Blood Antioxidant Activity Research Articles

Antioxidant capacity and athletic condition of endurance horses undergoing nutraceutical supplementation.

Endurance is an equestrian discipline that primarily relies on aerobic metabolism. Intense aerobic exercise produces reactive oxygen species due to an imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant substances, known as oxidative stress, which may reduce athletic performance. This study evaluated the effects of a feed supplement containing natural antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids on the blood antioxidant activity and the athletic condition of endurance horses undergoing an exercise test. Twelve Arabian endurance horses were randomly assigned to treatment or control groups. At T0, blood lactate, whole blood and red blood cells (RBC) antioxidant capacity were assessed. The horses performed an exercise test with heart rate monitoring. After 30 minutes, blood lactate, antioxidant capacity and serum creatine kinase (CK) were measured. The treatment group received the dietary supplement for 21 days, while controls maintained their diet. Then, the protocol was repeated (T1). Variables were compared within and between groups through two-way ANOVA and post-hoc tests. Significant time*group effects were observed for serum CK (p = 0.026), RBC antioxidant capacity at rest (p = 0.034) and post-exercise (p = 0.019). At T1, in treatment group, CK was lower than controls (p = 0.006), while RBC antioxidant capacity increased at rest (p = 0.037) and after exercise (p = 0.006) compared to T0. The dietary supplement showed efficacy in enhancing RBC antioxidant capacity, and it could be beneficial for horses engaged in intense aerobic exercise.

Utilization of Purple Napier Grass Silage on Milk Quality and Blood Antioxidant Activity in Lactating Dairy Goats.

In this study, our subjects were 18 female crossbred Saanen lactating goats; the goats weighed approximately 43.25 ± 2.35 kg and had been producing milk for 14 ± 2 days. They were assigned to three equally sized experimental groups based on the cycle of the lactation period. In accordance with the randomized complete block design (RCBD), six animals were randomly assigned to the treatments in each block. There were three treatments: (1) control = Napier Pakchong-1 grass silage (NPS); (2) = sweet grass silage (SGS); and (3) = purple Napier silage (PNS). Our findings show that the goats fed with purple Napier grass silage had a higher DM intake (1805.97 g/day) than those that underwent a different treatment (1312.76 and 1443.43 g/day). The goats fed with purple Napier grass silage had higher protein digestibility (79.85) than those fed with Napier Pakchong-1 and sweet grass silage. There were significant differences in the ruminal ammonia nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen. Nevertheless, purple Napier grass silage significantly increased butyric acid 2 and 4 h after feeding and increased the number of microorganisms. In the dairy goats fed purple Napier grass silage, we observed a reduction in protozoa and methanogen populations. The levels of antioxidants shown by the plasma indices differed in the goats fed with purple Napier grass silage and showed enhanced milk composition, higher levels of total antioxidants, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the plasma, reduced protozoa methanogen, and a decreased level of malondialdehyde in the plasma. This study highlights that purple Napier grass silage has the potential to be a beneficial source of roughage for lactating dairy goats.

Serum selenium, selenoprotein P and glutathione peroxidase 3 in rheumatoid, psoriatic, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and osteoarthritis

Selenoprotein P (SELENOP) controls selenium (Se) transport, and glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3) elicits antioxidant activity in blood. Inflammation associates with Se deficiency, but knowledge concerning selenoproteins in inflammatory rheumatic musculoskeletal diseases (iRMD) is limited. We compared three Se biomarkers in patients with rheumatoid (RA), psoriatic (PsA), and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in comparison to osteoarthritis (OA) and healthy subjects, to improve the data base on selenoprotein expression in iRMD.The cross-sectional study enrolled n=272 patients with RA (n=131), PsA (n=67), JIA (n=22) and OA (n=52). Serum Se was quantified by total reflection X-ray fluorescence, SELENOP by ELISA and GPx3 by an enzymatic test. Data from the EPIC trial served as reference. Impairment of daily life was assessed by the Functional Ability Questionnaire (FfbH).Serum SELENOP and Se concentrations correlated linearly in all groups and were below the average measured in EPIC. Se concentration was not different between the patient groups. Compared to controls, SELENOP levels were low in iRMD patients. GPx3 activity was particularly low in JIA and PsA. Seropositive but not seronegative RA patients displayed a disrupted interaction between GPx3 and Se or SELENOP. SELENOP associated with the functional status measured by the FfbH, most pronounced in OA (R=0.76, P < .01).The data indicate selenoprotein deficiency in the majority of patients with iRMD, and a positive relation of SELENOP with functional status in OA. Since increased Se supply improves selenoprotein biosynthesis, a personalized correction of diagnosed deficiency merits consideration to improve Se transport and ameliorate disease burden.

