Measuring Blood Glucose Levels Research Articles

Very Selective Detection of Low Physiopathological Glucose Levels by Spontaneous Raman Spectroscopy with Univariate Data Analysis

After decades of research on non-invasive glucose monitoring, invasive devices based on finger blood sampling are still the predominant reference for diabetic patients for accurately measuring blood glucose levels. Meanwhile, research continues improving point-of-care technology toward the development of painless and more accurate devices. Raman spectroscopy is well-known as a potentially valuable and painless approach for measuring glucose levels. However, previous Raman studies deal with glucose concentrations that are still order of magnitudes away with respect to human tissues’ physiological concentrations, or they propose enhancement methodologies either invasive or much complex to assure sufficient sensitivity in the physiological range. Instead, this study proposes an alternative non-enhanced Raman spectroscopy approach sensitive to glucose concentrations from 1 to 5 mmol/l, which correspond to the lowest physiopathological glucose level in human blood. Our findings suggest a very selective detection of glucose with respect to other typical metabolites, usually interfering with Raman spectroscopy’s glucose detection. We validate the proposed univariate sensing methodology on glucose solutions mixed with lactate and urea, the two most common molecules found in human serum with concentrations similar to glucose and similar features in the Raman spectra. Our findings clearly illustrate that reliable detection of glucose by Raman spectroscopy is feasible by exploiting the shifted peak at 1125 ± 10 cm–1 within physiopathological ranges.

The Effect of Diabetes Mellitus on the Thickness of Gingival Junctional Epithelium (Study in the Experiment of Caspase-3)

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder manifested by abnormally high levels of blood glucose, resulting in hyperglycemia that affects the oral cavity, leading to periodontitis. The junctional epithelium (JE) is the epithelial component of the dento-gingival unit that is in contact with the toothsurface. Apoptosis and proliferation of JE are essential to maintenance JE thickness. Apoptosis is programmed cell death that can be triggered by various signals and is characterized by well-defined morphologic changes and biochemical features. Caspase-3 is involved in the underlying mechanisms of apoptosis, and the activation of caspase-3 is considered to be the final step in many apoptosis pathways. Purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of DM on the expression of caspase-3 and the thickness of JE. Sixteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were used and divided equally into two groups: the diabetic group that injected intraperitoneal by streptozotocin (STZ) and negative control group. Measurements of blood glucose levels were analyzed before and at 2, 4 weeks after STZ injection. In addition, JE thickness and expression of caspase-3 were examined after 2 and 4 weeks. JE was stained by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining for thickness measurement and the immunohistochemistry by using the anti-caspase-3 antibody for caspase-3 expression measurement and examined under light microscope. The results of the present study showed that a decrease of JE thickness and increase of caspase-3 expression were obtained while increasing the diabetic duration. Two ways Anova and Least Significant Difference (LSD) tests indicated a significant difference of JE thickness and caspase-3 expression between all groups except in diabetic group after 2 and 4 weeks. Also, caspase-3 expression in diabetic group after 2 and 4 weeks (P > 0.05) were not significantly different. It can be concluded that diabetes mellitus (DM) affected on the thickness and caspase-3 expression of JE. Furthermore, the results suggest that high expression of caspase-3 was associated with the diabetes-induced apoptotic cell-death resulting in reduction of JE thickness.

Covalent immobilization of glucose dehydrogenase onto graphene oxide magnetic nanoparticles to improve the stability

Glucose dehydrogenase, as an important biocatalyst, has been widely used in biosensors, especially in measuring blood glucose levels. The low stability of the enzyme limits its applications in clinics and industry. To improve the stability, graphene oxide nanoparticles were fabricated, characterized, and used to immobilize of glucose dehydrogenase. The nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR. The enzyme was covalently immobilized on the nanoparticles with the activation of glutaraldehyde. After optimizing the immobilization conditions, an immobilization yield of 92% and the activity recovery of 91% were achieved. The immobilized GDH was characterized and compared with the free enzyme. It showed 6.9-fold higher stability than that of the free enzyme after the immobilization. And after 25 cycles, the immobilized GDH remained 50% of the initial activity. These results indicated that the immobilization could broaden the applications of the GDH in the industry and clinic.

Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectrophotometry observation to find appropriate wavelength for non-invasive blood glucose level measurement optical device

The appropriate wavelength is essential for non-invasive blood glucose level measurement optical device. We conducted this experimental observation to find the usable wavelength candidate for non-invasive blood glucose level measurement optical device in 1000 nm to 2500 nm range. We run this observation in Prodia Bogor and Food Processing and Crops Technology Lab, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, IPB University, July 2019. We obtained fasting, 15 mnt postprandial, and 30 mnt postprandial blood sample from 10 randomly selected consenting non blinded healthy adult subjects between 18 to 60 years old. We measured spectrophotometric absorbance for each blood sample. We did the measurement using BUCHI NIR FLEX 500. We compared the result to blood glucose level by standard gold measurement. We also compared the Pearson correlation, and the standard deviation of all samples to then-existing wavelength source LED provided by Thorlabs. We found that the highest absorbance and standard deviation wavelength is at 1939 nm. Wavelength LEDs candidates that represent measuring blood glucose levels is 1200, 1300, 1450, 1750, and 1950 nm. We did not find a severe adverse effect from each participant. Researchers should confirm the trial results with in vivo human observation.

Gender features of changes in clinical and laboratory indicators in patients with acute Q-myocardial infarction complicated by acute heart failure and hyperglycemia on admission

The aim was to determine the gender characteristics of changes in the levels of heart failure markers, neurohumoral stress and blood biochemical parameters in patients with acute Q-myocardial infarction (Q-MI) complicated by acute heart failure (AHF) and hyperglycemia (HG) on admission. Materials and methods. The study involved 84 patients with Q-MI complicated by AHF and HG on admission without a history of diabetes. The average age was 67.00 ± 1.34 years (M ± m). The patients were divided into 2 groups based on gender. Male patients made up the 1 group (n = 52), the mean age was 63.00 ± 1.56 years (M ± m). Group 2 (n = 32) included female patients, the mean age was 78.00 ± 1.81 years. The patients underwent measurements of admission blood glucose level, average glycemia during the first day, glycemic profile (GP) variability, the level of copeptin, NTproBNP, insulin, lipid profile, coagulogram, blood electrolytes, and HOMA index was calculated. On the 12th day, the patients were further examined in order to determine the cause of the HG development. Results. Men had a significantly higher level of standard deviation of HP by 33 %, and average glycemia during the first day by 14 %. There was a tendency towards higher levels of insulin and HOMA-index in male patients compared with women (2.2 times and 1.95 times, respectively). In women, the level of copeptin on day 12 was significantly higher than in men by 2.14 times, and NTproBNP by 2.09 times. In men, there was a tendency towards a decrease in these indicators during the acute period of Q-MI, and the levels of markers increased on the 12th day in women. Troponin I levels in male patients was 2 times higher compared to those in women, but not significantly. No significant differences were found in terms of coagulogram indicators. In women, the level of total cholesterol (TC) on day 1 exceeded that in men by 14 %, on day 12 – by 7 %, the level of low density lipoproteins (LDL) on day 1 – by 18 %, on day 12 – by 17 %. In a dynamic follow-up, the level of TC in men significantly decreased by 10 % (P = 0.002), and in women by 16 % (P < 0.001). The LDL level in men decreased by 17 % (P < 0.001), and in women by 18 % (P < 0.001). Conclusions. The men with acute Q-MI complicated by AHF and HG on admission had significantly higher mean levels of glycemia (by 14 %) and standard deviation of HF during the first day of treatment (by 33 %) as compared to women, and also they showed the tendency to higher levels of troponin I, insulin and HOMA index. Female patients with acute Q-MI complicated by AHF and HG on admission, were found to have significantly higher levels of copeptin (2.14 times) and NTproBNP (2.09 times) on day 12, higher levels of TC and LDL on day 1 (GC by 14 %, LDL by 18 %) and on day 12 (GC by 7 %, LDL by 17 %), but they had better dynamics of the decrease in lipid profile indicators during treatment compared with that in men. Coagulogram indices did not differ significantly depending on the patient gender.

