Blood Glucose Concentrations Research Articles

A veterinary-calibrated point-of-care glucometer accurately measures blood glucose concentration in dogs and cats.

To determine the clinical and analytical accuracy of a new veterinary-calibrated portable blood glucose monitor (PBGM) compared to a reference laboratory analyzer. Client-owned dogs (n = 77) and cats (n = 64). Peripheral and paired capillary whole-blood glucose concentrations measured via PBGM were compared to plasma glucose concentrations measured via a Cobas c501 reference analyzer (Roche). Analytical accuracy was evaluated with the Spearman rank correlation coefficient, Bland-Altman difference plot analysis, and Deming regression. Clinical accuracy was evaluated with Parkes error grid analysis. Paired peripheral and capillary blood samples were compared with the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. There was a high correlation between PBGM and reference analyzer readings in dogs and cats. Human quality assurance standards (International Organization for Standardization 15197:2013 guidelines) for analytical accuracy were met for 95% of feline peripheral blood samples and 89% of canine samples. Similar veterinary standards (American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines) were met for 89% of canine and 92% of feline peripheral blood glucose measurements. Error grid analysis showed that all peripheral canine and 97% of feline measurements were clinically accurate (zone A). Any altered clinical decision for the remaining feline measurements was expected to minimally impact outcome (zone B). No significant difference was found between peripheral and capillary blood glucose measurements in either species. The PBGM produced clinically accurate results and is suitable for use in veterinary and home settings to measure blood glucose.

The relationship between COVID-19 and hyperglycemia: screening and monitoring hospitalized patients

BackgroundElevated blood glucose concentration, also known as hyperglycemia, has been identified as a significant factor influencing the prognosis of COVID-19, alongside the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 infection itself.MethodsThis research is a cross-sectional investigation that examined the relationship between COVID-19 and hyperglycemia in patients admitted to Afzalipour Hospital in Kerman, Iran, from July to September 2021. A standardized data sheet was used to capture demographic data (age, gender) and laboratory information (blood sugar, arterial blood oxygen saturation, and C-reactive protein (CRP)) upon admission.ResultsThe present research evaluated a total of 300 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19, with an average age of 50.19 ± 15.55 years. Among these patients, the majority were male, accounting for 51.67% of the total. Hyperglycemia was seen in 21.67% of patients, but less than 20% had new-onset diabetes. Individuals exhibiting hyperglycemia were typical of advanced age (P < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a slight but statistically significant association between advanced age and elevated blood glucose concentration (R = 0.254, P < 0.001). Gender had no significant impact on the occurrence of hyperglycemia (P = 0.199). There was no significant association between CRP levels and blood glucose concentration (P = 0.524) or the incidence of hyperglycemia (P = 0.473). Although there was no significant disparity in blood oxygen saturation between individuals with or without hyperglycemia (P = 0.06), higher blood glucose concentration was correlated with lower blood oxygen saturation (R = -0.151, P < 0.001).ConclusionConsidering the correlation between blood glucose concentration, advanced age, and disease severity, it is recommended to carefully screen and monitor all COVID-19 patients for hyperglycemia and new-onset diabetes. Effective management of these complications could enhance the control of patients’ overall prognosis and subsequent complications.

Ketone monoester attenuates declines in cognitive performance and oxygen saturation during acute severe hypoxic exposure under resting conditions.

