Blood Disorders Research Articles

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: An Approach in the Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) is a treatment indicated for various types of hematological neoplasms, such as leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and other autoimmune hematological diseases and immunodeficiencies. Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited blood disorder that shortens the survival of red blood cells, causing anemia. This research sought to address advances and new perspectives in HSCT in the treatment of sickle cell disease. Currently, HSCT is the only curative option for patients with sickle cell disease and aims to restore normal hematopoiesis and thus prevent damage from successive episodes of sickling. Allogeneic HSC transplantation has become an increasingly acceptable treatment option for sickle cell disease. Currently, even with advances in supportive therapy to prevent complications of SCD, access to care for this disease is unequal. However, worldwide, 120 million people are affected by the disease, and of these, 66% live in Africa. Therefore, in Africa and Asia, the number of patients tends to grow. Therefore, it is important to apply and expand neonatal screening programs, and the need for investment in health policies, especially in these countries where the disease is more severe.

Comprehensive Insights into Eosinophil Interactions in Sickle Cell Anemia Severity

Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) is a prevalent inherited blood disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin leading to erythrocyte deformation and consequential vaso-occlusive events. While the primary focus has traditionally centered on the role of red blood cells in SCA pathophysiology, recent investigations have unveiled the intricate involvement of eosinophils in modulating disease severity. Eosinophils, classically recognized for their role in parasitic infections and allergic responses, have emerged as significant contributors to the inflammatory milieu and vascular dysfunction observed in SCA. This paper aims to provide an extensive understanding of the multifaceted interactions between eosinophils and the pathogenesis of sickle cell anemia, emphasizing their impact on disease severity. Insights into eosinophil biology, including their cytokine release profile, granule protein activity, and endothelial interactions, underscore their dual role in both propagating and modulating inflammation in the context of SCA. The complex interplay between eosinophils and the inflammatory microenvironment in SCA dictates disease severity, warranting a deeper understanding of these interactions for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies. In conclusion, this comprehensive review consolidates current knowledge regarding eosinophil involvement in sickle cell anemia severity, emphasizing the necessity for further investigations into specific eosinophilic mechanisms. A deeper comprehension of eosinophilic contributions to SCA pathophysiology presents a pathway toward novel therapeutic modalities, ultimately enhancing the management and prognosis of individuals afflicted with this challenging hematologic disorder.

Pregnancy Outcomes among Antenatal Women with Sickle Cell Anaemia: A Case Series

Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA) is a common and severe form of an inherited blood disorder known as Sickle Cell Disease (SCD). SCD is a group of autosomal recessive disorders characterised by point mutation resulting in the formation of structurally defective haemoglobin (Hb), called haemoglobin S (HbS). SCD is clinically heterogeneous, with variability in manifestation ranging from being asymptomatic to a severe crisis that can be fatal. Pregnancies complicated by SCA are high-risk due to the disease's heterogeneous manifestations and propensity for maternal and foetal complications. This case series aimed to understand associated maternal and foetal outcomes at a tertiary care hospital. Women presented with a spectrum of clinical presentations from uncomplicated deliveries to cases involving severe acute and chronic sequelae. Preterm birth before 37 weeks, low birth weight, and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) admissions were common, reflecting known risks of growth restriction and prematurity. Previous adverse outcomes such as stillbirth and spontaneous abortion highlighted the threat to maternal and perinatal mortality. Acute sickle cell crises and splenic sequestration occurred. Advanced maternal age and comorbidities such as asthma exacerbated the disease burden. Most of the participants suffered from recurrent adverse outcomes with subsequent gestations. As most of the participants belonged to backward communities, targeted screening could help with earlier identification and counselling to reduce disease incidence in vulnerable populations.

Living, Caring, Learning - Thinking outside the box to solve care challenges in a rare blood disorder

Abstract A specialist nurse for over 20 years, Sandra reflects on her experience of finding ways to deliver effective care for a young girl with a very rare clotting disorder. Symptoms of the girl’s disorder were evident from birth and through an emergency use request Sandra and the care team enabled her family to access a treatment that at the time was in clinical trial. Poor venous access meant there was a need to adapt how treatment was administered and she worked with the girl’s parents to ensure that she was treated effectively. Alongside educating the parents, Sandra highlights the importance of her role in educating co-workers and other hospital staff likely to come into contact with the girl, to ensure that she always had access to timely and appropriate care. She also reflects on other instances where thinking creatively enabled patients in her care access to treatments that may not otherwise have been accessible. Now retired, Sandra continues to be involved in advocacy for people with bleeding disorders.