134 The Effect of Adipose Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction on Stasis Zone in an Experimental Burn Model on Streptozocin – Induced Diabetic Rats

Abstract Introduction Stasis zone is the encircling area of the coagulation zone which is a critical area determining the depth and width of the necrosis in burn patients. In our study we aim to salvage the stasis zone by injecting adipose derived stromal vascular fraction (ADSVF). Methods Intraperitoneal Streptozotocin was administered for the induction of diabetes mellitus (DM) and the development of DM was confirmed by the measurement of blood glucose levels in the blood samples with blood glucometer weekly 48 hours after injection. Rats with blood glucose levels above 200 mg/dl were accepted as diabetic. The diabetic animals were followed for 4 weeks before the intervention. Thermal injury was applied on dorsum of diabetic Sprague – Dawley rats (n=20) according to the previously described ‘‘comb burn’’ model. After the burn injury (30 minutes) on Sprague - Dawley rats; rat dorsum was separated into 2 equal parts consisting of 4 burn zones (3 stasis zone) on each pair. ADSVF cells harvested from inguinal fat pads of diabetic Sprague - Dawley rats (n=5) were injected on the right side while same amount of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) injected on the left side of the same animal. One week later, average vital tissue on the statis zone was determined by macroscopy, angiography and microscopy. Vascular density, inflammatory cell density and gradient of fibrosis were determined via immunohistochemical assay. Results Macroscopic stasis zone tissue survivability percentage (32 ± 3.28 %, 57 ± 4.28 %), average number of vessels (10.28 ± 1.28, 19.43 ± 1.72), capillary count (15.67 ± 1.97, 25.35 ± 2.15) and vascular density (1.55 ± 0.38, 2.14 ± 0.45) were higher on ADSVF side. Fibrosis gradient (1.87 ± 0.51, 1.50 ± 0.43) and inflammatory cell density (1.33 ± 0.40, 1.20 ± 0.32) were higher on the PBS side. Conclusions Macroscopic and microscopic findings determined that ADSVF has a statistically significant benefit for salvaging stasis zone on acute burn injuries in DM.

A prospective comparative study to evaluate the effect of Myo-inositol plus diet vs diet alone in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of Myo-inositol plus diet and diet alone in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods: A Randomized Prospective study was carried out in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus patients to evaluate the efficacy of Myoinositol+diet vs Diet alone in the department of Gynaecology, Durgabhai Deshmukh Hospital, a 300 bedded multispecialty hospital from September 2018-April 2019.OGTT test was conducted to measure blood glucose levels. Results: Among the total number of patients (60), Myoinositol + diet is given in 50% and diet is given in 50% of the patients. Among 30 patients on diet, 19 patients couldn’t control rising blood glucose levels and were prescribed insulin for reduction of blood glucose levels. Among 30 patients on myoinositol+ diet, 4 patients couldn’t control 1 hr blood glucose levels and were prescribed insulin to control blood glucose levels. Conclusion: This study showed that Myoinositol + diet is effective than only diet with respect to decrease in blood glucose levels and safety among patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Therefore, we conclude that myoinositol + diet is safe and effective in reducing fasting and 2hr blood glucose levels.

Effect of Rhizophora sp mangrove leaf extract on mice blood glucose levels

Diabetes mellitus is a disease that occurs due to increased blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) due to disorders of the pancreas. Mangrove leaves are known as herbal plants that can reduce blood glucose levels because it contains flavonoid compounds that can repair damaged pancreatic β cells and stimulate pancreatic β cells to produce the hormone insulin. This study aimed to determine the effect of Rhizophora leaf extract administration in reducing blood glucose levels of mice. This research was an experimental laboratory with the approach the post-test only control group design. This test used 5 groups, consisting of negative control group, positive control group (Glibenclamide 5 mg/kg BW), KP1 (extract 250 mg/kg BW), KP2 (extract 500 mg/kg BW), KP3 (extract 700 mg/kg BW). Measurement of fasting blood glucose levels using glucometer. The results showed that the administration of Rhizophora leaf extract in the KP1, KP2, and KP3 treatment groups was able to reduce blood glucose levels compared to before being treated, although the decrease was not yet up to normal limits. The conclusion was that the Rhizophora leaf extract was able to reduce fasting blood glucose levels with the highest percentage reduction in KP2 at a dose of 500 mg/kg BW by 29%.