Exogenous ketone supplements are a potential augmentation strategy for cognitive resilience during acute hypoxic exposure due to their capacity to attenuate the decline in oxygen (O2) availability, and by providing an alternative substrate for cerebral metabolism. Utilizing a single-blind randomized crossover design, 16 male military personnel (age, 25.3±2.4year, body mass, 86.2±9.3kg) performed tests of cognitive performance at rest in three environments: room air (baseline), normoxia (20min; 0m; 20.9% O2) and hypoxia (20min; 6096m, 9.7% O2) using a reduced O2 breathing device (ROBD). (R)-3-Hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (R-BD R-βHB) ketone monoester (KME; 650mg/kg, split dose given at 30min prior to each exposure) or taste-matched placebo (PLA) was ingested prior to normoxia and hypoxic exposure. Blood R-βHB and glucose concentrations, cognitive performance and O2 saturation ( ) were collected throughout. KME ingestion increased blood R-βHB concentration, which was rapid and sustained (>4mM 30min post; P<0.001) and accompanied by lower blood glucose concentration (∼20mg/dL; P<0.01) compared to PLA. Declines in cognitive performance during hypoxic exposure, assessed as cognitive efficiency during a Defense Automated Neurobehavioral Assessment (DANA) code substitution task, were attenuated with KME leading to 6.8 (95% CL: 1.0, 12.6) more correct responses per minute compared to PLA (P=0.018). The decline in during hypoxic exposure was attenuated (6.40% ; 95% CL: 0.04, 12.75; P=0.049) in KME compared to PLA (KME, 76.8±6.4% ; PLA, 70.4±7.4% ). Acute ingestion of KME attenuated the decline in cognitive performance during acute severe hypoxic exposure, which coincided with attenuation of declines in O2 saturation.

Effect of adding &lt;i&gt;fenugreek&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Nigella sativa&lt;/i&gt; to white rice on postprandial glycemic and appetite responses in healthy individuals

White rice is a high glycemic index food, and therefore different approaches are adopted to reduce its glycemic effect. The present study investigated the effect of adding fenugreek and Nigella sativa seed powder to white rice on glycemia, appetite, palatability, and gastrointestinal clinical manifestations in healthy subjects. In a randomized crossover design, 16 healthy subjects consumed white rice alone (control group), white rice with 2-g fenugreek seed powder, or white rice with 4-g nigella seed powder on different occasions. Each test meal provided 50 g of available carbohydrates. Blood glucose, subjective appetite, and gastrointestinal manifestations were measured at fasting and postprandially for 2 h. Palatability of the test meals was also measured using a 9-point hedonic scale. The nigella meal resulted in significantly lower blood glucose concentration (31.25 mg/dL) at 30 min (p = 0.022), compared to the control meal (43.88 mg/dL) whereas fenugreek meal showed no significant effect. Moreover, the nigella meal significantly increased satiety ratings at 30 and 90 min (p = 0.035 and 0.018, respectively). The results demonstrated that the addition of nigella powder to white rice reduced its glycemic response and increased satiety, compared to the control meal. All test meals were judged as acceptable by the subjects and their consumption didn’t cause any gastrointestinal discomfort. Results of the current study demonstrated promising implications for reducing glycemic response of white rice, a commonly consumed high-glycemic index food.

Investigation of Anti-Diabetic Properties of Ceylon Cinnamon Bark Extracts by In-Vitro α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibition, Molecular Modeling, and Postprandial Blood Glucose Regulation for Potential Nutraceuticals