Nanominerals Packaged in pH‐Responsive Alginate Microcapsules Exhibit Selective Delivery in Small Intestine and Enhanced Absorption and Bioavailability

AbstractMineral supplementation is crucial for human nutrition to facilitate appropriate growth, disease prevention, and improved reproductive health. The conventional forms of mineral supplementation involve an ionic form of elements mixed with biomolecules; however, suffer from unfavorable reactions under an acidic environment of stomach, ROS generation, and poor absorption in the small intestine. To address this, nanominerals (NMs) of six essential mineral elements are synthesized and packed in pH‐responsive microcapsule. Each NMs is coated with biomolecules that are known to rapidly absorb through the intestinal epithelium. Microcapsules are found intact at acidic pH (pH: 2.0–6.5); however, selectively release NMs at pH ≥7.0. The in vitro study demonstrates that the mixture of NMs and microcapsules is biocompatible and exhibits excellent ROS scavenging ability at physiological pH. Oral administration of NMs‐loaded microcapsules to rats shows enhanced levels of minerals, vitamin B12, hemoglobin, and total antioxidant activity in blood. The liver, kidneys, and spleen show enhanced expression of Cu/Zn‐SOD and Mn‐SOD enzymes due to high absorption and bioavailability of ZnO, Cu2O, and MnO2 NMs through the intestine. Thus, the pH‐responsive microcapsules hold promise to effectively stealth the encapsulated nutrient materials from the acidic environment of stomach and precisely deliver them to small intestine.

Effects of the inclusion of two extracts derived from the olive industry on growth performance, antiparasitic protection, and antioxidant activity in broiler chicken diets from 0 to 45 d

The objective of the present study was to investigate the optimal inclusion rate of 2 independent extracts with different properties derived from the olive industry [triterpenic acid extract (TAE) and a polyphenol extract (PE)] on productive performances in broiler chickens from 0 to 45 d under challenging conditions. In addition, antiparasitic protection of the TAE was evaluated at d 21 and d 28 through intestinal scoring and oocyst counts, as well as the blood antioxidant activity of the PE at d 45. Wood shavings as bedding material came from a commercial farm with a coccidia load sufficient to create a subclinical coccidiosis situation with minor macroscopic lesions, and a nutritional challenge was imposed using poor raw materials to cause intestinal dysbiosis. There were 9 dietary treatments (8 replicates/treatment and 15 broiler chickens/pen), a positive control (PC) supplemented with commercial coccidiostat (Na monensin), 4 increasing concentrations of TAE (30, 60, 90, and 120 ppm), and 4 increasing concentrations of PE (10, 20, 30, and 40 ppm). For the overall experiment the PC had greater average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P < 0.001) than the mean of TAE treatments. Besides, the ADG, body weight, and ADFI increased linearly throughout the whole experiment as the TAE level of the feed increased. With respect to the anticoccidial activity, the 120 ppm TAE treatment showed greater concentration of E. acervuline DNA copies at 21 d than the 30 ppm TAE treatment (P < 0.05), the rest of the treatments being intermediate. Concerning the PE treatments, for the overall experiment, ADG was the greatest in the PC treatment (P < 0.001), and the ADFI was similar in the PC treatment to the mean of PE treatments. There was no effect of the PE on antioxidant activity. In conclusion, under the conditions of this study, the inclusion of TAE does not reach the productive performance indicators achieved by a commercial coccidiostat in our intestinal challenge situations. Also, the inclusion of PE has a positive effect on productive performance on the overall period.