Continuous glucose monitoring systems - Current status and future perspectives of the flagship technologies in biosensor research -

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic illness in the United States affecting nearly 120 million adults, as well as increasing in children under the age of 18. Diabetes was also the 7th leading cause of death in the United States with 270 K deaths in 2017. Diabetes is best managed by tight glycemic control, as achieving near-normal glucose levels is key to reduce the risk of microvascular complications. Currently, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems have been recognized as the ideal monitoring systems for glycemic control of diabetic patients. Briefly, a CGM system measures blood glucose levels in subcutaneous tissue by attaching a CGM sensor to the skin, allowing the users to make appropriate modifications to their medical interventions according to experience or empirically derived algorithms. The principles of the glucose sensing employed in the current commercially available CGM systems are mainly electrochemical, and employ the gold standard enzyme, glucose oxidase, as the glucose sensing molecule with the combination of hydrogen peroxide monitoring or with the combination of redox mediator harboring hydrogel. Recently, by employing an abiotic synthetic receptor harboring a fluorescent probe combined with a fluorescent detection system, a chronic CGM was commercialized. In addition, the development of less or non-invasive monitoring sensors targeting glucose in tears, sweat, saliva and urine have become of great interest although their clinical relevancy is still controversial. This review article introduces current and future technological aspects of CGM systems, the flagship technology in biosensor research, which was initiated, matured and is still growing in North America.

Development of a recipe for sugar cookies with a reduced glycemic index

The disadvantage of confectionary lies in its unbalanced composition and high glycemic index. It has a high energy value because of the high content of refined ingredients such as fat, sugar and flour. However, the physiological value, biological value and biological efficiency are quite low. Excessive consumption of confectionery can lead to metabolic disorders in the organism and many endocrine diseases, such as diabetes mellitus and obesity, as well as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases and others. It is, therefore, necessary to create new products containing carbohydrates with a low glycemic index or to adjust existing recipes in order to reduce refined sugars in them, as well as to improve the nutritional value in general. In this paper, we present the information on the creation of confectionery with a practical orientation. Based on an analytical evaluation of the nutrient composition of sugar cookies and properties of some sugar substitutes of natural origin, we developed a cookie recipe with complete replacement of sugar by a mixture of fructose and stevioside. We carried out an organoleptic evaluation of innovative products containing sugar substitutes in different proportions. Based on blood glucose level measurement, there were calculated the glycemic index and glycemic load of the developed cookies. It was found that the glycemic index was reduced by 26% in comparison with confectionery made according to traditional recipes. There were also noted high organoleptic indices of developed cookies. The obtained result allows recommending it for prevention of development of such diseases like obesity and diabetes mellitus, as well as to include in the diet of different population groups.

Infrared Spectroscopy Based Study of Biochemical Changes in Saliva during Maximal Progressive Test in Athletes.

This study aims to explore biochemical changes in saliva during cardiorespiratory exercise using attenuated-total-reflectance-Fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Saliva and blood samples were obtained from six athletes at rest, and after running at speeds of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20 kilometers-per-hour (km/h) on a treadmill (maximal stress test). Saliva ATR-FTIR spectra were analyzed using deconvolution and multivariate analysis. Area-under-the-curve calculations suggest differential changes in glucose, lactate, protein, lipids, carbohydrate and phosphate content in saliva during the test. Increases in glucose and lactate levels with increasing speeds were verified by simultaneous measurement of blood glucose and lactate levels using standard equipment (Roche®). Multivariate principal-component-analysis (PCA) showed discrete clusters for low (rest-14 km/h) and high (15 - 20 km/h) speeds, and PCA-linear-discriminant-analysis showed 100% classification of 18 - 20 km/h as high speed. Overall, results suggest the possibility of using this non-invasive saliva-based ATR-FTIR method for biochemical assessment during sports exercise and stress tests.

Awareness and risk burden of diabetes mellitus in a rural community of Ekiti State, South-Western Nigeria.