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) can appear due to the absence of insulin (DM1- type 1) or poor response of cells to insulin (DM2-type 2). Even though DM1 cannot be controlled using general treatments, DM2 can be easily controlled or prevented using pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, or dietary practices. Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) is one such natural remedy that has been consumed against elevated blood glucose levels in the past. Cinnamon and different types of cinnamon extracts have been scientifically tested for their activities on the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes that are responsible for carbohydrate metabolism and are effective in blood glucose regulation. However, the combined effect of aqueous and ethanol extracts of cinnamon bark on blood glucose regulation is still lacking. In this study, Water Extract of Cinnamon (CWE), Ethanol Extracts of Cinnamon (hot ethanol extract of cinnamon-CHEE, cold ethanol extract of cinnamon-CEE, and 50% ethanol extract of cinnamon- CEE-50) were studied for their sugar-controlling properties. Objectives: This study was performed to identify the efficacy of different cinnamon extracts on the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, followed by animal studies to confirm the use of the extracts in nutraceutical formulations. Methods: Water and ethanol-based extraction method was used to prepare cinnamon extracts. These extracts have been scientifically tested for their activities on the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Molecular docking studies were used to identify the binding of the active molecules to the substrate binding sites of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. In-vivo time dependence postprandial blood glucose regulation studies have been performed with healthy Wistar male rats. Results: Yields of the CHEE, CEE, and CWE were 14±2%, 12±2%, and 8±1% respectively. According to the LCMS data, the major component in the CEE was cinnamaldehyde. Both CWE and CEE were subjected to the Total Polyphenol assay (TPC) and Total Flavonoids (TFC) assays. The TPC of CWE and CEE were 117±1 mg (Gal)/g and 170±10 mg (Gal)/g, while the TFC of CWE and CEE were 359±1 mg (Qc)/g and 254±4 mg (Qc)/g, respectively. In the α-amylase inhibition assay, Acarbose; a known α-amylase inhibitor, and CEE showed IC50 values of 65.4 ppm and 2.6 ppm, while CWE failed to show inhibition against α-amylase. In the α-glucosidase inhibition assay, Acarbose; a known α-amylase inhibitor, CEE, and CWE showed IC50 values of 312 ppm, 4.5 ppm, and 1.3 ppm, respectively. In-vivo time dependence postprandial blood glucose regulation studies that have been performed with healthy Wistar male rats showed a lowering of blood glucose concentrations by 22%, 11%, and 10% of glucose at 30 min, 60 min, and 90 min compared to the control group. Conclusion: The CEE contains polyphenols and flavonoids and is effective in inhibiting both α- amylase and α-glucosidase. The CWE also contains polyphenols and a comparatively higher level of flavonoids and is effective in inhibiting α-glucosidase while not affecting α-amylase inhibition. Overall, the IC50 data, TPC data, and TFC data proposed that the inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes by polyphenols may depend on the polarity of particular polyphenols. Based on the rat trials, it can be concluded that the 1:1 combination of CWE and CEE may be useful in formulating postprandial blood glucose level-regulating nutraceuticals.

Serum Cortisol and Blood Glucose Concentrations in Anesthetized Dogs Administered Levobupivacaine and Low-Dose Dexmedetomidine for Regional Anesthesia of the Oral Cavity.

The effects on the stress response, postanesthetic sedation, and altered behavior were evaluated following regional anesthesia and dental treatment in 40 dogs. Serum cortisol and blood glucose concentrations were measured following the administration of levobupivacaine (LBUP) 0.5% and dexmedetomidine (DEX) (0.5 µg/kg) or a placebo. The dogs were randomly assigned to 4 groups of 10 dogs each. All dogs received a regional nerve block using LBUP 0.5%. Group 1 (LBUP + DEX IV) also received DEX intravenously (IV); group 2 (LBUP + PLC IV) also received a placebo IV; group 3 (LBUP + DEX IO) also received DEX in one infraorbital (IO) block; and group 4 (LBUP + DEX IA) also received DEX in one inferior alveolar (IA) block. Serum cortisol and blood glucose concentrations were determined before the administration of oral blocks and at the end of the procedure. Sedation and behavior scores were assessed before premedication and hourly for 6 h after the end of anesthesia. Cortisol concentration did not change in any group at either evaluation time. The glucose concentration was higher (P < .05) only in the LBUP + DEX IA group at the end of the procedure. The sedation score was higher until the end of the observation period only in the LBUP + DEX IV and LBUP + PLC IV groups. No change in behavior score was observed in any of the groups. The reduction of perioperative stress response in all groups was due to the use of LBUP and not DEX.

The Impact of Thyroid Hormones on Cardiometabolic Risk in Children and Adolescents with Obesity, Overweight and Normal Body Mass Index (BMI): A One-Year Intervention Study.

Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism and have a major impact in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. The purpose of our study was to examine the relation of thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroid hormones with cardiometabolic parameters in children and adolescents with obesity, overweight, and normal body mass index (BMI) before and after the implementation of a comprehensive, multidisciplinary, personalized, lifestyle intervention program for 1 year. One thousand three hundred and eleven (n = 1311) children and adolescents aged 2 to 18 years (mean age ± SD: 10.10 ± 2.92 years) were studied prospectively. Patients were categorized as having obesity (n = 727, 55.45%), overweight (n = 384, 29.29%) or normal BMI (n = 200, 15.26%) according to the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cutoff points. All patients received personalized guidance on diet, sleep, and physical activity at regular intervals throughout the 1-year period. Detailed clinical evaluation and hematologic, biochemical and endocrinologic investigations were performed at the beginning and the end of the study. Subjects with obesity had a more adverse cardiometabolic risk profile than subjects with overweight and normal BMI on both assessments. At initial evaluation, total T3 concentrations were positively associated with uric acid and HbA1C, and free T4 concentrations were negatively associated with insulin concentrations, while there was no association between TSH concentrations and cardiometabolic risk parameters. Following the 1 year of the multidisciplinary, lifestyle intervention program, the concentrations of lipids, HbA1C, ALT, and γGT improved significantly in all subjects. Changes in TSH concentrations were positively associated with changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP), glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol concentrations. Changes in free T4 concentrations were negatively associated with changes in cholesterol and insulin concentrations. Furthermore, changes in T3 concentrations were positively associated with changes in HbA1C, glucose, uric acid, and triglyceride concentrations. These findings indicate that in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity, thyroid hormones are associated with indices conferring cardiometabolic risk.

The Self-Powered Thermoelectric System Driving an Electric Field for Raman-Spectrum Glucose Quantitative Analysis

For a long time, blood glucose monitoring has been a challenging issue in the field of medicine. Although it is possible to visit a hospital for regular blood tests to track blood sugar concentration, the physiological reactions triggered by blood collection might lead to feeling weak, dizzy, or even vomiting. Therefore, especially for diabetic patients, they need to frequently monitor their blood sugar concentration in their daily lives to ensure their health. Currently, the primary methods for blood glucose testing still rely on invasive techniques, such as using fingertip glucose meters and other methods which require skin puncture to obtain blood samples. Although these methods provide a quick assessment of current blood glucose concentration, they come with the pain and discomfort of blood collection process and the potential risk of infection. As a result, in recent years, many researchers have been dedicated to developing non-invasive blood glucose monitoring methods. However, accurately measuring glucose concentration inside the human body remains a challenging task. One of the primary issues is the presence of strong noise and background noise. To avoid this challenge, we have developed an innovative detection platform that is combines surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and external electric field sensing technology. With the electromagnetic effect, we add external electric field in our platform to excite more the surface plasmon resonance. By using this method, we can achieve signal amplification to detect lower concentrations of glucose. Now, we can detect down to 0.001mM of glucose. We also exhibit self-powered electric field system, using the flexible themoelctric device to combine our platform. By the property of self-powered, we success to create a self-powered electric field system. We focus on driving themoelectric through the temperature different between body temperature and environment. The approach is aimed at generating power from the human body, providing a self-powered thermoelectric system for Raman-spectrum glucose sensors. This innovative approach holds promise for advancing non-invasive blood glucose monitoring and benefiting a larger population of diabetes patients in the future.

Feline acute patient physiologic and laboratory evaluation scores and other prognostic factors in cats with first-time diabetic ketoacidosis.

Acute Patient Physiologic and Laboratory Evaluation (APPLE) scores have not been reported in cats with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). In cats with DKA, APPLE scores will be significantly higher in non-survivors compared with survivors and these scores will predict mortality. Sixty-eight cats with DKA. Retrospective study. The APPLE scores, blood glucose concentration (BG), venous pH, and ketone concentrations were compared between survivors and non-survivors. Simple logistic regression was used to determine if these variables predict the binary variable of survival or non-survival, and if they did, an empirical optimal cut point for mortality prediction was calculated. The APPLEfast and APPLEfull scores were significantly higher in non-survivors (30 cats; and , respectively) compared with survivors (38 cats; and ; P = .01 and P = .02, respectively). The APPLEfast (P = .03) but not the APPLEfull scores (P = .06) predicted mortality. For every 1 unit increase in the APPLEfast score, the odds of death increased by 1.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.006-1.17; P = .03). Median BG was significantly higher in non-survivors (431 mg/dL; range, 260-832 mg/dL) compared with survivors (343 mg/dL; range, 256-738 mg/dL; P = .01) and BG predicted mortality (P = .02). For every 1 mg/dL increase in BG, the odds of death increased by 1.004 (95% CI, 1.0006-1.008). Empirical optimal cut points for APPLEfast and BG mortality prediction were 24.5 and 358 mg/dL, respectively. The APPLEfast score and BG predict mortality in cats with DKA and can be used to stratify populations by risk of mortality in clinical trials of DKA in cats.

