. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of intraperitoneally injected GLPs were evaluated in hotplate latency test, formalin-induced behavioral, and paw edema tests. Ondansetron, a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist; L-NAME, a NOS inhibitor; and naloxone, an opioid antagonist were injected to determine the mechanisms of antinociception and anti-inflammation. We also measured blood glucose levels and performed rotarod test in order to evaluate whether the hypoglycemic effect of GLP compounds or alterations in locomotor activity may affect the latency in hotplate test and activity in formalin test. GLP-1 (0.2mg/kg) and GLP-2 (0.05, 0.2mg/kg) significantly increased pain threshold. GLP-1 (0.2mg/kg) and GLP-2 (0.05, 0.1, 0.2mg/kg) significantly decreased formalin-induced licking and shaking behaviors. GLP-1 or GLP-2 showed no significant inhibitory action on formalin-induced swelling in paws of mice. Antinociceptive actions of GLP-1 and GLP-2 were significantly decreased with ondansetron and naloxone, and paw shaking behavior significantly increased with naloxone. GLP-1 and GLP-2 did not impair rotarod performance, and did not cause a significant hypoglycemic effect in our normoglycemic mice after rotarod test. These finding indicated that the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of GLP-1 was related to opioidergic system. Antinociceptive effect of GLP-2 was partially related to 5-HT3 serotonergic or opioidergic system in hotplate test. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of GLP-2 was not directly related to 5-HT3, NO or opioids.

Accuracy Improvement of Blood Glucose Measurement System Using Quantum Cascade Lasers

For non-invasive measurement of blood glucose levels, a measurement system based on mid-infrared, attenuated-total-reflection spectroscopy equipped with hollow optical fibers, a trapezoidal multi-reflection prism, and two fixed-wavelength quantum cascade lasers emitting different wavelengths is proposed. From the absorption spectra of lip mucosa measured by Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry, two wavelengths, 1152 cm-1 for absorption by glucose and 1186 cm-1 for the background, were chosen. To reduce measurement errors, the power distribution on the prism surface was investigated, and it was found that some high-intensity spots appear on the prism surface due to the coherency of the laser beam. This inhomogeneous power distribution causes measurement errors for slight movements of the lip mucosa. To homogenize the intensity distribution on the prism, a lens to excite higher modes in the fiber was introduced, and the incident angle was changed to suppress interference due to back-reflected light. These improvements increased the measurement stability, and in-vivo experiments demonstrated that the measured optical absorption correlates well with blood glucose levels.

Clinical Usefulness of Flash Glucose Monitoring System in Dogs with Diabetes Mellitus

A new flash glucose monitoring system (FGMS) for human has been developed recently. In the FGMS, glucose concentration in the interstitial fluid is measured for 14 days continuously by inserting a dedicated sensor subcutaneously. Although it is a device developed for human medicine, it has been reported that it can be used to measure glucose concentrations in dogs as well. The purpose of this study was to summarize the course of use of FGMS in dogs diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM). Four dogs diagnosed with DM were included in this study. For each case, the start of the trial was done under hospitalization, and a sensor was installed during hospitalization. In addition to the use of FGMS, blood samples were collected for measurement of blood glucose levels. The glucose concentration in the blood was compared with that in the interstitial fluid measured by FGMS. All cases were discharged with sensors installed, and measurement by FGMS was continued at home. There was a very strong correlation between blood glucose level and glucose concentration measured by FGMS. In 2 of the 4 cases, insulin dosage was changed based on the results of FGMS, which led to stable blood glucose control. In the remaining 2 cases, FGMS confirmed that blood glucose levels could be well controlled. Although further investigation is necessary for the installation location, the clinical usefulness of FGMS in dogs with DM was proven by this case series.

Nanosensors in Blood Glucose Measurement: A Review

Diabetes is a fast growing problem nowadays worldwide. Diabetes, not a curable disease needs blood glucose to be measured very often. Blood glucose measurement is by various methods. Glucose sensors help in measuring blood glucose level. Glucose sensors employ various methods in different technologies to measure blood glucose level. Recently nanosensors employs nanotechnology for blood glucose measurement. Nanosensors fabricated by different nanomaterials has high sensitivity because of high surface to volume ratio. This paper discusses the several methods to measure blood glucose with the advantage and disadvantage.

To compare the efficacy of plasma glucose level, finger capillary blood, and gingival crevicular blood to measure blood glucose level in chronic periodontitis patients

Background: A high number of patients with Periodontitis may have undiagnosed diabetes mellitus (DM). Diabetes is an associated risk factor for chronic periodontitis and has several other oral symptoms including dry mouth and oral infection. Expanding the role of the dentist may prove to be an efficient method of early detection and management of diabetes. Aim: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether blood oozing from gingival crevice during routine periodontal examinztion can be used for determining glucose levels. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 male/female patients with Chronic Periodontitis in the age group of 30 years and above were selected and divided into three groups i.e. Control Group (Plasma glucose level), Test Group 1 (Finger capillary blood) and Test Group 2 (Gingival crevicular blood). Blood glucose measurements were made using gingival crevicular blood and finger capillary blood using glucose self monitoring device (Accu-Chek Active) and at the same time venous blood was collected for measurement of serum (plasma) glucose. Data obtained were statistically analyzed using Paired t-test (p), and Pearson's correlation test (r). Results: The results revealed a strong correlation between (a) gingival crevicular blood and finger capillary blood (r = 0.999; P

Effect of Sticophus hermanii extract on fasting blood glucose and skeletal muscle glut4 on type 2 diabetes mellitus rats model

The purpose of this study was to prove that Sticophus hermanii (SH) extract can lower blood glucose levels and increase skeletal muscle GLUT4 levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) rats model. This research is a laboratory experimental study, with complete randomized design. Thirty rats (Wistar rats) were randomly divided into five groups, a normal control group and four T2DM rat groups by intra peritoneal STZ 50 mg / kg BW. The four T2DM rat groups divided into control positif group (without giving anything), given metformin 100 mg (first-line drugs T2DM), SH 8.5 mg and 17mg / kg BW, respectively, by gastric intubations every day during 2 weeks. After 2 weeks the rats sacrificed to measure blood glucose level with stikNesco multicheck and skeletal muscle GLUT4 level with elisa method. The results of this study were 1) blood glucose levels of T2DM rats decreased significantly, with the giving of SH 8.5 mg / kg body weight and 17 mg / kg body weight and gave the same effect with metformin 100 mg / kg body weight, 2) Skeletal muscle Glut 4 of T2DM rats increased significantly, with the giving of SH 8.5 mg / kg body weight and 17 mg / kg body weight and giving effect equal to metformin 100 mg / kg body weight. The conclusion was administration of SH extract at dosage 8.5 mg / kg body weight or 17 mg / kg body weight in T2DM rats statistically gives the same effect with metformin 100 mg / kg body weight, but it seems that dosing 8.5 mg / kg body weight gives better effect.