SummaryObjectiveIn recent times, Diabetes Mellitus (DM) has had a rapid increase in developing countries as a result of changing lifestyles among the people. This study was therefore aimed to investigate the level of awareness of DM and its associated risk factors in Afao: a rural community located in Irepodun/Ifelodun Local Government Ekiti State, Nigeria.DesignThe study was descriptive cross-sectional in design. A multi-stage sampling technique was applied to recruit respondents who are residents in the community. Two hundred and one individuals were involved in this community-based study. Information was obtained using a modified WHO STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk surveillance. The questionnaire included questions that assessed socio-demographic characteristics, diabetic risk factors and anthropometric measures of respondents.ResultOf the 134 (66.7%) respondents aware of DM, only an average of 43.9% had knowledge of its risk factors. Respondent’s body mass index was significantly associated (P < 0.01) with knowledge of overweight/obesity as overweight (52.9%), grade 1 obese (62.5%) and morbid obese (100%) respondents had no knowledge of their status as risk factors for DM. Also, respondent’s blood pressure status showed a significant association (P = 0.099) with respondent’s knowledge of high blood pressure, 62.5% of those unaware of their blood pressure status had no knowledge of high blood pressure as a diabetes risk factor. Respondent’s age (P = 0.024) and diet; daily vegetable servings (P = 0.015) and cooking oil (P = 0.05) showed significant association with the occurrence of the disease in 14.4% respondents previously diagnosed.ConclusionThis study shows a need to improve on the level of awareness of diabetes risk factors in Afao. Routine measurement of blood glucose levels for adults, community health education and enlightenment strategies through the ministry of health on the awareness of diabetes are highly recommended for the Afao community.

Type and timing of exercise during lunch breaks for suppressing postprandial increases in blood glucose levels in workers.

ObjectivesSuppression of postprandial hyperglycemia may aid in preventing lifestyle‐related diseases in working people. The present study aimed to identify the types and timings of exercises that can be performed by working people during a 60‐minute lunch break that are effective in attenuating postprandial increases in blood glucose levels.MethodsHealthy working people aged 20 years and older were subjected to aerobic (AER) or resistance (RES) exercise before (Pre) and after (Post) lunch, assuming a 60‐minute lunch break, with fixed 20‐minute lunch and rest periods. These exercise sessions of 4 different patterns were performed by each participant. Serial measurements of blood glucose levels were obtained every 15 minute using a Flash Glucose Monitoring System.ResultsData were analyzed for 11 participants who completed the protocol. Our incremental area under the curve (IAUC) analysis indicated that the AER‐Post condition was associated with the most significant hypoglycemic effect, followed by the AER‐Pre condition. Although the RES‐Post showed no significant difference, a decrease in the IAUC comparison is apparent. However, the RES‐Pre condition exerted no acute effect on blood glucose levels.ConclusionsWorkers may benefit from a 20‐minute aerobic exercise period, following a 20‐minute lunch and a 20‐minute rest period, as this may help prevent progression to diabetes. Furthermore, performing 20‐minute aerobic exercises prior to lunch may also attenuate postprandial increases in blood glucose levels. Therefore, if the lunch breaks are short, aerobic exercises are recommended before lunch.

Evaluation of the Three Glucometer Devices Performance in Comparison with the Cobas Integra 400 Plus Autoanalyzer in Measuring Blood Glucose Levels: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the performance of the three glucometers compared to standard the laboratory method (Cobas Integra 400 Plus) in measuring blood glucose levels. Patients and Methods: A total of 100 Yemeni diabetic patients were randomly recruited into a comparative cross-sectional study. Venous and finger-pricked blood samples were obtained from all participants and used for blood glucose levels measurement following the standard procedures. Results: The mean blood glucose levels for one-hundred diabetic patients using the Gluco Contour TS and Gluco SD Codefree were not significantly different compared with the Cobas Integra 400 Plus (12.14 ± 6.89 mmol/L vs. 12.85 ± 8.83 mmol/L, P = 0.159; 12.50 ± 7.18 mmol/L vs. 12.85 ± 8.83 mmol/L, P = 0.490), respectively. However, there is a significant difference using the Gluco Alert device from that of the Cobas Integra 400 Plus (11.83 ± 6.94 mmol/L vs. 12.85 ± 8.83 mmol/L, P = 0.046). Furthermore, using the ROC curve at a 95% confidence interval, the Cobas Integra 400 Plus showed a significant agreement with the Gluco Contour TS (51.4%), Gluco SD Codefree (50.4%), and Gluco Alert (39.3%), respectively. For determining accuracy, the sensitivity of the glucometer devices was the following: Gluco SD Codefree (87.3%), Contour TS (85.9%), and Gluco Alert (78.9%). In this regard, the highest specificity was related to Gluco Contour TS (65.5%). Conclusion: The correlation between both methods was good, with high sensitivity and specificity in measuring blood glucose levels as indicated by the ROC curve. Thus, we suggest using these glucometers at homes and hospitals as a point of care for diabetic patients.