Exploring the association of serum prolactin with serum glucose levels and clinical findings in a cohort of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis

BackgroundIn the context of rheumatoid arthritis and its systemic inflammatory implications, there is an increasing interest in investigating the role of prolactin in the clinical and metabolic aspects of the disease. This study aimed to explore the potential links between serum prolactin levels, serum glucose levels, and the clinical manifestations of arthritis.MethodsThis exploratory, cross-sectional, observational study focused on women diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. The research involved assessing prolactin and blood glucose concentrations, alongside specific clinical traits such as disease-related inflammation, morning stiffness, and fatigue intensity. The presence of changes in serum prolactin (PRL) was initially compared among the groups based on disease activity intensity. Using a multinomial regression analysis, the study analyzed the impact of predetermined clinical and metabolic factors on various categories of prolactin concentration.ResultsOut of the 72 participants included in the study, hyperprolactinemia was detected in 9.1% of the sample. No differences in serum PRL were identified among the evaluated groups based on disease activity. Following multivariate analysis, no statistically significant differences were identified for the outcomes of inflammatory activity and morning stiffness within each PRL category when compared to the reference category for PRL. There was no increased likelihood of encountering blood glucose levels below 100 mg/dl among individuals with higher prolactin concentrations compared to those in the lowest prolactin category (OR 5.43, 95% CI 0.51–58.28). The presence of clinically significant fatigue revealed a higher likelihood of encountering this outcome among patients with intermediate PRL values (prolactin categories 7.76–10.35 with OR 5.18, 95% CI 1.01–26.38 and 10.36–15.29 with OR 6.25, 95% CI 1.2–32.51) when compared to the reference category.ConclusionsThe study found no discernible correlation between prolactin concentrations and worse scores for inflammatory activity of the disease, nor between prolactin concentrations and serum glucose levels. The findings regarding fatigue should be approached with caution given the exploratory nature of this study.

Serum metabolome analysis reveals medicinal fungi Phellinus igniarius ameliorated type 2 diabetes mellitus indications in rats via modulation of amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism.

Medicinal fungi Phellinus igniarius exhibited hypoglycemic effects; however, the protective mechanisms of P.igniarius on type 2 diabetes are not yet fully understood. Herein, the anti-diabetic effect of P.igniarius was investigated via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS)-based metabolome analysis. The rats were divided into normal group; model group; positive group; and groups treated with low, medium, and high dose of P.igniarius. After the treatments, a significant decrease in blood glucose concentration was observed. The levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride were dramatically decreased, whereas the level of insulin was increased. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed 31 differential endogenous metabolites between model group and normal group. A total of 14, 28, and 31 biomarkers were identified for low, medium, and high dose of P.igniarius treated groups, respectively. Twenty-one of the biomarkers were validated by using standard substances. The linear correlation coefficients ranged from 0.9990 to 1.0000. The methodology exhibited good repeatability, recoveries, and stability. The major intervened metabolic pathways covered glyoxylate and dicarboxylic acid metabolism; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism. Our metabolome analysis has provided insights into the underlying mechanism of P.igniarius on type 2 diabetes.

Magnesium from Deep Seawater as a Potentially Effective Natural Product against Insulin Resistance: A Randomized Trial.

Background and Objectives: Deep seawater has been shown to restore pancreatic function in obese diabetic mice and considerably improve the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in patients with impaired fasting glucose or glucose tolerance. In this study, the effect of 12-week daily consumption of magnesium (Mg2+)-containing deep seawater mineral extracts on blood glucose concentration and insulin metabolism-associated indicators was investigated in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. Materials and methods: In this 12-week randomized, double-blind trial, patients (n = 37) with impaired glucose tolerance consumed deep seawater mineral extracts. Changes in blood glucose concentration and related indicators were compared between the treatment group and placebo group (n = 38). Results: The fasting insulin, C-peptide, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, homeostatic model assessment of beta-cell function, and Stumvoll insulin sensitivity index values in the deep seawater mineral extract group showed improvements compared with the placebo group. However, no significant differences between groups were observed in fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, or incremental area under the curve values. Conclusions: Oral supplementation with deep seawater mineral extracts enriched in Mg2+ markedly improves insulin sensitivity in patients with pre-diabetes. This study illustrates the potential clinical application of natural Mg2+ from deep seawater to alleviate insulin resistance in patients with pre-diabetes. Trial registration: This trial was retrospectively registered with Clinical Research information Service (CRIS), No. KCT0008695, on 8 August 2023.