Effect of replacing cottonseed meal with fenugreek seed meal on feed intake, digestibility, growth, blood parameters and economics of fattening lambs

The aim of the present experiment was to evaluate the partial or complete replacement of cotton seed meal (CSM) with fenugreek seed meal (FSM) on chemical composition, in vitro ruminal fermentation, the growth performance and economic efficiency of growing lambs. Thirty-two male Ossimi lambs weighing 42±0.7 kg, and 210±7 d were divided randomly into four experimental groups of eight lambs each. Lambs were fed four diets containing 40 % berseem clover and 60 % concentrate feed mixture. Cotton seed meal was replaced with FSM at 0 % (FSM0; control treatment), 50 % (FSM50 treatment), 75 % (FSM75 treatment) or 100 % (FSM100 treatment). The experiment was lasted for 105 d consisting of 15 d for adaptation and 90 days for measurements. The replacement did not affect crude protein (CP) or gross energy (GE) of the diets. However, the concentrations of individual amino acids and polyphenols differed between CSM and FSM. Diets containing FSM reduced the in vitro methane production (P=0.024) by 30–41.1 %, and nutrient degradability (P<0.05). The highest DM intake was observed (quadratic effect, P<0.001) with lambs fed the FSM50 diet (1.68 kg DM), which also showed the highest final body weight (65.5 kg) (quadratic effect, P=0.045), total weight gain (22.6 kg) (quadratic effect, P=0.034), and daily weight gain (251.1 g) (quadratic effect, P=0.033). Higher organic matter digestibility (∼ 69.4 %) was observed (quadratic effect, P=0.016) with the lambs of FSM50 treatment (P<0.05). Replacing CSM with FSM linearly increased (P=0.024) blood antioxidant activity and decreased blood cholesterol (P=0.022), triglycerides (P=0.035) and high-density lipoprotein (P=0.034) compared to the control treatment. The highest relative percentage of net revenue was observed with the FSM50 diet (131 %) while the lowest one was observed (P=0.011) with the FSM100 diet (92.9 %). It is concluded that CSM can be replaced with FSM at 50 % in diets of growing lambs for better performance and economic efficiency.

Formic acid as an antibiotic alternative in broiler diets: effects on growth, carcass characteristics, blood chemistry, and intestinal microbial load

This study explored the ability of formic acid (FA) to replace antibiotics in broiler chicken diets. It examined how FA affected the chickens' growth, carcass characteristics, blood chemistry, and gut bacteria. The experiment randomly assigned 300 one-day-old (Ross 308) broiler chicks to 5 groups, each divided into 6 replicates with 10 unsexed chicks. The following were the treatments: 1st group, negative control (NC): only received a basal diet; 2nd group, positive control (PC): received a basal diet supplemented with 0.5 grams of Colistin antibiotic per kilogram of diet; 3rd, 4th, and 5th groups (FA2, FA4, and FA6) these groups received a basal diet along with formic acid added at increasing levels: 2, 4, and 6 Cm3 per kilogram of diet, respectively. Results found no significant differences in live body weight (LBW) or body weight gain (BWG) between treatment groups, except for LBW at one week and BWG at 0 to 1 and 4 to 5 wk of age. No significant variations were found in feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among the treatment groups, excluding FI and FCR at 1 to 2 wk of age. The treatments significantly impacted carcass traits, dressing percentage, breast meat, thigh meat, spleen, giblets, blood levels of urea, creatinine, total protein, globulin, and albumin, as well as the activity of enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in chicks fed different diets compared to control groups. The addition of FA to the diet significantly impacted antioxidant levels. Also, the FA2 group had the highest total bacterial count (TBC). However, the FA6 group was the opposite; it had the lowest levels of harmful bacteria, such as E. coli and Coliform. Supplementing broiler diets with formic acid improves blood parameters, antioxidant activity, and gut bacteria counts, with 4.0 cm³ formic acid/kg diet supplementation promoting optimal broiler health and product quality.

Antioxidant and Alpha Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Apigenin in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats

Purpose: to study the antioxidant, inhibitory activity of alpha amylase, antidiabetic, effects of flavonoid Apigeninin in diabetic rats. Methods: The effect of Apigeninon on blood glucose and antioxidant activities were estimated in alloxan induced diabetic and treated rats. The α-amylase inhibitory activity in the serum was assessed after oral administration of 7thday, 14th day, and 21st days treatment of Apigenin. Results: The Apigenin was reduced the serum glucose, α-amylase levels and increased antioxidant levels significantly (P&lt;0.05) in Apigenin alone and combination with Metformin treated groups. Conclusion: The present investigation concludes that flavonoid Apigenin, single drug and combination with Metformin was increased antioxidant and inhibited the alpha-amylase activity and hypoglycemic effect in alloxan induced diabetes rats.