The impact of MCCK1, an inhibitor of IKBKE kinase, on acute B lymphocyte leukemia cells.

B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is a malignant blood disorder, particularly detrimental to children and adolescents, with recurrent or unresponsive cases contributing significantly to cancer-associated fatalities. IKBKE, associated with innate immunity, tumor promotion, and drug resistance, remains poorly understood in the context of B-ALL. Thus, this research aimed to explore the impact of the IKBKE inhibitor MCCK1 on B-ALL cells. The study encompassed diverse experiments, including clinical samples, in vitro and in vivo investigations. Quantitative real-time fluorescence PCR and protein blotting revealed heightened IKBKE mRNA and protein expression in B-ALL patients. Subsequent in vitro experiments with B-ALL cell lines demonstrated that MCCK1 treatment resulted in reduced cell viability and survival rates, with flow cytometry indicating cell cycle arrest. In vivo experiments using B-ALL mouse tumor models substantiated MCCK1's efficacy in impeding tumor proliferation. These findings collectively suggest that IKBKE, found to be elevated in B-ALL patients, may serve as a promising drug target, with MCCK1 demonstrating potential for inducing apoptosis in B-ALL cells both in vitro and in vivo.

Diagnostic Utility of Bone Marrow Aspiration Cytology- A Hospital Based Prospective Study at Nepalgunj Medical College

Introduction: Hematological disorders are common in all age groups and are worldwide in distribution. At times, routine hematological tests are not sufficient to diagnose blood disorders. Bone marrow examination serves as an important diagnostic aid to evaluate various neoplastic and non-neoplastic hematological diseases.
 Aims: To study role of Bone Marrow Aspiration Cytology in diagnosing hematological disorders. 
 Methods: This is a one-year hospital based prospective study done at Department of Pathology, NGMC, Kohalpur. It included 34 cases subjected to Bone marrow aspiration cytology. Correlation with Peripheral Blood Smear, Reticulocyte count, pearls iron stain and other parameters were done before giving the final diagnosis.
 Results: Age of patients ranged from 10-82 years with equal gender distribution. Common indications for Bone marrow examination were pancytopenia (50%), followed by Anemia and Thrombocytopenia. Megaloblastic Anemia (n=10,29%) was the commonest Anemia followed by mixed nutritional deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia. Hematological Malignancy accounted for six cases, of which Acute Myeloid Leukemia was diagnosed in two cases. Infectious causes comprised of two cases of Visceral Leishmaniasis and one case of Bone Marrow Tuberculosis.
 Conclusion: Bone marrow aspiration cytology serves as an important adjunct in diagnosing hematological disorders. More reproducible results are obtained if bone marrow biopsy is done in conjucntion with aspiration cytology.

Machine Learning Approach for Classification of Sickle Cell Anemia in Teenagers Based on Bayesian Network

In this study, we employed a Bayesian network approach for the classification of sickle cell anemia in teenagers based on their medical data. Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary blood disorder characterized by the presence of abnormal hemoglobin, leading to distorted red blood cells. Early detection and classification of this condition are crucial for timely intervention and improved patient outcomes. Our research focused on leveraging the algorithmic power of Bayesian network to model and analyze a diverse set of medical parameters in teenagers, including age, platelet count, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red blood cell count, packed cell volume etc. The Bayesian network method employed for the classification of sickle cell anemia involves using a probabilistic graphical model to represent the relationships among different medical parameters. The model incorporates Bayesian principles to update and refine its predictions as new information is introduced. The method identifies key features in the dataset that contribute significantly to the classification, providing valuable insights for early detection and intervention. The Bayesian network demonstrated remarkable efficacy in accurately classifying teenagers as either positive for sickle cell anemia or negative, achieving an impressive 99% accuracy rate. This high level of accuracy indicates the robustness of the model in discerning intricate patterns within the medical data. Key features contributing to the classification are found in the dataset, shedding light on their relevance in distinguishing between positive and negative cases of sickle cell anemia, especially in teenagers. Our findings provide valuable insights into the potential diagnostic significance of sickle cell anemia classification in the teenage population. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge in the field of medical informatics and computational biology, offering an efficient and reliable tool for healthcare practitioners in the early identification of sickle cell anemia in teenagers. The demonstrated accuracy of the Bayesian network shows its potential as an effective decision support system, aiding clinicians in making informed decisions and facilitating timely interventions for improved patient care.