A comprehensive review on fructosyl peptide oxidase as an important enzyme for present hemoglobin A1c assays.

Glycated proteins are generated by binding of glucose to the proteins in blood stream through a nonenzymatic reaction. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a glycated protein with glucose at the N-terminal of β-chain. HbA1c is extensively used as an indicator for assessing the blood glucose concentration in diabetes patients. There are different conventional clinical methods for the detection of HbA1c. However, enzymatic detection method has newly obtained great attention for its high precision and cost-effectiveness. Today, fructosyl peptide oxidase (FPOX) plays a key role in the enzymatic measurement of HbA1c, and different companies have marketed HbA1c assay systems based on FPOX. Recent investigations show that FPOX could be used in assaying HbA1 without requiring HbA1c primary digestion. It could also be applied as a biosensor for HbA1c detection. In this review, we have discussed the recent improvements of FPOX properties, different methods of FPOX purification, solubility, and immobilization, and also the use of FPOX in HbA1c biosensors.

The application of a novel biomimetic enzyme p-BEs cascade catalytic platform for the rapid detection of glucose

The blood glucose concentration in aquatic organisms, a crucial indicator reflecting their health status, holds significant importance for detecting glucose levels in serum in terms of processing and quality monitoring. In this study, a novel POD biomimetic enzyme (p-BEs) with horseradish peroxidase catalytic properties was designed, optimized, and its mechanism was discussed in detail. Based on this, a portable system has been developed capable of determining glucose levels in three ways: quantitatively analyzed through UV–Vis/MD, quantitatively analyzed on-site using a mobile phone RGB, and semi-quantitatively analyzed through a drip plate. Meanwhile, compared with other catalytic methods for detecting glucose, we achieved a lower limit of detection (0.03 μM) and shorter detection time (12 min), with high catalytic activity. This study provides new insights into the design of efficient and reliable cascade catalytic systems responsive to glucose, offering a low-cost, simplicity of operation method for glucose detection.

The sodium correction factor for dogs undergoing treatment for a hyperglycemic crisis is a 1.6-mEq/L decrease in sodium per 100-mg/dL increase in glucose.

To determine the sodium correction factor for clinical use in hyperglycemic diabetic dogs. Retrospective analysis of 76 hospitalization episodes from 67 different dogs presenting to the University of Georgia Veterinary Teaching Hospital between January 1, 2015, and January 1, 2023. For each hospitalization episode, paired blood sodium and glucose concentration measurements were recorded from the time of presentation until glucose concentration was ≤ 201 mg/dL. Therapies administered, primary diagnosis, and concurrent diseases were also recorded for each episode. A linear mixed model was used to determine the sodium correction factor per 100-mg/dL increase in glucose. Piecewise linear mixed models were also constructed for blood glucose measurements ≤ 400 mg/dL and > 400 mg/dL to explore potential correction factor differences between low and high glucose concentrations. A sodium correction factor of a 1.6-mEq/L (95% CI, 1.3 to 1.9 mEq/L) decrease in sodium concentration per 100-mg/dL increase in blood glucose concentration was calculated. Differences in the correction factor between conditions of low and high glucose concentrations could not be determined due to a small sample size of blood glucose values > 400 mg/dL. Most dogs received similar treatments throughout the study period, including balanced isotonic crystalloids (97% [74/76]), electrolyte supplementation (84% [64/76]), and regular insulin (97% [74/76]). Almost all patients (93% [71/76]) had 1 or more concurrent diseases. A sodium correction factor of 1.6 mEq/L (decrease in sodium per 100-mg/dL increase in glucose) is recommended for clinical use in hyperglycemic diabetic dogs.