Design of cost-efficient Glucose meter

A blood glucose metre is a small, portable device that measures blood glucose levels. To avoid long-term complications from diabetes, careful blood glucose control is required. New blood glucose metres have a small size, a large memory capacity, blood glucose manipulation techniques, and computer-based data processing capabilities.The Glucose Detection System is implemented in tandem with an improved Op-based Potentiostat and an automatic test system. This project's goal is to investigate an improved OP-based Three-Electrode Potentiostat that can be used in an Electrochemical Glucose Biosensor device to achieve comparable measurement accuracy. This Project enables us to make the Glucometer Cost-Efficient, Affordable and Easy to Use. They hold a lot of promise in the field of bio-detection on the go systems for use in health care and biomedicine.

Verification of Non-invasive Blood Glucose Measurement Based on Pulse Wave by FBG Sensor System

In order to grasp the biological information on a daily basis, more detailed information can be obtained as the number of measurements increases. In blood glucose level measurement, it is necessary to reduce the burden on the subject in order to increase the number of measurements, and non-invasive measurement is required. We measured the strain of the radial artery using the Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor, which is an optical fiber type strain sensor. The FBG sensor was a non-invasive measurement method that could measure strain signals simply by installing it on the surface of the living body on the radial artery. This strain signal was continuously measured by the developed wearable FBG sensor system. This study was conducted on a total of 9 subjects, 7 males and 2 females. A calibration model for calculating blood glucose level was constructed by Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression analysis using the signal waveforms measured by 7 subjects. The data of the remaining two subjects were substituted into the calibration model to calculate the predicted blood glucose level. The blood glucose level prediction accuracy was 19mg/dl, and all Error Grid Analysis (EGA) results were plotted in the A or B zone. The data of these two subjects were measured continuously, it was possible to show the transition of blood glucose level. Therefore, it was shown that the transition of the blood glucose level of the subject whose blood glucose level calculation calibration model has no data can be calculated from the signals continuously measured by the portable FBG sensor system.

PANCREAS HORMONES- INSPIRED METHOD

This paper intends to formulate a new multi-objective inspired method, called Pancreas Hormones Method (PHM) for solving optimization problems. PHM is a population-based method, which based on biological nature of pancreas hormones in the maintenance of blood glucose level in the human body system. The adaptive blood glucose control system has provided useful alternatives and supplements to the types of optimization problems embodied in distributed systems. In this method, cell absorption of glucose is considered as a candidate solution; this happens when each cells' receptors in the human body bind with insulin granule, which allows utilizing glucose by a cell. The pancreas evaluates the fitness of all solutions by measure blood glucose level (BGL) in each iteration (secretion phases). Insulin granules (molecules) tend to target cells randomly and search for the optimal solutions which can get it by retard BGL to normal range. In each generation of the algorithm, the best solution is which can access the BGL to the balance point, whereas the other solutions are considered as a searcher of the search space. In this paper, PHM designed, and then it validated, tested on the bases of standard benchmarks and compared with the results of some successful algorithms. The results of PHM are promising.