Prevalence, prescription patterns, and quality of life of anaemia in adults with chronic renal disease

Introduction and aim. Anaemia is a chronic kidney disease (CKD) condition characterised by a decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and impaired kidney function. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, prescribing patterns, and quality of life of anaemia in patients with chronic renal disease who were adults (>18 years of age) at a tertiary care hospital. Material and methods. Data on demographic characteristics, laboratory results, medication prescriptions, and quality of life assessments were collected. Statistical tests were performed to determine associations between anaemia prevalence and factors like age, gender, and CKD stage. The study included 132 patients, with a gender distribution of 89 men and 43 women. Results. The most frequently prescribed drugs are epoetin (15.06%), multivitamins (14.82%), iron (10.65%), folic acid (10.22%), calcium carbonate (8.17%), calcitriol (5.6%), and omeprazole (4.22%). The cardiovascular system, blood disorders, and blood-producing organs come after the gastrointestinal tract and metabolism in the first anatomical level of the ATC classification. Conclusion. It suggests hospital audits and recommendations for improved prescription practices. Further investigation into anaemia causes and drug class appropriateness is needed, and implementing improvements could potentially improve health outcomes.

Investigating the level of Hba1c and insulin level in β-thalassemia patients

Background: β-thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by reduced or no synthesis of β globin chain, resulting in chronic anemia, so blood transfusion is required as curative therapy. Repeated blood transfusions lead to iron overload that can lead to multiple organ damage, including pancreatic organs.Objective: This study aimed to describe HbA1c and insulin levels of β-thalassemia patients. The study also tested whether there was a significant difference in insulin and HbA1c levels among patients with different β-thalassemia categories. Method: This research was an analytic observational study. The samples were taken by total sampling and involved 30 patients, and the examination was carried out using the patient's blood plasma.Result: The study found that samples had low HbA1c levels. There was no significant mean difference (p>0.05) between insulin and HbA1c in the mild, moderate, and severe clinical degree groups. There was no significant difference in average (p>0.05) insulin and HbA1c in the thalassemia sufferers with allele β+ and β0 types.Conclusion: There was a decrease in insulin and HbA1c in patients with β-thalassemia, which may be caused by damage pancreatic organ damage.

Applications, Efficacies, Potential Side Effects, and Expectations of CAR-T Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

CAR-T cell therapy is a highly effective and powerful treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), showcasing remarkable efficacy in combating this disease. Currently, several CAR-T cell therapies are available for ALL, including Kymriah and Yescarta. CAR-T is a novel targeted therapy for tumor treatment, marking a shift in modern medicine from molecular therapy to cellular therapy. ALL is a malignant blood disorder characterized by an abnormal proliferation of immature white blood cells known as lymphoblasts. These abnormal cells may be found in bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and other organs. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) predominantly affects adolescents and children, with a higher incidence observed in males. Although immunotherapy has shown promising efficacy in hematologic malignancies, the emergence of antigen escape poses a significant obstacle, limiting its use in treating solid tumors. Extensive scientific research is underway to improve the construction and manufacturing techniques of CAR-T cells and investigate novel cell configurations. This review aims to summarize the applications, efficacy, side effects, and expected outcomes of CAR-T therapy in treating ALL. It also explores strategies to enhance CAR-T therapy and provides insights into its current status and future directions in the background of ALL.

Enhancing Early Detection of Blood Disorders through A Novel Hybrid Modeling Approach

Blood disorders are such conditions that impact the blood’s ability to function correctly. There is a range of different symptoms depending on the type. There are several different types of blood disorders such as Leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, lymphoma, myelofibrosis, polycythemia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, and leukocytosis. Some resolve completely with therapy or do not cause symptoms and do not affect overall lifespan. Some are chronic and lifelong but do not affect how an individual lives. Other blood disorders, like sickle cell disease and blood cancers, can be even fatal. There needs to be a capture of hidden information in the medical data for detecting diseases in the early stages. This paper presents a novel hybrid modeling strategy that makes use of the synergy between two methods with histogram-based gradient boosting classifier tree and random subspace. It should be emphasized that the combination of these two models is being employed in this study for the first time. We present this novel model built for the assessment of blood diseases. The results show that the proposed model can predict the tumor of blood disease better than the other classifiers.