Design and analysis of a metamaterial based biosensor to determine blood glucose concentration

In this paper, a biosensor utilizing metamaterials is designed and simulated to detect blood glucose concentration. The proposed sensor comprised of a microstrip patch antenna designed on a Rogers RT5880 substrate. A circular-shaped complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) cell is integrated onto the patch of the antenna which acts as the sensing region. The sensor is analyzed in order to ascertain the blood glucose concentration ranging from 50-300 mg/dL in a human finger model. The sensing parameter is amplitude of reflection coefficient, which exhibits variation in response to alterations in the dielectric characteristics of the sample being tested. The Cole-Cole relaxation model is employed to predict the dielectric properties of different finger tissues. An analysis of the characteristics of the CSRR was conducted to illustrate its significance in the realm of glucose detection. The glucose level is determined through the utilization of a linear regression model that describes the relationship between the reflection coefficient of the sensor and glucose level. The sensor demonstrates an impressive sensitivity of 1.792 dB per (mgdL&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) and has the ability of determining glucose levels with a good accuracy, as verified by the application of Clarke error grid. This sensor exhibits enhanced performance compared to some other recent glucose sensors.

Frequency tunable non-invasive microwave blood glucose sensor based on negative impedance circuit

Abstract This article proposes a frequency adjustable non-invasive blood glucose microwave sensor based on negative impedance circuit. Firstly, this article establishes a skin-blood-skin human tissue model for the detection of non-invasive microwave sensors. Compared to traditional passive microwave blood glucose sensors, this design uses a negative impedance compensation circuit (NIC), greatly increasing microwave penetration and improving its detection sensitivity. In addition, this design achieves the goal of adjustable operating frequency by adding an additional dielectric layer at the detection end. This function is of great significance for microwave non-invasive blood glucose sensors. On the one hand, it can adjust to the optimal operating frequency band according to the characteristics of blood glucose changes; On the other hand, it is possible to measure changes in blood glucose concentration at multiple frequency points, thereby increasing the accuracy of detection. The relevant results show that adjusting the frequency band can reach 1–4 GHz, and the specific method of frequency adjustment is provided in the article; Meanwhile, four initial frequency points were selected in the article, at which the results show that the sensitivity reaches 1.356 × 10−3, 3.142 × 10−3, 2.071 × 10−3, 1.903 × 10−3. The above results demonstrate the superiority of our design, and blood glucose sensors based on this principle are expected to break through the limitations of current blood glucose sensors.

Admission Blood Glucose Associated with In-Hospital Mortality in Critically III Non-Diabetic Patients with Heart Failure: A Retrospective Study.

Heart failure (HF) is a primary public health issue associated with a high mortality rate. However, effective treatments still need to be developed. The optimal level of glycemic control in non-diabetic critically ill patients suffering from HF is uncertain. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between initial glucose levels and in-hospital mortality in critically ill non-diabetic patients with HF. A total of 1159 critically ill patients with HF were selected from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-III (MIMIC-III) data resource and included in this study. The association between initial glucose levels and hospital mortality in seriously ill non-diabetic patients with HF was analyzed using smooth curve fittings and multivariable Cox regression. Stratified analyses were performed for age, gender, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, CHD with no MI (coronary heart disease with no myocardial infarction), renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and blood glucose concentrations. The hospital mortality was identified as 14.9%. A multivariate Cox regression model, along with smooth curve fitting data, showed that the initial blood glucose demonstrated a U-shape relationship with hospitalized deaths in non-diabetic critically ill patients with HF. The turning point on the left side of the inflection point was HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.47-1.02, p = 0.068, and on the right side, HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.07-1.43, p = 0.003. Significant interactions existed for blood glucose concentrations (7-11 mmol/L) (p-value for interaction: 0.009). No other significant interactions were detected. This study demonstrated a U-shape correlation between initial blood glucose and hospital mortality in critically ill non-diabetic patients with HF. The optimal level of initial blood glucose for non-diabetic critically ill patients with HF was around 7 mmol/L.

Trophic guilds differ in blood glucose concentrations: a phylogenetic comparative analysis in birds.