Antibacterial, Anti-Biofilm, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Gelatin-Chitosan-Moringa-Biopolymer-Based Wound Dressings towards Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

In contemporary times, the sustained aspiration of bioengineering and biomedical applications is the progressive advancement of materials characterized by biocompatibility and biodegradability. The investigation of the potential applications of polymers as natural and non-hazardous materials has placed significant emphasis on their physicochemical properties. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the potential of gelatin-chitosan-moringa leaf extract (G-CH-M) as a novel biomaterial for biomedical applications. The wound-dressing G-CH-M biopolymer was synthesized and characterized. The blood haemolysis, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of the biopolymer were investigated against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacterial isolates. Our results showed that S. aureus swarming motility was drastically affected. However, the biopolymer had no significant effect on the swarming motility of E. coli. In addition, the biopolymer showed high antibacterial capacities, especially against S. aureus. Plasmid DNA was observed to be effectively protected from oxidative stresses by the biopolymer. Furthermore, the biopolymer exhibited greatly suppressed haemolysis (lower than 2%), notwithstanding the elevated concentration of 50 mg/mL. These results indicated that this novel biopolymer formulation could be further developed for wound care and contamination prevention.

Correction of peroxidation of lipids with upadacitinib, a Janus kinase 1 inhibitor, in patients with true eczema

Objective. To study the effect of upadacitinib (UPA), a Janus kinase inhibitor 1 kinase, on the status of peroxidation of lipids (POL) and the antioxidant system in patients with true eczema. Subjects and methods. The investigation involved 64 patiens (43 males and 21 females) with true eczema (the mean age was 58.5±3.4 years). The patients were randomized into 2 groups: 1) 33 patients who received basic drug therapy (BDT); 2) 31 patients who received the Janus kinase 1 inhibitor UPA 15 mg/day during 2 months. The components of the antioxidant system and the state of POL were determined by enzyme immunoassay. Results. After 2 months of therapy, Group 1 showed no statistically significant changes in the analyzed parameters from the baseline level (p&gt;0.05). In Group 2, the total oxidative capacity of blood reduced by 1.27 tines; the level of oxidized low-density lipoproteins decreased by 1.28 times; the total antioxidant activity of blood increased by 1.24 times; the level of superoxidase dismutase increased by 1.43 times (p &lt; 0.001 for all values). Conclusion. The combined use of BDT and the JAK1 inhibitor UPA in patients with true eczema contributed to a statistically significant decline in the oxidative capacity of blood and POL products along with the enhanced antioxidant activity of blood.

Enhancing Milk Quality and Antioxidant Status in Lactating Dairy Goats through the Dietary Incorporation of Purple Napier Grass Silage.

Oxidative stress resulting from an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants can cause damage to certain cellular components. Purple Napier grass, a semi-dwarf variety, is characterized by its purple leaves and contains anthocyanins, which provide it with antioxidant properties. This study examined the effects of feeding purple Napier grass ("Prince") silage to lactating dairy goats on blood antioxidant activity, milk yield, and milk quality. Eighteen female Saanen crossbred goats, weighing 52.34 ± 2.86 kg and producing milk for 14 ± 2 days, were systematically divided into three groups based on their lactation period in the previous cycle as follows: early, mid, and late lactation. In a randomized complete block design (RCBD), treatments were randomly allocated to six animals in each block. The dairy goats were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) consisting of the three following treatments: control (100% Napier Pakchong 1 grass silage), 50% (a 50% replacement of the control with purple Napier grass silage), and 100% (100% purple Napier grass silage). The results show that goats who were fed a diet including 100% purple Napier grass silage showed higher levels of certain milk contents, especially with regard to lactose, when compared to those who were fed a control diet, as well as a diet with a 50% replacement of purple Napier grass silage. The somatic cell count (SCC) of these goats was reduced. In terms of antioxidant activity, dairy goats who were fed 100% purple Napier grass silage showed higher levels of enzymes in both plasma and milk, including glutathione s-transferase, total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, compared to the control group and the 50% replacement group. The plasma and milk of these goats showed lower levels of malondialdehyde. The dairy goats who were fed a 100% purple Napier grass silage diet showed higher concentrations of anthocyanins, including C3G, P3G, Peo3G, M3G, Cya, Pel, and total anthocyanins in milk, when compared to the control group and the 50% replacement group. The increased replacement of purple Napier grass silage led to significant differences in lactose levels, somatic cell count, glutathione S-transferase, total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, and the composition of anthocyanins. This study provides evidence to support the use of purple Napier grass silage as a beneficial source of roughage for lactating dairy goats.