A comparative study of blood glucose level measurement between glucometer and semi autoanalyser

Introduction: There is a direct relationship between glycemic control and risk of systemic complications leading to high morbidity and mortality in diabetes.3 Estimation of blood glucose is the main investigation for the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus and also for monitoring emergency complications of DM. Glucometers are used for monitoring blood glucose levels in most of the hospitals. There is a need for establishing the reliability of results of glucometer as they also have limitations.6 Our study is undertaken to compare the glucose levels in capillary whole blood by glucometer and glucose levels in venous plasma samples by semi autoanalyser. Materials and Methods: Study was conducted in the department of Biochemistry Osmania General Hospital. 50 Subjects both male and female in the age group of 25 to 65yrs attending out patient department of Medicine at Osmania General Hospital were included in the study. Capillary blood glucose is measured with a glucometer and venous plasma sample glucose is measured with a semi autoanalyser. Statistical analysis is done by mean comparison and student t test. Results: When the two means are compared there is increase in the blood glucose levels measured by using a glucometer (117.76+39.01) when compared to venous blood samples levels measured by using a semi autoanalyzer (108.78+39.05) but there is no statistical significance (P> 0.05). Results showed a variation of 2% to 15% in individual subjects between the blood glucose levels by two methods. Conclusion: Mean glucose levels in capillary blood sample estimated by glucometer is higher than the mean glucose levels in venous plasma samples estimated by semi autoanalyser, but there is no statistical significance. Hence glucometer can be used at bedside as a better alternative for out patient department diagnosis and in emergency situations. Keywords: Glucometer, Semi auto analyser, Blood glucose.

Analisa Keakuratan Kadar Glukosa Darah Menggunakan Clarke-Error Grid Analisis pada Alat Ukur Non-invasive menggunakan Sensor Photoacoustic

Blood glucose is a very important element in the human body, but if it is deficient or excessive, it can cause chronic disease that can lead to death. To prevent this, it is necessary to monitor cholesterol and blood glucose levels regularly, at this time the tool for measuring blood glucose levels is still an invasive method by taking a blood sample at the fingertip by injuring it. This study aims to develop a non-invasive blood glucose measuring device using a Photoacoustic Spectroscopy sensor in the range of values from a laser pulse source (λ = 650 nm) which can detect glucose signals in the blood. The method of developing this research is by designing a non-invasive measuring instrument and measuring blood glucose levels in male and female participants to create a linearity equation between blood glucose levels and the output voltage from the sensor, then mathematically obtained a polynominal equation to convert the voltage to values. blood glucose level. Validation of measuring instruments designed by comparing invasive measuring instruments as a reference, using the Clarke EGA to determine accuracy based on the classification of values of blood glucose and blood cholesterol levels based on reference. The results of the Clarke EGA analysis show that all measurement data is in Zone A so that the measuring instrument with a photoacoustic sensor can be accepted.

Hypoglycemic Effect of a Combined Andrographis paniculata and Caesalpinia sappan Extract in Streptozocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.

Introduction Researchers usually use herbal combinations to explore and develop traditional medicine to obtain additional benefits in the treatment of diseases, including diabetes. This study aims to evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of the combination of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall ex Nees and Caesalpinia sappan Linn extract (APCSE) on diabetes-induced rats. There has not been sufficient research on this combination; however, single extract studies of these plants have been widely conducted. Materials and Methods Male Sprague Dawley rats (160–200 g) were induced by injecting a low dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg BW) twice and fed with a high-fat diet containing 25% fat, whereas control animals received only standard feed. Rats were treated with APCSE at doses of 100 mg and 200 mg/kg BW for seven days and compared to the APE and CSE groups treated with the extract at 100 mg, respectively. For the control group, rats were treated with metformin with a dose of 250 mg/kg. The antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects were determined by measuring blood glucose levels and lipid profiles (cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and LDL). To assess the impact of the extract on pancreatic and adipose tissue, the number of pancreatic beta cells and adipocytes was evaluated through histopathological and immunohistochemical study. Results and Discussion. In a nonfasting state, the blood glucose change in APCSE 200 mg was 18.65% and was significantly lower from the DM group. However, a single extract of APE and CSE showed lower fasting blood glucose levels compared to the combined extract. Lipid profiles show no significant differences in cholesterol levels between groups; however, all treatment groups, including metformin, showed higher triglyceride levels. The APE-treated group showed significantly lower HDL and LDL, whereas CSE only showed lower LDL. The β-cell number was significantly higher after treatment with single extract CSE. The CSE and the combined extract groups showed hyperplasia adipocytes. Conclusion The combined extract of APCSE has a moderate antihyperglycemic effect; however, a single extract may have better potential than the combined extract.