Oral Hygiene Habits and Dental Caries Status in Thalassaemic Patients of Larkana: A Cross Sectional Study

Background: Thalassemia, a prevalent blood disorder in Larkana, poses significant challenges to oral health. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the dental caries status and oral hygiene habits in thalassemia patients, addressing a crucial aspect of their overall health management. Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the status of dental caries and oral hygiene habits among thalassemia patients in Larkana. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Fatmid Foundation Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Thalassaemia Centre, Larkana, from October 2020 to May 2022. Oral examinations were performed using a mouth mirror and a blunt ball-ended probe with a 0.5 mm end diameter. Dental caries were diagnosed following World Health Organization criteria, and Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S) was employed for oral hygiene assessment. Data collection included demographic details and oral hygiene practices, analyzed using SPSS Version 24. Results: The study comprised 52% male and 48% female participants, with a mean age of 11.61±4.561 years. Dental caries were observed in 73% of the patients. The Oral Hygiene Index score (p = .112) and DMFT Score (p = .837) revealed no significant gender differences. Conclusion: The study concludes that thalassemia patients in Larkana exhibit poor oral hygiene, with a high prevalence of dental caries. These findings underscore the need for targeted oral hygiene education and caries prevention strategies in this patient population.

A sandwich-type dual-mode biosensor based on graphdiyne and DNA nanoframework for ultra-sensitive detection of CD142 gene

Thalassemia is a globally prevalent single-gene blood disorder, with nearly 7% of the world's population being carriers. Therefore, the development of specific and sensitive methods for thalassemia detection holds significant importance. Herein, a sandwich-type electrochemical/colorimetric dual-mode biosensor is developed based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)/graphdiyne (GDY) and DNA nanoframeworks for ultra-sensitive detection of CD142 gene associated with sickle cell anemia. Utilizing AuNPs/GDY as the substrate electrode, the fabricated sandwiched DNA nanoframework not only improves selectivity but also introduces numerous signal probes to further amplify the output signal. In the electrochemical mode, glucose oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of glucose, generating electrons that are transferred to the biocathode for a reduction reaction, resulting in an electric signal proportional to the target concentration. In the colorimetric mode, glucose oxidase catalyzes the generation of H2O2 from glucose, and with the aid of horseradish peroxidase, H2O2 oxidizes 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine to produce a colored product, enabling colorimetric detection of the target. The dual-mode biosensor demonstrates a detection range of 0.0001–100 pM in the electrochemical mode and a detection range of 0.0001–10,000 pM in the colorimetric mode. The detection limit in the electrochemical mode is determined to be 30.4 aM (S/N=3), while in the colorimetric mode is of 35.6 aM (S/N=3). This dual-mode detection achieves ultra-sensitive detection of CD142, demonstrating broad prospects for application.

Social networks and social support: Parents experiences in the management of thalassemia, a complex lifelong inherited blood disorder, in the indigenous context – A qualitative study

BackgroundThalassemia is the most serious and rare genetic blood disorder and requires regular blood transfusions and lifelong medical care. Indigenous people living in low –and middle-income countries have limited opportunities and support to access and receive services. AimThe present study aimed to uncover the social networks of affected indigenous families and their role in the treatment and management of the disease from the perspective of the parents of affected children. Materials and methodsParticipants included parents of children who provide care and support for their children to receive regular treatment. This qualitative study used a phenomenological approach and collected data through in-depth face-to-face interviews to understand the parent's lived experiences in an indigenous context. Participants' demographic data and network members were collected, and the network map was depicted using NodeXL software. Thematic analysis was used to extract important themes from the data. Themes extracted during analysis indicated that families with homogenous extended families, neighbors, and relatives received tangible social support such as blood donation, caring for the affected, and regular hospital visits. ResultsFamilies with heterogeneous peer families, non-governmental organizations (NGO), religious organizations, and tertiary care professionals availed of Government schemes and services and achieved permanent bone marrow transplantation cures. ConclusionThese findings are significant for developing a context-specific strategy to provide genetic treatment and service delivery, which is crucial for managing hereditary diseases.