A systematic review on marine umami peptides: Biological sources, preparation methods, structure-umami relationship, mechanism of action and biological activities

Umami peptide (UP) is an important flavor substance from natural proteins, which can make foods have a more harmonious and rich taste. In addition, UPs have a variety of significant biological activities, such as lowering blood pressure, antioxidant, and hypolipidemia activities. Recently, UPs derived from marine organisms have been reported in a growing number of studies, and marine organism proteins have been considered as important bioresource of UPs, which not only produce high-quality UPs, but also solve the problem of efficient utilization of low-value seafood products and their processing by-products. Although reports of the preparation, structure, and activity of UPs have increased tremendously. However, research on UPs derived from marine organism proteins still lacks a systematic review and evaluation. Therefore, this review summarizes recent advances in UPs derived from marine organism proteins, mainly including: (i) Biological sources of marine UPs; (ii) Preparation process of marine UPs; (iii) Separation, purification and identification methods of marine UPs; (iv) Structure and structure-umami relationship of marine UPs; (v) Umami receptors and mechanism of action of marine UPs; (vi) Biological activity and application of marine UPs. Therefore, this review provides a timely reference for the development of new marine UPs in functional foods and nutritional supplements.

Effect of Seaweed Rice Intervention on Fasting Blood Glucose Levels and Antioxidant Activity in Prediabetics and Diabetics Adults

This study aimed to analyze the effect of seaweed rice on Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) levels in humans measured using finger prick method. This research was a quasi-experimental study with pre-posttest design. A total of 34 adult subjects were divided into control and intervention groups. The intervention group received 250 g/day of seaweed rice made by extrusion method at 8 AM for 42 days, while the control group received none. The results showed that the intervention had no significant effect on either FBG or SOD levels.

In-situ formation of CoFe2O4 within electrospun PVDF scaffolds to achieve a high β content and high magnetic hyperthermia ability

This study aimed to enhance the piezoelectric and ferromagnetic properties of electrospun poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) scaffold by in-situ formation of CoFe2O4 (CFO) within the fibers. To evaluate the effects of CFO on the microstructures and properties of the scaffolds, varying amounts of CFO were utilized (x = 0 to 10 wt %). The results demonstrated the successful formation of CFO at the fiber junctions (x < 2), while the agglomerates were formed within the large fibers (2 < x < 10). The in-situ formation of CFO was confirmed by the energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. The highest fraction of β phase was achieved at 0.735 and 0.960 for the PVDF-CFO scaffold (x = 1) based on the XRD and Fourier-transform infrared technique (FTIR) results. The dielectric constant, magnetic properties, and piezoelectric sensitivity of the PVDF scaffold were enhanced with the in-situ formation of CFO. The highest coercivity and piezoelectric sensitivity were observed at x = 1. In-vitro analysis of the scaffolds revealed that the highest blood compatibility and antioxidant activity could be achieved through the in-situ formation of 1 wt % of CFO. Eventually, the magnetic hyperthermia ability of scaffolds was evaluated, and the PVDF-CFO scaffolds were recognized as the high potential materials for the hyperthermia treatment according to the specific absorption rate (SAR) of 25–44 W g−1 and intrinsic loss power (ILP) factor of 5–9 nH m2·kg−1. Our findings suggest that by controlling the in-situ formation of CFO within the PVDF electrospun scaffold, the cancer cell eradication process can be performed with a minimum dosage of the ferroelectric-ferromagnetic magnetic composite.