Glucose is a central metabolic compound used as an energy source across all animal taxa. There is high interspecific variation in glucose concentration between taxa, the origin and the consequence of which remain largely unknown. Nutrition may affect glucose concentrations because carbohydrate content of different food sources may determine the importance of metabolic pathways in the organism. Birds sustain high glucose concentrations that may entail the risks of oxidative damage. We collected glucose concentration and life-history data from 202 bird species from 171 scientific publications, classified them into seven trophic guilds and analysed the data with a phylogenetically controlled model. We show that glucose concentration is negatively associated with body weight and is significantly associated with trophic guilds with a moderate phylogenetic signal. After controlling for allometry, glucose concentrations were highest in carnivorous birds, which rely on high rates of gluconeogenesis to maintain their glycaemia, and lowest in frugivorous/nectarivorous species, which take in carbohydrates directly. However, trophic guilds with different glucose concentrations did not differ in lifespan. These results link nutritional ecology to physiology and suggest that at the macroevolutionary scale, species requiring constantly elevated glucose concentrations may have additional adaptations to avoid the risks associated with high glycaemia.

Hesperidin activates the GLP-1R/cAMP-CREB/IRS2/PDX1 pathway to promote transdifferentiation of islet α cells into β cells Across the spectrum

Background and aimsIn all age, FoShou as a Chinese medicinal herb has been active in various kinds of Traditional Chinese medicine formula to treating diabetes. Hesperidin (HES), the main monomeric component of FoShou, has been extensively investigated for interventions with pathogenic mechanism of diabetes as well as subsequent treatment of associated complications. Islet β-cells have an essential effect on dynamically regulating blood sugar. Functional abnormalities in these cells and their death are strongly associated with the onset of diabetes. Therefore, induction of islet endocrine cell lineage re-editing for damaged βcell replenishment would be a promising therapeutic tool. Previously, it has been found that HES can protect islet β-cells in vivo, But, the regenerative function of HES in islet β cells and its role in promoting differential non-β cells transdifferentiation into β cells and cell fate rewriting associated mechanisms remain unclear.This work focused on investigating whether HES can induce islet α cells transdifferentiation into β cells for achieving damaged β cell regeneration and the causes and possible mechanisms involved in the process. Materials and methodsIn brief, 60 mg/kg/d streptozotocin (STZ) was administered intraperitoneally in each male C57bL/6J mouse raised by the high-sugar and high-fat diet (HFD) to create a diabetic mouse model with severe β-cell damage. After 28 consecutive days of HES treatment (160 mg/kg; 320 mg/kg; once daily, as appropriate). Tracing the dynamics of α as well as β cell transformation, together with β cells growth and apoptosis levels during treatment by cell lineage tracing. The self-enforcing transcriptional network on which the cell lineage is based is used as a clue to explore the underlying mechanisms. Guangdong Pharmaceutical University's Animal Experiment Ethics Committee (GDPulac2019180) approved all animal experiments. ResultsLocalization by cell lineage we find that transdifferentiated newborn β-cells derived from α cells appeared in the islet endocrine cell mass of DM mice under HES'action. Compared to the model group, expressed by Tunel staining and CXCL10 levels the overall apoptosis rate of β-cells of the pancreas were reduced,the inflammatory infiltration feedback from HE staining were lower.Ki-67 positive cells showed enhanced β-cell proliferation. Decreased HbA1c and blood glucose contents, elevated C-Peptide and insulin contents which respond to ability of nascent beta cells. Also upregulated the mRNA levels of MafA, Ngn3, PDX-1, Pax4 and Arx. Moreover, increased the expression of TGR5/cAMP-CREB/GLP-1 in mouse intestinal tissues and GLP-1/GLP-1R and cAMP-CREB/IRS2/PDX-1 in pancreatic tissues. ConclusionsHES directly affects β-cells, apart from being anti-apoptotic and reducing inflammatory infiltration. HES promotes GLP-1 release by intestinal L cells by activating the TGR5 receptor in DM mouse and regulating its response element CREB signaling. GLP-1 then uses the GLP-1/GLP-1R system to act on IRS2, IRS2 as a port to influence α precursor cells to express PDX-1, with the mobilization of Pax4 strong expression than Arx so that α cell lineage is finally reversed for achieving β cell endogenous proliferation.