Diet-Related Anemias: A Comprehensive Review on Types, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Background: Anemia, a prevalent blood disorder characterized by reduced red blood cells or hemoglobin, has diverse etiologies related to nutritional deficiencies, notably iron, vitamin B12, and B9. Its impact on quality of life is especially significant in elderly individuals and those with chronic conditions. Objective: This systematic review aims to collate and synthesize the current literature on nutrient-related anemias, focusing on types, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Methods: A thorough search was conducted in databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Research Gate using keywords such as "anemia," "types," "pathophysiology," "diagnosis," and "treatment." The review encompasses studies that detail the prevalence, causes, symptoms, risk factors, diagnostic methods, and treatment options for anemias related to iron, vitamin B12, and B9 deficiencies. Results: The review found that anemia affects approximately 24.8% of the global population, with higher prevalence rates in vulnerable groups such as infants, children, and pregnant women. Iron deficiency anemia, the primary form globally, is prevalent in various populations due to factors like poverty, malnutrition, and gastrointestinal conditions. Diagnostic approaches include both traditional laboratory tests and newer metabolite tests like homocysteine and methylmalonic acid. Treatment strategies vary based on the type of deficiency and include oral and intramuscular supplements, with intravenous iron for malabsorption cases and folic acid for folate deficiency. Conclusion: Early detection and effective treatment of diet-related anemias are crucial to prevent serious complications and mitigate their impact on quality of life. The review highlights the importance of tailored treatment approaches, including dietary changes, supplements, and medications, to address the specific needs of individuals with different types of anemia.

Resveratrol Reduce the Severity of Anemia and Thrombocytopenia in Plasmodium berghei ANKA-Infected Mice

Background: Malaria is an infectious disease with a high mortality rate. One of the complications of malaria is blood disorders. Hematological disorders such as anemia and thrombocytopenia are common in malaria infection. Resveratrol has been reported to have antimalarial activity. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of resveratrol in reducing the severity of anemia and thrombocytopenia in Plasmodum berghei-infected mice. Methods: The study began with parasite inoculation in mice. After the mice were infected, and randomly grouped into negative control, chloroquine 20 mg/kg (positive control), and resveratrol with doses 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg. The mice's blood profile was measured on day 0 and day 4 using a hematology analyzer. Results: The results showed that after administration of resveratrol at various doses, the number of RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit and platelets was higher than the control. Conclusion: It can be concluded that resveratrol can reduce the severity of anemia and thrombocytopenia in mice infected with P. berghei.

Understanding Transfusion Therapy in Obstetrics: Ensuring Maternal and Fetal Health

Transfusion therapy plays a pivotal role in obstetrics, serving as a critical intervention to address various maternal and fetal health challenges. The review encompasses the indications, types, and implications of transfusion therapy, aiming to provide a thorough understanding of its role in ensuring optimal outcomes for both mother and fetus. Obstetric hemorrhage remains a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality globally. Transfusion therapy, involving the administration of blood and blood products, emerges as a cornerstone in the management of obstetric hemorrhage, offering a lifeline in critical situations. This abstract delves into the specific scenarios, such as postpartum hemorrhage and placental abruption, where timely transfusions are essential to prevent severe complications. Anemia, a prevalent concern in pregnancy, necessitates a nuanced approach to transfusion therapy. Understanding the thresholds for transfusion in the context of pregnancy-related anemia is crucial for balancing the benefits against potential risks. This review discusses the challenges in managing anemia, exploring the role of transfusion in alleviating symptoms and optimizing maternal and fetal health. In conclusion, this paper synthesizes the current knowledge on transfusion therapy in obstetrics, emphasizing its pivotal role in managing obstetric hemorrhage, anemia, and blood disorders. By elucidating the intricacies of transfusion therapy and its implications for maternal and fetal health, this review aims to guide healthcare professionals in making informed decisions, ultimately contributing to enhanced obstetric care and improved outcomes for pregnant individuals and their infants.