Otoprotective and antioxidant activity of cytoflavin in pulmonary tuberculosis patients receiving amikacin

The objective: to study the potential otoprotective and antioxidant activity of cytoflavin in new pulmonary tuberculosis patients receiving aminoglycoside amikacin.Subjects and Methods. A randomized controlled trial was conducted and included 90 patients with new infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis with decay, of both genders aged from 20 to 50 years old. Clinical, paraclinical and statistical methods were used in the study. Audiometric screening was carried out by Diagnostic Audiometer AD 226. The degree of antioxidant protection was determined by the oxidation reaction of ABTS in blood serum and plasma.Results. The study included 4 groups of tuberculosis patients and 1 group of healthy donors. Dissemination of pulmonary tuberculosis in 4 groups was approximately the same and was measured by scores. Prior to the start of treatment in all 4 groups (the group receiving standard chemotherapy (CTX) without amikacin, the group receiving «CTX+amikacin», the group receiving «CTX+cytofl avin», the group receiving «CTX+amikacin+cytofl avin») there was a decrease in blood antioxidant activity compared to Control Group. After 3 months of tuberculosis treatment in all 4 groups, the results improved, while in «CTX+Cytofl avin» Group they were similar to Control Group, and «CTX+Amikacin+Cytofl avin Group», they were only 4.8% less. The elevated level of leukocytes decreased by 10.6% in CTX Group, 16.9% in «CTX+Amikacin» Group, 38.3% in «CTX+Cytofl avin» Group, and 72.3% in «CTX+Amikacin+Cytofl avin» Group. In the study, manifestations of oto- and vestibulotoxicity were found only in the «CTX+Amikacin» Group (in 4/20 (5%)). There were no such cases in «Amikacin+Cytofl avin» Group consisting of 23 patients.

SCREENING OF ANTI-OBESITY POTENTIAL OF HIPPEASTRUM VITTATUM FLOWER EXTRACT IN EXPERIMENTAL RATS

Obesity as an “abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health,” further clarifying that “the fundamental cause of obesity and overweight is an energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended. The phytochemicals and anti-obesity effect of Hippaestrum vittatum experimental rats was evaluated. A growing number of people are turning to the plant genus Hippeastrum, which contains several alkaloids, as a remedy for neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. The most widely grown amaryllis in the world, Hippeastrum vittatum, is native to Central and South America, Brazil, and Peru. A botanist was able to correctly identify and certify H. vittatum flowers that were collected in the Unnao region. The obtained extract was determined for preliminary phytoconstituents and then evaluated for anti-obesity activity. Albino rats (both sexes) between 130 and 160 g were provided by the Animal House at the Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research in Unnao. Rats were divided in 5 groups i.e., control, disease control, standard test 1 and test 2. All the rodents were tested for parameters i.e., Body Weight (Gross), Weight of body organs i.e., Liver, Kidney, Brain, Lipid profile and total cholesterol level, Food consumption pattern, Blood glucose level and Antioxidant activity. In all the parameters, H. vittatum showed a significant modulation in order to confirm its anti-obesity potential. It lowered body weights of rodents when compared with the control at both the doses of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg. Body organ weights also got decreased when measured at the spleen, liver and kidneys. Thus, by all the factors and protocols, it can be concluded that H. vittatum is an important and effective anti-obesity substance that be given in human beings after clinical trials demonstrating optimum safety and efficacy parameters. It would be very impactful with easier way of curing obesity, hypercholesterolemia and high-fat due to its wide availability and action.

Anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant ability of HeShouWu (roots of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.) and its complex formula

Many studies have confirmed the effectiveness of herbal medicines or complex formulations in clinical therapy for metabolic diseases. This study investigated the effects of a HeShouWu decoction and its complex formula on blood lipids and antioxidant activity in hamsters with a high-cholesterol intake-induced hyperlipidemia model. The biological efficacy of HeShouWu and its complex formula were assessed by measuring body weight (BW), and fecal metabolites, conducting a blood biochemical analysis, and examining liver sections. Triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) contents, and antioxidant activities in the liver and kidneys were measured. The results showed no inhibited growth after 10 weeks of treatment. However, significant decreases in blood and liver lipids (TC and TG) were detected in all treatment groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, the antioxidant activities [glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and total thiols] improved, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content decreased significantly, which significantly reduced intracellular oxidative stress (OS). However, no significantly improved treatment effect was detected on fat accumulation in the liver sections. The added cholesterol intake in this study was continued daily by diet and stimulation, suggesting that patients should strictly consume a low-cholesterol diet in clinical therapy to minimize the load on the liver. This study demonstrated that the HeShouWu complex reduced blood and liver TC and TG levels satisfactorily. Improvements in the clinical use of the HeShouWu complex are expected to uncover safer, more effective, and economical Chinese herbal formulations for reducing blood lipids.

PROFILING OF PHYLLANTHUS AMARUS PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND EVALUATION OF ASSOCIATED ANTIMALARIAL ACTIVITY AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL IN EXPERIMENTAL MICE

The failing curative ability of antimalarials has prompted an open discussion for the use of antioxidants in combination with antimalarials for effective chemotherapy. This study profiled the phytochemical constituents of Phyllanthus amarus and evaluated their antimalarial and antioxidant activities. Phytochemical screening, antimalarial and acute oral toxicity were determined according to standard procedures. Blood antioxidant activity was assessed by measuring antioxidant enzymes and nitric oxide (NO), concentrations of malarial infected mice treated with P. amarus phytochemicals. Alkaloids, the most abundant phytochemical, demonstrated the highest malarial parasite chemosuppression and greatly improved NO concentration in infected mice. However, flavonoid extract demonstrated the highest antioxidant potential with most significant impact on catalase and malondialdehyde activity. Alkaloid may function as antimalarial agent by inhibiting haem polymerization to hemozoin as judged by its increased effect on NO concentration which bears an reverse relationship with hemozoin.

Investigation of the Impact of the Addition of Probiotic Mixtures AQUA CLEAR-S® as Food Supplement on Hematology Parameters and Intestinal Histology of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.)

Background: The use of antibiotics in fish feed have been globally restricted due to having its huge negative consequences, dietary prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotics, phytobiotics and other functional dietary supplements are thought to be alternative substitutes. The goal of the study was to determine the effects of adding probiotic mixtures AQUA CLEAR-S® as a feed additive on red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) intestinal histology and hematology parameters. Methods: The fish were given either the basic experimental nutrition (the control group) or one of three experimental diets that included the basic diet supplemented with 1, 2, or 3 g of AQUA CLEAR-S® for T1, T2 and, T3, respectively. The four experimental treatments were done in three replicates each. Twelve (50 × 40 × 60 cm) aquariums, each with ten fish (avg. wt. 6.00 g±0.17), were used. The studied parameters were basic hematological and immunological blood parameters, antioxidant activities and gut cytology. Result: Probiotic supplementation significantly improved the hematology parameters in red tilapia fingerlings after probiotic treatments. This trend was continued in the gut architecture. As a result, Oreochromis sp. had enhanced health when probiotics were incorporated into their diet. AQUA CLEAR-S®-treated fish also showed a noticeable change in their fish’s intestinal histology. The results of the study showed that consuming probiotics increased hematology parameters indicators and gut cytology of red tilapia.

Optimization of microwave assisted extraction and biological activities of total flavonoids from grape seed using response surface methodology

Aiming to reduce the environmental contamination and resource wastage generated by discarded grape seed, the management of discarded grape seed should be carried out and their potential bioactivities and pharmacological properties ought to be exploited to the fullest extent possible. A Box–Behnken design of response surface methodology was employed to further optimize microwave-assisted extraction setting for grape seed total flavonoids (GSFE). In addition, the extract (GSFE) of total flavonoids obtained were refined through AB-8 macroporous resin for obtaining more pure flavonoid (GSFP) with determination of their in vitro hypoglycemic activity and antioxidant activity. The results indicated that following optimized extraction conditions were achieved: ethanol concentration 50% liquid-solid ratio 21:1 mL/g, microwave power 540 W, microwave time 126 s. Below mentioned conditions, the extraction yield reached an average experimental value (1.979 mg/g), representing 1.69 times higher than that of water extraction (1.17 mg/g). In contrast to GSFE, the purity of GSFE after purification (GSFP) exhibited a high degree of purity at 13.753 mg/g, representing nearly 2.50 times that of GSFE (3.926 mg/g). GSFP possessed high α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities as well as DPPH and ABTS+ free radical scavenging activities with an IC50 value of 0.00641, 0.0257, 0.0669 and 0.0708 mg/mL, inferior to that of GSFE (0.0514, 0.186, 0.129 and 0.223 mg/g). Within present work, the microwave technique for extraction of total flavonoids from grape seeds was investigated with an efficient and cost-effective extraction method. Total flavonoids of grape seeds have certain in vitro blood glucose and antioxidant activity, and the purified total flavonoid biological activity has improved, laying the foundation for further study of its pharmacological activity.