Large-scale deep learning analysis to identify adult patients at risk for combined and common variable immunodeficiencies

BackgroundPrimary immunodeficiency (PI) is a group of heterogeneous disorders resulting from immune system defects. Over 70% of PI is undiagnosed, leading to increased mortality, co-morbidity and healthcare costs. Among PI disorders, combined immunodeficiencies (CID) are characterized by complex immune defects. Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is among the most common types of PI. In light of available treatments, it is critical to identify adult patients at risk for CID and CVID, before the development of serious morbidity and mortality.MethodsWe developed a deep learning-based method (named “TabMLPNet”) to analyze clinical history from nationally representative medical claims from electronic health records (Optum® data, covering all US), evaluated in the setting of identifying CID/CVID in adults. Further, we revealed the most important CID/CVID-associated antecedent phenotype combinations. Four large cohorts were generated: a total of 47,660 PI cases and (1:1 matched) controls.ResultsThe sensitivity/specificity of TabMLPNet modeling ranges from 0.82-0.88/0.82-0.85 across cohorts. Distinctive combinations of antecedent phenotypes associated with CID/CVID are identified, consisting of respiratory infections/conditions, genetic anomalies, cardiac defects, autoimmune diseases, blood disorders and malignancies, which can possibly be useful to systematize the identification of CID and CVID.ConclusionsWe demonstrated an accurate method in terms of CID and CVID detection evaluated on large-scale medical claims data. Our predictive scheme can potentially lead to the development of new clinical insights and expanded guidelines for identification of adult patients at risk for CID and CVID as well as be used to improve patient outcomes on population level.

Comparison between serum nephrin and microalbuminuria as biomarkers for sickle cell nephropathy

Sickle cell anemia is the most common monogenic blood disorder. The most common genotype is homozygous hemoglobin SS. Damage to red blood cells occurs due to changes in shape and function of the hemoglobin molecule inside it. This results in hemolytic anemia and the blockade of small blood vessels, which lead to vaso-occlusion and end organ failure. Sickle cell disease significantly alters renal structure and function and causes diverse renal diseases. To evaluate the validity of serum nephrin as a biomarker of sickle nephropathy and compare its sensitivity versus urinary microalbuminuria in the early detection of sickle cell nephropathy. This case control study was conducted on sixty patients suffering from sickle cell disease, 10 of them were diagnosed as sickle nephropathy, in addition to sixty apparently healthy children as a control group. Laboratory tests were hemoglobin electrophoresis, urinary microalbumin, serum ferritin, urea and creatinine. The glomerular filtration rate was estimated and serum nephrin was measured using enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. Among children with sickle cell anemia, 16.6% (10 patients) had sickle nephropathy diagnosed with elevated kidney function and low glomerular filtration rate. Liver and kidney function were significantly higher in cases with nephropathy than cases without nephropathy, while glomerular filtration rate was significantly lower in cases with nephropathy than cases without nephropathy. Serum nephrin was significantly higher in patients with nephropathy than patients without nephropathy versus non-significant difference regarding microalbuminuria level. The cutoff point for nephrin to diagnose sickle cell nephropathy was > 13 ng/mL versus 29.5 mg/dL for urinary microalbumin. Serum nephrin could be a valuable biomarker in early diagnosis of nephropathy in patients with sickle cell anemia.

Data attribution and quantitative analysis for heart disease screening

Heart disease is a globally common fatal diseases, and its appearance has always been of great concern. The goal of this paper was to analyse factors of variation in the appearance of heart disease in Cleveland area with a view to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and comprehension of heart disease. This paper utilized data which includes the prevalence of heart disease in Cleveland region, which contains several characteristic variables such as age, gender, type of chest pain, etc., as well as the target variable, the prevalence of heart disease. First, the data were subjected to data pre-processing, including missing value treatment, outlier treatment, and feature engineering. Then, Granger causality test could be utilized to find out the correlation among features and target in order to distinguish the features that have a significant impact on the prevalence of heart disease. The outcome of the experiment showed that there was a major causal relationship between features such as ST depression led by oldpeak, slope of the highest exercise ST segment, a blood disorder called thalassemia (thal), and heart disease incidence. And different degrees of blood diseases may increase the risk of the disease. These results have significant implications for the progression of targeted heart disease prevention strategies and health management policies. Further studies can incorporate more features and data to enhance models precision and accuracy and interpretability, providing more valuable information for better understanding the pathogenesis of heart disease and predicting risk.